從頭開始opencv（九）——core:random generator and text
從頭開始opencv（九）——core:random generator and text
Goals
- Use the Random Number generator class and how to get a random number from a uniform distribution(使用Random Number generator class以及如何從均勻分佈中獲取隨機數)
- Display text on an OpenCV window by using the function
cv::putText
Code
In this tutorial, we intend to use *random* values for the drawing parameters. Also, we intend to populate our image with a big number of geometric figures. Since we will be initializing them in a random fashion, this process will be automatic and made by using *loops* .
和上一章節相比，我們使用隨機數來進行圖形的生成，同時，我們打算用大量幾何圖形來填充影像。
Explanation
RNG rng( 0xFFFFFFFF );
RNG implements a random number generator. In this example, rng is a RNG element initialized with the value 0xFFFFFFFF
RNG是一個隨機數生成器。在上面這個程式碼中，rng是初始值為0xFFFFFFFF的RNG型別的資料。
RNG類可以壓縮一個64位的i整數並得到scalar和array的隨機數。隨機數的產生採用的是Multiply-With-Carry演算法和Ziggurat演算法。
其建構函式的初始化可以傳入一個64位的整型引數作為隨機數產生器的初值。next可以取出下一個隨機數，uniform函式可以返回指定範圍的隨機數，Gaussian函式返回一個高斯隨機數，fill則用隨機數填充矩陣。
Then we create a matrix initialized to zeros (which means that it will appear as black), specifying its height, width and its type
然後我們建立一個初始化為0的矩陣，並指定其高度、寬度和型別。
Mat image = Mat::zeros( window_height, window_width, CV_8UC3 );
imshow( window_name, image );
然後我們開始瘋狂畫東西：
c = Drawing_Random_Lines(image, window_name, rng);
if( c != 0 ) return 0;
c = Drawing_Random_Rectangles(image, window_name, rng);
if( c != 0 ) return 0;
c = Displaying_Random_Text( image, window_name, rng );
if( c != 0 ) return 0;
c = Displaying_Big_End( image, window_name, rng );
上述程式碼中的每個Drawing_Random_Lines()之類的程式碼都是自定義的，函式原型如下：
Drawing_Random_Lines()
int Drawing_Random_Lines( Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng )
{
int lineType = 8;
Point pt1, pt2;
for( int i = 0; i < NUMBER; i++ )
{
pt1.x = rng.uniform( x_1, x_2 );
pt1.y = rng.uniform( y_1, y_2 );
pt2.x = rng.uniform( x_1, x_2 );
pt2.y = rng.uniform( y_1, y_2 );
line( image, pt1, pt2, randomColor(rng), rng.uniform(1, 10), 8 );
imshow( window_name, image );
if( waitKey( DELAY ) >= 0 )
{ return -1; }
}
return 0;
}
我們可以發現，for迴圈共執行了NUMBER次，也就是說，總工會生成NUMBER條直線。
可以知道，直線的兩個端點為pt1和pt2。
程式碼rng.uniform(x_1,x_2)的意思是生成一個[x_1,x_2)範圍內的隨機數。
static Scalar randomColor( RNG& rng )
{
int icolor = (unsigned) rng;
return Scalar( icolor&255, (icolor>>8)&255, (icolor>>16)&255 );
}
這段程式碼用於生成隨機的顏色。
生成如下所示的圖片：
Drawing_Random_Rectangles()
和Drawing_Random_Lines()生成方法類似：
int Drawing_Random_Rectangles(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng)
{
int lineType = 8;
Point pt1, pt2;
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER; i++)
{
pt1.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
pt1.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
pt2.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
pt2.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
rectangle(image,pt1,pt2,randomColor(rng),rng.uniform(1, 10),lineType);
/*if (waitKey(DELAY) >= 0)
{
return -1;
}*/
}
imshow(window_name, image);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}
Display_Random_Text()
int Displaying_Big_End( Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng )
{
Size textsize = getTextSize("OpenCV forever!", FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 3, 5, 0);
Point org((window_width - textsize.width)/2, (window_height - textsize.height)/2);
int lineType = 8;
Mat image2;
for( int i = 0; i < 255; i += 2 )
{
image2 = image - Scalar::all(i);
putText( image2, "OpenCV forever!", org, FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 3,
Scalar(i, i, 255), 5, lineType );
imshow( window_name, image2 );
if( waitKey(DELAY) >= 0 )
{ return -1; }
}
return 0;
}
完整程式碼
#include <opencv2/core.hpp>
#include <opencv2/imgproc.hpp>
#include <opencv2/highgui.hpp>
#define NUMBER 5
#define x_1 100
#define x_2 400
#define y_1 100
#define y_2 400
#define DELAY 0
#define window_width 500
#define window_height 500
using namespace cv;
int Drawing_Random_Lines(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng);
