1、LIMIT 語句
分頁查詢是最常用的場景之一，但也通常也是最容易出問題的地方。比如對於下面簡單的語句，一般 DBA 想到的辦法是在 type, name, create_time 欄位上加組合索引。這樣條件排序都能有效的利用到索引，效能迅速提升。
SELECT *
FROM operation
WHERE type = 'SQLStats'
AND name = 'SlowLog'
ORDER BY create_time
LIMIT 1000, 10;
複製程式碼好吧，可能90%以上的 DBA 解決該問題就到此為止。但當 LIMIT 子句變成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 時，程式設計師仍然會抱怨：我只取10條記錄為什麼還是慢？
要知道資料庫也並不知道第1000000條記錄從什麼地方開始，即使有索引也需要從頭計算一次。出現這種效能問題，多數情形下是程式設計師偷懶了。
在前端資料瀏覽翻頁，或者大資料分批匯出等場景下，是可以將上一頁的最大值當成引數作為查詢條件的。SQL 重新設計如下：
SELECT *
FROM operation
WHERE type = 'SQLStats'
AND name = 'SlowLog'
AND create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00'
ORDER BY create_time limit 10;
複製程式碼在新設計下查詢時間基本固定，不會隨著資料量的增長而發生變化。
2、隱式轉換
SQL語句中查詢變數和欄位定義型別不匹配是另一個常見的錯誤。比如下面的語句：
mysql> explain extended SELECT *
> FROM my_balance b
> WHERE b.bpn = 14000000123
> AND b.isverified IS NULL ;
mysql> show warnings;
| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'
複製程式碼其中欄位 bpn 的定義為 varchar(20)，MySQL 的策略是將字串轉換為數字之後再比較。函式作用於表欄位，索引失效。
上述情況可能是應用程式框架自動填入的引數，而不是程式設計師的原意。現在應用框架很多很繁雜，使用方便的同時也小心它可能給自己挖坑。
3、關聯更新、刪除
雖然 MySQL5.6 引入了物化特性，但需要特別注意它目前僅僅針對查詢語句的優化。對於更新或刪除需要手工重寫成 JOIN。
比如下面 UPDATE 語句，MySQL 實際執行的是迴圈/巢狀子查詢（DEPENDENT SUBQUERY)，其執行時間可想而知。
UPDATE operation o
SET status = 'applying'
WHERE o.id IN (SELECT id
FROM (SELECT o.id,
o.status
FROM operation o
WHERE o.group = 123
AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' )
ORDER BY o.parent,
o.id
LIMIT 1) t);
複製程式碼執行計劃：
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | o | index | | PRIMARY | 8 | | 24 | Using where; Using temporary |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 3 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
複製程式碼重寫為 JOIN 之後，子查詢的選擇模式從 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY 變成 DERIVED，執行速度大大加快，從7秒降低到2毫秒。
UPDATE operation o
JOIN (SELECT o.id,
o.status
FROM operation o
WHERE o.group = 123
AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' )
ORDER BY o.parent,
o.id
LIMIT 1) t
ON o.id = t.id
SET status = 'applying'
複製程式碼執行計劃簡化為：
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 2 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
複製程式碼4、混合排序
MySQL 不能利用索引進行混合排序。但在某些場景，還是有機會使用特殊方法提升效能的。
SELECT *
FROM my_order o
INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id
ORDER BY a.is_reply ASC,
a.appraise_time DESC
LIMIT 0, 20
複製程式碼執行計劃顯示為全表掃描：
+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra
+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | ALL | idx_orderid | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1967647 | Using filesort |
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 122 | a.orderid | 1 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+-+
複製程式碼由於 is_reply 只有0和1兩種狀態，我們按照下面的方法重寫後，執行時間從1.58秒降低到2毫秒。
SELECT *
FROM ((SELECT *
FROM my_order o
INNER JOIN my_appraise a
ON a.orderid = o.id
AND is_reply = 0
ORDER BY appraise_time DESC
LIMIT 0, 20)
UNION ALL
(SELECT *
FROM my_order o
INNER JOIN my_appraise a
ON a.orderid = o.id
AND is_reply = 1
ORDER BY appraise_time DESC
LIMIT 0, 20)) t
ORDER BY is_reply ASC,
appraisetime DESC
LIMIT 20;
複製程式碼5、EXISTS語句
MySQL 對待 EXISTS 子句時，仍然採用巢狀子查詢的執行方式。如下面的 SQL 語句：
SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n
LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra
ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id
AND sra.user_id = 'xxx'
WHERE n.topic_status < 4
AND EXISTS(SELECT 1
FROM message_info m
WHERE n.id = m.neighbor_id
AND m.inuser = 'xxx')
AND n.topic_type <> 5
複製程式碼執行計劃為：
+----+--------------------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
| 1 | PRIMARY | n | ALL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1086041 | Using where |
| 1 | PRIMARY | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+----
複製程式碼去掉 exists 更改為 join，能夠避免巢狀子查詢，將執行時間從1.93秒降低為1毫秒。
SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n
INNER JOIN message_info m
ON n.id = m.neighbor_id
AND m.inuser = 'xxx'
LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra
ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id
AND sra.user_id = 'xxx'
WHERE n.topic_status < 4
AND n.topic_type <> 5
複製程式碼新的執行計劃：
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
| 1 | SIMPLE | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition |
