前言
成為一名優秀的Android開發,需要一份完備的知識體系,在這裡,讓我們一起成長為自己所想的那樣~。
前篇我們詳細地分析了OKHttp的核心原始碼,如果對OKHttp內部機制不瞭解的可以看看Android主流三方庫原始碼分析(一、深入理解OKHttp原始碼)。這篇,將會來深入地分析下目前Android最優秀的網路封裝框架Retrofit的原始碼流程。
一、基本使用流程
1、定義HTTP API,用於描述請求
public interface GitHubService {
@GET("users/{user}/repos")
Call<List<Repo>> listRepos(@Path("user") String user);
}
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2、建立Retrofit並生成API的實現(注意:方法上面的註解表示請求的介面部分,返回型別是請求的返回值型別,方法的引數即是請求的引數)
// 1.Retrofit構建過程
Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder()
.baseUrl("https://api.github.com/")
.build();
// 2.建立網路請求介面類例項過程
GitHubService service = retrofit.create(GitHubService.class);
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3、呼叫API方法,生成Call,執行請求
// 3.生成並執行請求過程
Call<List<Repo>> repos = service.listRepos("octocat");
repos.execute() or repos.enqueue()
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Retrofit的基本使用流程很簡潔,但是簡潔並不代表簡單,Retrofit為了實現這種簡潔的使用流程,內部使用了優秀的架構設計和大量的設計模式,在我分析過Retrofit最新版的原始碼和大量優秀的Retrofit原始碼分析文章後,我發現,要想真正理解Retrofit內部的核心原始碼流程和設計思想,首先,需要對這九大設計模式有一定的瞭解,如下:
1.Retrofit構建過程
建造者模式、工廠方法模式
2.建立網路請求介面例項過程
外觀模式、代理模式、單例模式、策略模式、裝飾模式(建造者模式)
3.生成並執行請求過程
介面卡模式(代理模式、裝飾模式)
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其次,需要對OKHttp原始碼有一定的瞭解,如果不瞭解的可以看看這篇Android主流三方庫原始碼分析(一、深入理解OKHttp原始碼)。最後,讓我們按以上流程去深入Retrofit原始碼內部,領悟它帶給我們的設計之美。
二、Retrofit構建過程
1、Retrofit核心物件解析
首先Retrofit中有一個全域性變數非常關鍵,在V2.5之前的版本,使用的是LinkedHashMap(),它是一個網路請求配置物件,是由網路請求介面中方法註解進行解析後得到的。
public final class Retrofit {
// 網路請求配置物件,儲存網路請求相關的配置,如網路請求的方法、資料轉換器、網路請求介面卡、網路請求工廠、基地址等
private final Map<Method, ServiceMethod<?>> serviceMethodCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
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Retrofit使用了建造者模式通過內部類Builder類建立一個Retrofit例項,如下:
public static final class Builder {
// 平臺型別物件(Platform -> Android)
private final Platform platform;
// 網路請求工廠,預設使用OkHttpCall(工廠方法模式)
private @Nullable okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory;
// 網路請求的url地址
private @Nullable HttpUrl baseUrl;
// 資料轉換器工廠的集合
private final List<Converter.Factory> converterFactories = new ArrayList<>();
// 網路請求介面卡工廠的集合,預設是ExecutorCallAdapterFactory
private final List<CallAdapter.Factory> callAdapterFactories = new ArrayList<>();
// 回撥方法執行器,在 Android 上預設是封裝了 handler 的 MainThreadExecutor, 預設作用是:切換執行緒(子執行緒 -> 主執行緒)
private @Nullable Executor callbackExecutor;
// 一個開關,為true則會快取建立的ServiceMethod
private boolean validateEagerly;
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2、Builder內部構造
下面看看Builder內部構造做了什麼。
public static final class Builder {
...
Builder(Platform platform) {
this.platform = platform;
}
public Builder() {
this(Platform.get());
}
...
}
class Platform {
private static final Platform PLATFORM = findPlatform();
static Platform get() {
return PLATFORM;
}
private static Platform findPlatform() {
try {
// 使用JVM載入類的方式判斷是否是Android平臺
Class.forName("android.os.Build");
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT != 0) {
return new Android();
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored) {
}
try {
// 同時支援Java平臺
Class.forName("java.util.Optional");
return new Java8();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored) {
}
return new Platform();
}
static class Android extends Platform {
...
@Override public Executor defaultCallbackExecutor() {
//切換執行緒(子執行緒 -> 主執行緒)
return new MainThreadExecutor();
}
// 建立預設的網路請求介面卡工廠,如果是Android7.0或Java8上,則使
// 用了併發包中的CompletableFuture保證了回撥的同步
// 在Retrofit中提供了四種CallAdapterFactory(策略模式):
// ExecutorCallAdapterFactory(預設)、GuavaCallAdapterFactory、
// va8CallAdapterFactory、RxJavaCallAdapterFactory
@Override List<? extends CallAdapter.Factory> defaultCallAdapterFactories(
@Nullable Executor callbackExecutor) {
if (callbackExecutor == null) throw new AssertionError();
ExecutorCallAdapterFactory executorFactory = new ExecutorCallAdapterFactory(callbackExecutor);
return Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 24
? asList(CompletableFutureCallAdapterFactory.INSTANCE, executorFactory)
: singletonList(executorFactory);
}
...
