8種常見SQL錯誤用法

視學演算法發表於2020-04-06
SQL

來源：https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/72501

1、LIMIT 語句

分頁查詢是最常用的場景之一，但也通常也是最容易出問題的地方。比如對於下面簡單的語句，一般 DBA 想到的辦法是在 type, name, create_time 欄位上加組合索引。這樣條件排序都能有效的利用到索引，效能迅速提升。

SELECT * FROM   operation WHERE  type = 'SQLStats'        AND name = 'SlowLog' ORDER  BY create_time LIMIT  1000, 10;

好吧，可能90%以上的 DBA 解決該問題就到此為止。但當 LIMIT 子句變成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 時，程式設計師仍然會抱怨：我只取10條記錄為什麼還是慢？

要知道資料庫也並不知道第1000000條記錄從什麼地方開始，即使有索引也需要從頭計算一次。出現這種效能問題，多數情形下是程式設計師偷懶了。

在前端資料瀏覽翻頁，或者大資料分批匯出等場景下，是可以將上一頁的最大值當成引數作為查詢條件的。SQL 重新設計如下：

SELECT   * FROM     operation WHERE    type = 'SQLStats' AND      name = 'SlowLog' AND      create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00' ORDER BY create_time limit 10;

在新設計下查詢時間基本固定，不會隨著資料量的增長而發生變化。

2、隱式轉換

SQL語句中查詢變數和欄位定義型別不匹配是另一個常見的錯誤。比如下面的語句：

mysql> explain extended SELECT *      > FROM   my_balance b      > WHERE  b.bpn = 14000000123      >       AND b.isverified IS NULL ;mysql> show warnings;| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'

其中欄位 bpn 的定義為 varchar(20)，MySQL 的策略是將字串轉換為數字之後再比較。函式作用於表欄位，索引失效。

上述情況可能是應用程式框架自動填入的引數，而不是程式設計師的原意。現在應用框架很多很繁雜，使用方便的同時也小心它可能給自己挖坑。

3、關聯更新、刪除

雖然 MySQL5.6 引入了物化特性，但需要特別注意它目前僅僅針對查詢語句的優化。對於更新或刪除需要手工重寫成 JOIN。

比如下面 UPDATE 語句，MySQL 實際執行的是迴圈/巢狀子查詢（DEPENDENT SUBQUERY)，其執行時間可想而知。

UPDATE operation o SET    status = 'applying' WHERE  o.id IN (SELECT id                 FROM   (SELECT o.id,                                o.status                         FROM   operation o                         WHERE  o.group = 123                                AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' )                         ORDER  BY o.parent,                                   o.id                         LIMIT  1) t);

執行計劃：

+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type        | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                                               |+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+| 1  | PRIMARY            | o     | index |               | PRIMARY | 8       |       | 24   | Using where; Using temporary                        || 2  | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY |       |       |               |         |         |       |      | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables || 3  | DERIVED            | o     | ref   | idx_2,idx_5   | idx_5   | 8       | const | 1    | Using where; Using filesort                         |+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

重寫為 JOIN 之後，子查詢的選擇模式從 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY 變成 DERIVED，執行速度大大加快，從7秒降低到2毫秒。

UPDATE operation o        JOIN  (SELECT o.id,                             o.status                      FROM   operation o                      WHERE  o.group = 123                             AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' )                      ORDER  BY o.parent,                                o.id                      LIMIT  1) t         ON o.id = t.id SET    status = 'applying'

執行計劃簡化為：

+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key   | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                                               |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+| 1  | PRIMARY     |       |      |               |       |         |       |      | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables || 2  | DERIVED     | o     | ref  | idx_2,idx_5   | idx_5 | 8       | const | 1    | Using where; Using filesort                         |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

4、混合排序

MySQL 不能利用索引進行混合排序。但在某些場景，還是有機會使用特殊方法提升效能的。

SELECT * FROM   my_order o        INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id ORDER  BY a.is_reply ASC,           a.appraise_time DESC LIMIT  0, 20