int Drawing_Random_Rectangles(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng);
int Displaying_Random_Text(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng);
int Displaying_Big_End(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng);
static Scalar randomColor(RNG& rng);
int main()
{
RNG rng(0xFFFFFFFF);
Mat image = Mat::zeros(500, 500, CV_8UC3);
imshow("first window", image);
waitKey(0);
char window_name[] = "lines window";
int c = Drawing_Random_Lines(image, window_name, rng);
image = Mat::zeros(500, 500, CV_8UC3);
if (c != 0) return 0;
char window_name2[] = "rectangle window";
c = Drawing_Random_Rectangles(image, window_name2, rng);
image = Mat::zeros(500, 500, CV_8UC3);
if (c != 0) return 0;
char window_name3[] = "text window";
c = Displaying_Random_Text(image, window_name3, rng);
if (c != 0) return 0;
image = Mat::zeros(500, 500, CV_8UC3);
c = Drawing_Random_Lines(image, window_name, rng);
c = Drawing_Random_Rectangles(image, window_name, rng);
c = Displaying_Random_Text(image, window_name, rng);
c = Displaying_Big_End(image, window_name, rng);
return 0;
}
int Drawing_Random_Lines(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng)
{
int lineType = 8;
Point pt1, pt2;
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER; i++)
{
pt1.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
pt1.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
pt2.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
pt2.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
line(image, pt1, pt2, randomColor(rng), rng.uniform(1, 10), 8);
/*if (waitKey(DELAY) >= 0)
{
return -1;
}*/
}
imshow(window_name, image);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}
int Drawing_Random_Rectangles(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng)
{
int lineType = 8;
Point pt1, pt2;
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER; i++)
{
pt1.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
pt1.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
pt2.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
pt2.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
rectangle(image,pt1,pt2,randomColor(rng),rng.uniform(1, 10),lineType);
/*if (waitKey(DELAY) >= 0)
{
return -1;
}*/
}
imshow(window_name, image);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}
int Displaying_Random_Text(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng)
{
int lineType = 8;
Point org;
for (int i = 1; i < NUMBER; i++)
{
org.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
org.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
putText(image, "Testing text rendering", org, rng.uniform(0, 8),
rng.uniform(0, 100) * 0.05 + 0.1, randomColor(rng), rng.uniform(1, 10), lineType);
/*if (waitKey(DELAY) >= 0)
{
return -1;
}*/
}
imshow(window_name, image);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}
int Displaying_Big_End(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng)
{
Size textsize = getTextSize("OpenCV forever!", FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 3, 5, 0);
Point org((window_width - textsize.width) / 2, (window_height - textsize.height) / 2);
int lineType = 8;
Mat image2;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i += 2)
{
image2 = image - Scalar::all(i);
putText(image2, "OpenCV forever!", org, FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 3,
Scalar(i, i, 255), 5, lineType);
imshow(window_name, image2);
if (waitKey(DELAY) >= 0)
{
return -1;
}
}
return 0;
}
static Scalar randomColor(RNG& rng)
{
int icolor = (unsigned)rng;
return Scalar(icolor & 255, (icolor >> 8) & 255, (icolor >> 16) & 255);
}
總結：在具體實現過程中，可以發現其實是偽隨機，因為不管怎樣，我們生成的隨機數始終是一個值。
對官方教程的改進
因為RNG生成的隨機數是偽隨機的，細究原因，很容易發現和經典C語言生成隨機數的侷限是一致的，當種子固定不變時，生成的隨機數自然始終是一個了。
如此，只要改變每次的種子即可。將原來的RNG生成程式碼RNG rng( 0xFFFFFFFF );改為：
RNG rng((unsigned)time(NULL));
當然得加上相應標頭檔案：
完整程式碼如下：
#include <opencv2/core.hpp>
#include <opencv2/imgproc.hpp>
#include <opencv2/highgui.hpp>
