Android 應用啟動那些事兒,Application? Context?

張小fanfan發表於2019-07-29

本文主要總結梳理一下,應用程式啟動, 以及應用中各種Context那些事兒,如有錯誤,歡迎指出~

一,應用程式建立

1,zygote建立新程式

Android 應用程式不能主動開啟一個程式,只能被動開啟程式。在Mainfest註冊四大元件時,可以指定執行的程式。在啟動該元件時,AMS首先會判斷該程式 是否已存在,如果不存在,則首先請求zygote程式建立該程式。

        <service android:name=".ServiceName"
            android:process=":processName"/>
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以啟動一個服務為例,程式會先呼叫ActivityManagerService 中的startService()方法,在該方法內部會呼叫到ActiveService的bringUpServiceLocked方法 啟動服務。

private String bringUpServiceLocked(ServiceRecord r, int intentFlags, boolean execInFg,
            boolean whileRestarting, boolean permissionsReviewRequired)
            throws TransactionTooLargeException {
          ......
            app = mAm.getProcessRecordLocked(procName, r.appInfo.uid, false);
            if (app != null && app.thread != null) {
               app.addPackage(r.appInfo.packageName, r.appInfo.longVersionCode, mAm.mProcessStats);
               realStartServiceLocked(r, app, execInFg);
               return null;
            }

          if (app == null && !permissionsReviewRequired) {
            if ((app=mAm.startProcessLocked(procName, r.appInfo, true, intentFlags,
                    hostingType, r.name, false, isolated, false)) == null) {
                bringDownServiceLocked(r);
                return msg;
            }
         }

        if (!mPendingServices.contains(r)) {
            mPendingServices.add(r);
        }
        return null;
    }
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mAm.getProcessRecordLocked()方法 用於判斷當前程式是否已經存在,若不存在,則呼叫ActivityManagerService的startProcessLocked方法建立一個程式。最終會呼叫到Process的start方法。會請求zygote程式建立一個程式。

    public static final ProcessStartResult start(...) {
        return zygoteProcess.start(processClass, niceName, uid, gid, gids,
                    runtimeFlags, mountExternal, targetSdkVersion, seInfo,
                    abi, instructionSet, appDataDir, invokeWith, zygoteArgs);
    }
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ZygoteProcess封裝了與zygote程式相關的socket通訊。zygote程式建立一個新程式後,會將該新程式的pid 返回當前系統程式中。

    @GuardedBy("mLock")
    private static Process.ProcessStartResult zygoteSendArgsAndGetResult(
            ZygoteState zygoteState, ArrayList<String> args)
            throws ZygoteStartFailedEx {
        try {
            ......
            result.pid = inputStream.readInt();
            result.usingWrapper = inputStream.readBoolean();

            if (result.pid < 0) {
                throw new ZygoteStartFailedEx("fork() failed");
            }
            return result;
        } catch (IOException ex) {
            zygoteState.close();
            throw new ZygoteStartFailedEx(ex);
        }
    }
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2,新程式向AMS釋出IBinder實體物件

新程式啟動後,首先會執行ActivityThread.main函式,在 thread.attach()方法中會通過Binder機制呼叫AMS的attachApplication方法,實際上就是通知AMS 新程式已建立好,並將自己的IBinder釋出到AMS中。

public static void main(String[] args) {
        .....
        Looper.prepareMainLooper();

        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false, startSeq);

        Looper.loop();
        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }
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private void attach(boolean system, long startSeq) {
        sCurrentActivityThread = this;
        mSystemThread = system;
        if (!system) {
             .....
            RuntimeInit.setApplicationObject(mAppThread.asBinder());
            final IActivityManager mgr = ActivityManager.getService();
            try {
                mgr.attachApplication(mAppThread, startSeq);
            } catch (RemoteException ex) {
                throw ex.rethrowFromSystemServer();
            }
              .....
    }
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3,建立新程式Application物件

當應用程式啟動,並向AMS釋出自己的IBinder實體物件後,AMS 呼叫attachApplication()方法建立應用的Application物件。其中,thread為應用程式在AMS程式的binder物件。

   @Override
    public final void attachApplication(IApplicationThread thread, long startSeq) {
        synchronized (this) {
            attachApplicationLocked(thread, callingPid, callingUid, startSeq);
        }
    }
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@GuardedBy("this")
 private final boolean attachApplicationLocked(IApplicationThread thread,
            int pid, int callingUid, long startSeq) {
       .....
       thread.bindApplication(...)
       ......
       return true;
    }
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bindApplication()方法在應用程式的Binder執行緒中執行。 首先會封裝app資料到AppBindData,然後傳送Handler訊息,在主執行緒中執行handleBindApplication()方法。

        public final void bindApplication(...) {
            AppBindData data = new AppBindData();
            .....
            sendMessage(H.BIND_APPLICATION, data);
        }
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        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            switch (msg.what) {
                case BIND_APPLICATION:
                    AppBindData data = (AppBindData)msg.obj;
                    handleBindApplication(data);
                    break;
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    private void handleBindApplication(AppBindData data) {