執行計劃顯示為全表掃描：

+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys     | key     | key_len | ref      | rows    | Extra    +----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+|  1 | SIMPLE      | a     | ALL    | idx_orderid | NULL    | NULL    | NULL    | 1967647 | Using filesort ||  1 | SIMPLE      | o     | eq_ref | PRIMARY     | PRIMARY | 122     | a.orderid |       1 | NULL           |+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+-+

由於 is_reply 只有0和1兩種狀態，我們按照下面的方法重寫後，執行時間從1.58秒降低到2毫秒。

SELECT * FROM   ((SELECT *         FROM   my_order o                 INNER JOIN my_appraise a                         ON a.orderid = o.id                            AND is_reply = 0          ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC          LIMIT  0, 20)         UNION ALL         (SELECT *         FROM   my_order o                 INNER JOIN my_appraise a                         ON a.orderid = o.id                            AND is_reply = 1          ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC          LIMIT  0, 20)) t ORDER  BY  is_reply ASC,           appraisetime DESC LIMIT  20;

5、EXISTS語句

MySQL 對待 EXISTS 子句時，仍然採用巢狀子查詢的執行方式。如下面的 SQL 語句：

SELECT *FROM   my_neighbor n        LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra               ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id                  AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' WHERE  n.topic_status < 4        AND EXISTS(SELECT 1                   FROM   message_info m                   WHERE  n.id = m.neighbor_id                          AND m.inuser = 'xxx')        AND n.topic_type <> 5

執行計劃為：

+----+--------------------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+| id | select_type        | table | type | possible_keys     | key   | key_len | ref   | rows    | Extra   |+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+|  1 | PRIMARY            | n     | ALL  |  | NULL     | NULL    | NULL  | 1086041 | Using where                   ||  1 | PRIMARY            | sra   | ref  |  | idx_user_id | 123     | const |       1 | Using where          ||  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | m     | ref  |  | idx_message_info   | 122     | const |       1 | Using index condition; Using where |+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+

去掉 exists 更改為 join，能夠避免巢狀子查詢，將執行時間從1.93秒降低為1毫秒。

SELECT *FROM   my_neighbor n        INNER JOIN message_info m                ON n.id = m.neighbor_id                   AND m.inuser = 'xxx'        LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra               ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id                  AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' WHERE  n.topic_status < 4        AND n.topic_type <> 5

新的執行計劃：

+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys     | key       | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                 |+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+|  1 | SIMPLE      | m     | ref    | | idx_message_info   | 122     | const    |    1 | Using index condition ||  1 | SIMPLE      | n     | eq_ref | | PRIMARY   | 122     | ighbor_id |    1 | Using where      ||  1 | SIMPLE      | sra   | ref    | | idx_user_id | 123     | const     |    1 | Using where           |+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+

6、條件下推

外部查詢條件不能夠下推到複雜的檢視或子查詢的情況有：

  • 聚合子查詢；

  • 含有 LIMIT 的子查詢；

  • UNION 或 UNION ALL 子查詢；

  • 輸出欄位中的子查詢；

如下面的語句，從執行計劃可以看出其條件作用於聚合子查詢之後：

SELECT * FROM   (SELECT target,                Count(*)         FROM   operation         GROUP  BY target) t WHERE  target = 'rm-xxxx' 
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table      | type  | possible_keys | key         | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | ref   | <auto_key0>   | <auto_key0> | 514     | const |    2 | Using where ||  2 | DERIVED     | operation  | index | idx_4         | idx_4       | 519     | NULL  |   20 | Using index |+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+

確定從語義上查詢條件可以直接下推後，重寫如下：

SELECT target,        Count(*) FROM   operation WHERE  target = 'rm-xxxx' GROUP  BY target

執行計劃變為：

+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | operation | ref | idx_4 | idx_4 | 514 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+

關於 MySQL 外部條件不能下推的詳細解釋說明請參考文章：

http://mysql.taobao.org/monthly/2016/07/08

7、提前縮小範圍

先上初始 SQL 語句：

SELECT * FROM   my_order o        LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u               ON o.uid = u.uid       LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p               ON o.pid = p.pid WHERE  ( o.display = 0 )        AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) ORDER  BY o.selltime DESC LIMIT  0, 15

