概述
本文是基於jdk8_271版本進行分析的。
ArrayList是Java集合中出場率最多的一個類。底層是基於陣列實現,根據元素的增加而動態擴容,可以理解為它是加強版的陣列。ArrayList允許元素為null。它是執行緒不安全的。
資料結構
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實現繼承關係
1 public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E> 2 implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
- AbstractList:繼承AbstractList抽象類,使用實現的公共方法
- List:實現List介面操作規範,增、刪、遍歷等操作
- RandomAccess:提供隨機訪問功能
- Cloneable:提供可拷貝功能
- Serializable:提供可序列化功能
這裡有人會問為什麼繼承了AbstractList還要實現List介面(這個問題無關緊要,可以忽略),我在stackoverflow一個帖子看到了這個問題,有興趣可以點選檢視。
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靜態變數
1 // 預設初始化容量的大小 2 private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10; 3 // 空陣列 4 private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {}; 5 // 空陣列,與EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA 區分開,無參構造時候會使用該空陣列(jdk1.7是隻有EMPTY_ELEMENTDA他的) 6 private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {}; 7 // 容量最大值。-8是因為一些虛擬機器在陣列中保留一些標題字,嘗試分配更大的陣列可能會導致OOM 8 private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
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成員變數
1 transient Object[] elementData; //存放陣列元素,transient表示該欄位不進行序列化操作 2 private int size; //陣列中實際存放元素的個數
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構造方法
無參構造使用的是DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA空陣列;帶參構造初始化長度為0,使用的是EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA空陣列。
1 // 帶參構造,指定初始化容量大小 2 public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) { 3 if (initialCapacity > 0) { 4 this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity]; 5 } else if (initialCapacity == 0) { 6 this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; 7 } else { 8 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+ 9 initialCapacity); 10 } 11 } 12 13 // 無參構造,elementData 使用預設空陣列 14 public ArrayList() { 15 this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; 16 } 17 18 // 有參構造。傳入一個集合 19 public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) { 20 Object[] a = c.toArray(); 21 if ((size = a.length) != 0) { 22 if (c.getClass() == ArrayList.class) { 23 elementData = a; 24 } else { 25 elementData = Arrays.copyOf(a, size, Object[].class); 26 } 27 } else { 28 // 如果傳入集合長度為0,elementData 用EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA替換 29 elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; 30 } 31 }
主要方法解析
- calculateCapacity--擴容方法
// 計算需要的最小容量大小 private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) { if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) { return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity); } return minCapacity; } // 確保內部容量,如果容量不足則進行擴容處理 private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) { ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity)); } private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) { modCount++; if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0) // 如果所需的最小容量值大於現在陣列長度,表示需要進行擴容處理 grow(minCapacity); } // 真正擴容方法 private void grow(int minCapacity) { int oldCapacity = elementData.length; // 原容量大小 int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1); // 預計擴容的大小;位運算(1.5倍向下取整) // 預計擴容的值與通過計算需要的最小容量值比較,取最大值 if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0) newCapacity = minCapacity; if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity); elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity); } private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) { if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow throw new OutOfMemoryError(); // 容量最大值為MAX_ARRAY_SIZE,為什麼還會返回 Integer.MAX_VALUE呢? // 如果minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE,說明此時容器大小已經為MAX_ARRAY_SIZE。靜態變數說到MAX_ARRAY_SIZE=Integer.MAX_VALUE-8,一些虛擬機器在陣列中保留一些標題字,嘗試分配更大的陣列可能會導致OOM。注意只是可能,不是所有的,因為此時陣列長度已經是MAX_ARRAY_SIZE了,不如嘗試去進行擴容到Integer.MAX_VALUE,說不定就成功了 return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : MAX_ARRAY_SIZE; }
- add--新增元素
注意:在進行新增操作之前,都會先進行判斷陣列是否需要擴容;入參如果涉及索引,還會判斷索引是否越界。
1 public boolean add(E e) { 2 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! 3 elementData[size++] = e; 4 return true; 5 } 6 public void add(int index, E element) { 7 rangeCheckForAdd(index); 8 9 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! 10 System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,size - index); 11 elementData[index] = element; 12 size++; 13 } 14 15 public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) { 16 Object[] a = c.toArray(); 17 int numNew = a.length; 18 ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount 19 System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew); 20 size += numNew; 21 return numNew != 0; 22 } 23 public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) { 24 rangeCheckForAdd(index); 25 26 Object[] a = c.toArray(); 27 int numNew = a.length; 28 ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount 29 30 int numMoved = size - index; 31 if (numMoved > 0) 32 System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew, 33 numMoved); 34 35 System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew); 36 size += numNew; 37 return numNew != 0; 38 }