| 1 | SIMPLE | n | eq_ref | | PRIMARY | 122 | ighbor_id | 1 | Using where |
| 1 | SIMPLE | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+
複製程式碼6、條件下推
外部查詢條件不能夠下推到複雜的檢視或子查詢的情況有：
- 聚合子查詢；
- 含有 LIMIT 的子查詢；
- UNION 或 UNION ALL 子查詢；
- 輸出欄位中的子查詢；
如下面的語句，從執行計劃可以看出其條件作用於聚合子查詢之後：
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT target,
Count(*)
FROM operation
GROUP BY target) t
WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'
複製程式碼確定從語義上查詢條件可以直接下推後，重寫如下：
SELECT target,
Count(*)
FROM operation
WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'
GROUP BY target
複製程式碼執行計劃變為：
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | operation | ref | idx_4 | idx_4 | 514 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
複製程式碼關於 MySQL 外部條件不能下推的詳細解釋說明請參考文章：
7、提前縮小範圍
先上初始 SQL 語句：
SELECT *
FROM my_order o
LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u
ON o.uid = u.uid
LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p
ON o.pid = p.pid
WHERE ( o.display = 0 )
AND ( o.ostaus = 1 )
ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT 0, 15
複製程式碼該SQL語句原意是：先做一系列的左連線，然後排序取前15條記錄。從執行計劃也可以看出，最後一步估算排序記錄數為90萬，時間消耗為12秒。
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 909119 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |
| 1 | SIMPLE | u | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | o.uid | 1 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | p | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
複製程式碼由於最後 WHERE 條件以及排序均針對最左主表，因此可以先對 my_order 排序提前縮小資料量再做左連線。SQL 重寫後如下，執行時間縮小為1毫秒左右。
SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT *
FROM my_order o
WHERE ( o.display = 0 )
AND ( o.ostaus = 1 )
ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT 0, 15
) o
LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u
ON o.uid = u.uid
LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p
ON o.pid = p.pid
ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
limit 0, 15
複製程式碼再檢查執行計劃：子查詢物化後（select_type=DERIVED)參與 JOIN。雖然估算行掃描仍然為90萬，但是利用了索引以及 LIMIT 子句後，實際執行時間變得很小。
複製程式碼+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 15 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
| 1 | PRIMARY | u | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | o.uid | 1 | NULL |
| 1 | PRIMARY | p | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
| 2 | DERIVED | o | index | NULL | idx_1 | 5 | NULL | 909112 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
複製程式碼8、中間結果集下推
再來看下面這個已經初步優化過的例子(左連線中的主表優先作用查詢條件)：
SELECT a.*,
c.allocated
FROM (
SELECT resourceid
FROM my_distribute d
WHERE isdelete = 0
AND cusmanagercode = '1234567'
ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a
LEFT JOIN
(
SELECT resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated
FROM my_resources
GROUP BY resourcesid) c
ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid
複製程式碼那麼該語句還存在其它問題嗎？不難看出子查詢 c 是全表聚合查詢，在表數量特別大的情況下會導致整個語句的效能下降。
其實對於子查詢 c，左連線最後結果集只關心能和主表 resourceid 能匹配的資料。因此我們可以重寫語句如下，執行時間從原來的2秒下降到2毫秒。
SELECT a.*,
c.allocated
FROM (
SELECT resourceid
FROM my_distribute d
WHERE isdelete = 0
AND cusmanagercode = '1234567'
ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a
LEFT JOIN
(
SELECT resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated
FROM my_resources r,
(
SELECT resourceid
FROM my_distribute d
WHERE isdelete = 0
AND cusmanagercode = '1234567'
ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a
WHERE r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid
GROUP BY resourcesid) c
ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid
複製程式碼但是子查詢 a 在我們的SQL語句中出現了多次。這種寫法不僅存在額外的開銷，還使得整個語句顯的繁雜。使用 WITH 語句再次重寫：
WITH a AS
(
SELECT resourceid
FROM my_distribute d
WHERE isdelete = 0
AND cusmanagercode = '1234567'
ORDER BY salecode limit 20)
SELECT a.*,
c.allocated
FROM a
LEFT JOIN
(
SELECT resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated
FROM my_resources r,
a
WHERE r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid
GROUP BY resourcesid) c
ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid
複製程式碼總結
資料庫編譯器產生執行計劃，決定著SQL的實際執行方式。但是編譯器只是盡力服務，所有資料庫的編譯器都不是盡善盡美的。
上述提到的多數場景，在其它資料庫中也存在效能問題。瞭解資料庫編譯器的特性，才能避規其短處，寫出高效能的SQL語句。
程式設計師在設計資料模型以及編寫SQL語句時，要把演算法的思想或意識帶進來。
編寫複雜SQL語句要養成使用 WITH 語句的習慣。簡潔且思路清晰的SQL語句也能減小資料庫的負擔 。
note:要銘記在心：每天都是一年中最美好的日子。