該SQL語句原意是：先做一系列的左連線，然後排序取前15條記錄。從執行計劃也可以看出，最後一步估算排序記錄數為90萬，時間消耗為12秒。

+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref             | rows   | Extra                                              |+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+|  1 | SIMPLE      | o     | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            | 909119 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort       ||  1 | SIMPLE      | u     | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | o.uid |      1 | NULL                                               ||  1 | SIMPLE      | p     | ALL    | PRIMARY       | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            |      6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

由於最後 WHERE 條件以及排序均針對最左主表，因此可以先對 my_order 排序提前縮小資料量再做左連線。SQL 重寫後如下，執行時間縮小為1毫秒左右。

SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM   my_order o WHERE  ( o.display = 0 )        AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) ORDER  BY o.selltime DESC LIMIT  0, 15) o      LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u               ON o.uid = u.uid      LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p               ON o.pid = p.pid ORDER BY  o.selltime DESClimit 0, 15

再檢查執行計劃：子查詢物化後（select_type=DERIVED)參與 JOIN。雖然估算行掃描仍然為90萬，但是利用了索引以及 LIMIT 子句後，實際執行時間變得很小。

+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table      | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows   | Extra                                              |+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |     15 | Using temporary; Using filesort                    ||  1 | PRIMARY     | u          | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | o.uid |      1 | NULL                                               ||  1 | PRIMARY     | p          | ALL    | PRIMARY       | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |      6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) ||  2 | DERIVED     | o          | index  | NULL          | idx_1   | 5       | NULL  | 909112 | Using where                                        |+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

8、中間結果集下推

再來看下面這個已經初步優化過的例子(左連線中的主表優先作用查詢條件)：

SELECT    a.*,           c.allocated FROM      (               SELECT   resourceid               FROM     my_distribute d                    WHERE    isdelete = 0                    AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567'                    ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a LEFT JOIN           (               SELECT   resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated               FROM     my_resources                    GROUP BY resourcesid) c ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

那麼該語句還存在其它問題嗎？不難看出子查詢 c 是全表聚合查詢，在表數量特別大的情況下會導致整個語句的效能下降。

其實對於子查詢 c，左連線最後結果集只關心能和主表 resourceid 能匹配的資料。因此我們可以重寫語句如下，執行時間從原來的2秒下降到2毫秒。

SELECT    a.*,           c.allocated FROM      (                    SELECT   resourceid                    FROM     my_distribute d                    WHERE    isdelete = 0                    AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567'                    ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a LEFT JOIN           (                    SELECT   resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated                    FROM     my_resources r,                             (                                      SELECT   resourceid                                      FROM     my_distribute d                                      WHERE    isdelete = 0                                      AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567'                                      ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a                    WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid                    GROUP BY resourcesid) c ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

但是子查詢 a 在我們的SQL語句中出現了多次。這種寫法不僅存在額外的開銷，還使得整個語句顯的繁雜。使用 WITH 語句再次重寫：

WITH a AS (          SELECT   resourceid          FROM     my_distribute d          WHERE    isdelete = 0          AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567'          ORDER BY salecode limit 20)SELECT    a.*,           c.allocated FROM      a LEFT JOIN           (                    SELECT   resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated                    FROM     my_resources r,                             a                    WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid                    GROUP BY resourcesid) c ON        a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

總結

資料庫編譯器產生執行計劃，決定著SQL的實際執行方式。但是編譯器只是盡力服務，所有資料庫的編譯器都不是盡善盡美的。

上述提到的多數場景，在其它資料庫中也存在效能問題。瞭解資料庫編譯器的特性，才能避規其短處，寫出高效能的SQL語句。

程式設計師在設計資料模型以及編寫SQL語句時，要把演算法的思想或意識帶進來。

編寫複雜SQL語句要養成使用 WITH 語句的習慣。簡潔且思路清晰的SQL語句也能減小資料庫的負擔 。

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8種常見SQL錯誤用法

8種常見SQL錯誤用法

8種常見SQL錯誤用法

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