         //初始化應用程式 基本資料
         ......
        Application app;   
        //建立Appcalition物件
        app = data.info.makeApplication(data.restrictedBackupMode, null);
         ......
         //呼叫Application.onCreate()方法
         mInstrumentation.callApplicationOnCreate(app);
        ......
    }
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通過呼叫Instrumentation 中的newApplication()方法,通過反射建立Application物件,並呼叫 Application.attach(Context)生命週期回撥方法

    public Application newApplication(ClassLoader cl, String className, Context context)
            throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, 
            ClassNotFoundException {
        Application app = getFactory(context.getPackageName())
                .instantiateApplication(cl, className);
        app.attach(context);
        return app;
    }
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至此完成Application的建立工作,由此也可得出,Application並不是與應用相對應,而是與應用程式一一對應。

4,建立service例項

AMS最終會同過Binder機制通知 剛剛建立的程式建立服務類例項,並呼叫服務相關的生命週期函式。

 private void handleCreateService(CreateServiceData data) {
        LoadedApk packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
                data.info.applicationInfo, data.compatInfo);
        Service service = null;

       java.lang.ClassLoader cl = packageInfo.getClassLoader();
       service = packageInfo.getAppFactory()
                    .instantiateService(cl, data.info.name, data.intent);
 
       ContextImpl context = ContextImpl.createAppContext(this, packageInfo);
       context.setOuterContext(service);

       Application app = packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation);
       service.attach(context, this, data.info.name, data.token, app,
                    ActivityManager.getService());
       service.onCreate();          
    }
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二,各種Context

1,簡介

Context是提供應用程式上下文的一個抽象類,可以用來訪問系統資源,系統服務等等。

public abstract class Context {
    public abstract Resources getResources();
    public abstract Context getApplicationContext();
    public abstract String getSystemServiceName(Class<?> serviceClass);
    public abstract void startActivity( Intent intent);
    public abstract ComponentName startService(Intent service);
}
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ContextWrapper 是Context的實現類,同時接收一個ContextImp 物件 做靜態代理。

public class ContextWrapper extends Context {
    Context mBase;
    public ContextWrapper(Context base) {
        mBase = base;
    }
   
    protected void attachBaseContext(Context base) {
        if (mBase != null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Base context already set");
        }
        mBase = base;
    }

    public Context getBaseContext() {
        return mBase;
    }
...
}
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ContextImpl 實現Context, 完成具體操作

class ContextImpl extends Context {
 ....
}
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2, Application 中的Context

Applicaiton繼承ContextWrapper, 具有儲存應用程式內的全域性變數、初始化操作、提供應用上下文的作用。

public class Application extends ContextWrapper implements ComponentCallbacks2 {
      ...
    public Application() {
        super(null);
    }
     final void attach(Context context) {
        attachBaseContext(context);
    }
    public void onCreate() {
    }
}
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應用程式建立Application, 並建立ContextImp物件通過attch賦值給mBase

public Application makeApplication(...){
    ContextImpl appContext = ContextImpl.createAppContext(mActivityThread, this);
    app = mActivityThread.mInstrumentation.newApplication(cl, appClass, appContext);
}
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    public Application newApplication(ClassLoader cl, String className, Context context) {
        Application app = getFactory(context.getPackageName())
                .instantiateApplication(cl, className);
        app.attach(context);
        return app;
    }
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3, Activity 中的Context

Activity繼承ContextThemeWrapper類,而 ContextThemeWrapper繼承ContextWrapper,只是封裝了主題相關內容。

public class Activity extends ContextThemeWrapper{
    ......
    public final Application getApplication() {
        return mApplication;
    }
    final void attach(...) {
        attachBaseContext(context);
        mApplication = application;
   }
}
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應用程式建立Activity

private Activity performLaunchActivity(...){
      ContextImpl appContext = createBaseContextForActivity(r);
      Activity activity = mInstrumentation.newActivity(cl, component.getClassName(), r.intent);

      activity.attach(appContext, this, getInstrumentation(), r.token,
                        r.ident, app, r.intent, r.activityInfo, title, r.parent,
                        r.embeddedID, r.lastNonConfigurationInstances, config,
                        r.referrer, r.voiceInteractor, window, r.configCallback);
}
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4, Service 中的Context

Service繼承ContextWrapper .

public abstract class Service extends ContextWrapper {
   public final void attach(...) {
        attachBaseContext(context);
        mApplication = application;
    }
    public final Application getApplication() {
        return mApplication;
    }
}
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建立Service

  private void handleCreateService(CreateServiceData data) {
      service = packageInfo.getAppFactory() .instantiateService(cl, data.info.name, data.intent);
      ContextImpl context = ContextImpl.createAppContext(this, packageInfo);
      service.attach(context, this, data.info.name, data.token, app,
                    ActivityManager.getService());
      service.onCreate();
  }
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5,各種獲取Context方法比較

在Activity 或Service中,都可以使用以下三種方法取得Context, 但無論是Application、Activity或Service中,實際發揮作用的都是baseContext中的 ContextImp物件。

        //獲取物件是 當前Activity 或Service 本身,慎用,可能會引起記憶體洩漏
        Context context = this;

        //獲取物件是 當前Activity 或Service中的mBase, 即ContextImpl例項
        Context baseContext = getBaseContext();

        //以下兩種方法獲取的都是當前應用的Application物件, 可以放心使用
        Application application = getApplication();
        Context applicationContext = getApplicationContext();
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完~

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