- remove--刪除元素
刪除元素時,如果該索引位後面有元素,則將後面元素向前移動一位(如果刪除n個,則向後面元素向前移動n位),同時將陣列最後一位數值置為null。
1 public E remove(int index) { 2 rangeCheck(index); 3 4 modCount++; 5 E oldValue = elementData(index); 6 7 int numMoved = size - index - 1; 8 if (numMoved > 0) 9 System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, 10 numMoved); 11 elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work 12 13 return oldValue; 14 } 15 public boolean remove(Object o) { 16 if (o == null) { 17 for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) 18 if (elementData[index] == null) { 19 fastRemove(index); 20 return true; 21 } 22 } else { 23 for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) 24 if (o.equals(elementData[index])) { 25 fastRemove(index); 26 return true; 27 } 28 } 29 return false; 30 } 31 32 private void fastRemove(int index) { 33 modCount++; 34 int numMoved = size - index - 1; 35 if (numMoved > 0) 36 System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, 37 numMoved); 38 elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work 39 } 40 41 public void clear() { 42 modCount++; 43 44 // clear to let GC do its work 45 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) 46 elementData[i] = null; 47 48 size = 0; 49 } 50 51 protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) { 52 modCount++; 53 int numMoved = size - toIndex; 54 System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex, 55 numMoved); 56 57 // clear to let GC do its work 58 int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex); 59 for (int i = newSize; i < size; i++) { 60 elementData[i] = null; 61 } 62 size = newSize; 63 } 64 65 // 從此列表中刪除指定集合c中包含的所有元素 66 public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) { 67 Objects.requireNonNull(c); 68 return batchRemove(c, false); 69 } 70 // 此列表中僅保留包含在指定集合中的元素 71 public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) { 72 Objects.requireNonNull(c); 73 return batchRemove(c, true); 74 } 75 // ArrayList的批量刪除演算法 76 private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) { 77 final Object[] elementData = this.elementData; 78 int r = 0, w = 0; 79 boolean modified = false; 80 try { 81 for (; r < size; r++) 82 if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement) 83 elementData[w++] = elementData[r]; 84 } finally { 85 // Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection, 86 // even if c.contains() throws. 87 if (r != size) { 88 System.arraycopy(elementData, r, 89 elementData, w, 90 size - r); 91 w += size - r; 92 } 93 if (w != size) { 94 // clear to let GC do its work 95 for (int i = w; i < size; i++) 96 elementData[i] = null; 97 modCount += size - w; 98 size = w; 99 modified = true; 100 } 101 } 102 return modified; 103 }
- clone--拷貝方法
public Object clone() { try { ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone(); v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size); v.modCount = 0; return v; } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable throw new InternalError(e); } }
- writeObject/readObject--序列化方法
1 private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) 2 throws java.io.IOException{ 3 // Write out element count, and any hidden stuff 4 int expectedModCount = modCount; 5 s.defaultWriteObject(); 6 7 // Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone() 8 s.writeInt(size); 9 10 // Write out all elements in the proper order. 11 for (int i=0; i<size; i++) { 12 s.writeObject(elementData[i]); 13 } 14 15 if (modCount != expectedModCount) { 16 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 17 } 18 } 19 20 private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) 21 throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException { 22 elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; 23 24 // Read in size, and any hidden stuff 25 s.defaultReadObject(); 26 27 // Read in capacity 28 s.readInt(); // ignored 29 30 if (size > 0) { 31 // be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity 32 ensureCapacityInternal(size); 33 34 Object[] a = elementData; 35 // Read in all elements in the proper order. 36 for (int i=0; i<size; i++) { 37 a[i] = s.readObject(); 38 } 39 } 40 }
附錄
ArrayList原始碼詳細註釋Github地址:https://github.com/y2ex/jdk-source/blob/jdk1.8.0_271/src/main/java/java/util/ArrayList.java
jdk1.8原始碼Github地址:https://github.com/y2ex/jdk-source/tree/jdk1.8.0_271