#include <ctime>
#define NUMBER 5
#define x_1 100
#define x_2 400
#define y_1 100
#define y_2 400
#define DELAY 0
#define window_width 500
#define window_height 500
using namespace cv;
int Drawing_Random_Lines(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng);
int Drawing_Random_Rectangles(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng);
int Displaying_Random_Text(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng);
int Displaying_Big_End(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng);
static Scalar randomColor(RNG& rng);
int main()
{
/*RNG rng(0xFFFFFFFF);*/
RNG rng((unsigned)time(NULL));
Mat image = Mat::zeros(500, 500, CV_8UC3);
imshow("first window", image);
waitKey(0);
char window_name[] = "lines window";
int c = Drawing_Random_Lines(image, window_name, rng);
image = Mat::zeros(500, 500, CV_8UC3);
if (c != 0) return 0;
char window_name2[] = "rectangle window";
c = Drawing_Random_Rectangles(image, window_name2, rng);
image = Mat::zeros(500, 500, CV_8UC3);
if (c != 0) return 0;
char window_name3[] = "text window";
c = Displaying_Random_Text(image, window_name3, rng);
if (c != 0) return 0;
image = Mat::zeros(500, 500, CV_8UC3);
c = Drawing_Random_Lines(image, window_name, rng);
c = Drawing_Random_Rectangles(image, window_name, rng);
c = Displaying_Random_Text(image, window_name, rng);
c = Displaying_Big_End(image, window_name, rng);
return 0;
}
int Drawing_Random_Lines(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng)
{
rng((unsigned)time(NULL));
int lineType = 8;
Point pt1, pt2;
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER; i++)
{
pt1.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
pt1.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
pt2.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
pt2.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
line(image, pt1, pt2, randomColor(rng), rng.uniform(1, 10), 8);
/*if (waitKey(DELAY) >= 0)
{
return -1;
}*/
}
imshow(window_name, image);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}
int Drawing_Random_Rectangles(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng)
{
rng((unsigned)time(NULL));
int lineType = 8;
Point pt1, pt2;
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER; i++)
{
pt1.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
pt1.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
pt2.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
pt2.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
rectangle(image,pt1,pt2,randomColor(rng),rng.uniform(1, 10),lineType);
/*if (waitKey(DELAY) >= 0)
{
return -1;
}*/
}
imshow(window_name, image);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}
int Displaying_Random_Text(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng)
{
rng((unsigned)time(NULL));
int lineType = 8;
Point org;
for (int i = 1; i < NUMBER; i++)
{
org.x = rng.uniform(x_1, x_2);
org.y = rng.uniform(y_1, y_2);
putText(image, "Testing text rendering", org, rng.uniform(0, 8),
rng.uniform(0, 100) * 0.05 + 0.1, randomColor(rng), rng.uniform(1, 10), lineType);
/*if (waitKey(DELAY) >= 0)
{
return -1;
}*/
}
imshow(window_name, image);
waitKey(0);
return 0;
}
int Displaying_Big_End(Mat image, char* window_name, RNG rng)
{
Size textsize = getTextSize("OpenCV forever!", FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 3, 5, 0);
Point org((window_width - textsize.width) / 2, (window_height - textsize.height) / 2);
int lineType = 8;
Mat image2;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i += 2)
{
image2 = image - Scalar::all(i);
putText(image2, "OpenCV forever!", org, FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, 3,
Scalar(i, i, 255), 5, lineType);
imshow(window_name, image2);
if (waitKey(DELAY) >= 0)
{
return -1;
}
}
return 0;
}
static Scalar randomColor(RNG& rng)
{
rng((unsigned)time(NULL));
int icolor = (unsigned)rng;
return Scalar(icolor & 255, (icolor >> 8) & 255, (icolor >> 16) & 255);
}
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