@Override List<? extends Converter.Factory> defaultConverterFactories() {
return Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 24
? singletonList(OptionalConverterFactory.INSTANCE)
: Collections.<Converter.Factory>emptyList();
}
...
static class MainThreadExecutor implements Executor {
// 獲取Android 主執行緒的Handler
private final Handler handler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
@Override public void execute(Runnable r) {
// 在UI執行緒對網路請求返回資料處理
handler.post(r);
}
}
}
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可以看到,在Builder內部構造時設定了預設Platform、callAdapterFactories和callbackExecutor。
3、新增baseUrl
很簡單,就是將String型別的url轉換為OkHttp的HttpUrl過程如下:
/**
* Set the API base URL.
*
* @see #baseUrl(HttpUrl)
*/
public Builder baseUrl(String baseUrl) {
checkNotNull(baseUrl, "baseUrl == null");
return baseUrl(HttpUrl.get(baseUrl));
}
public Builder baseUrl(HttpUrl baseUrl) {
checkNotNull(baseUrl, "baseUrl == null");
List<String> pathSegments = baseUrl.pathSegments();
if (!"".equals(pathSegments.get(pathSegments.size() - 1))) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("baseUrl must end in /: " + baseUrl);
}
this.baseUrl = baseUrl;
return this;
}
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4、新增GsonConverterFactory
首先,看到GsonConverterFactory.creat()的原始碼。
public final class GsonConverterFactory extends Converter.Factory {
public static GsonConverterFactory create() {
return create(new Gson());
}
public static GsonConverterFactory create(Gson gson) {
if (gson == null) throw new NullPointerException("gson == null");
return new GsonConverterFactory(gson);
}
private final Gson gson;
// 建立了一個含有Gson物件例項的GsonConverterFactory
private GsonConverterFactory(Gson gson) {
this.gson = gson;
}
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然後,看看addConverterFactory()方法內部。
public Builder addConverterFactory(Converter.Factory factory) {
converterFactories.add(checkNotNull(factory, "factory null"));
return this;
}
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可知,這一步是將一個含有Gson物件例項的GsonConverterFactory放入到了資料轉換器工廠converterFactories裡。
5、build過程
public Retrofit build() {
if (baseUrl == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Base URL required.");
}
okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory = this.callFactory;
if (callFactory == null) {
// 預設使用okhttp
callFactory = new OkHttpClient();
}
Executor callbackExecutor = this.callbackExecutor;
if (callbackExecutor == null) {
// Android預設的callbackExecutor
callbackExecutor = platform.defaultCallbackExecutor();
}
// Make a defensive copy of the adapters and add the defaultCall adapter.
List<CallAdapter.Factory> callAdapterFactories = new ArrayList<>(this.callAdapterFactories);
// 新增預設介面卡工廠在集合尾部
callAdapterFactories.addAll(platform.defaultCallAdapterFactorisca llbackExecutor));
// Make a defensive copy of the converters.
List<Converter.Factory> converterFactories = new ArrayList<>(
1 + this.converterFactories.size() + platform.defaultConverterFactoriesSize());
// Add the built-in converter factory first. This prevents overriding its behavior but also
// ensures correct behavior when using converters thatconsumeall types.
converterFactories.add(new BuiltInConverters());
converterFactories.addAll(this.converterFactories);
converterFactories.addAll(platform.defaultConverterFactories();
return new Retrofit(callFactory, baseUrl, unmodifiableList(converterFactories),
unmodifiableList(callAdapterFactories), callbackExecutor, validateEagerly);
}
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可以看到,最終我們在Builder類中看到的6大核心物件都已經配置到Retrofit物件中了。
三、建立網路請求介面例項過程
retrofit.create()使用了外觀模式和代理模式建立了網路請求的介面例項,我們分析下create方法。
public <T> T create(final Class<T> service) {
Utils.validateServiceInterface(service);
if (validateEagerly) {
// 判斷是否需要提前快取ServiceMethod物件
eagerlyValidateMethods(service);
}
// 使用動態代理拿到請求介面所有註解配置後,建立網路請求介面例項
return (T) Proxy.newProxyInstance(service.getClassLoader(), new Class<?>[] { service },
new InvocationHandler() {
private final Platform platform = Platform.get();
private final Object[] emptyArgs = new Object[0];
@Override public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, @Nullable Object[] args)
throws Throwable {
// If the method is a method from Object then defer to normal invocation.
if (method.getDeclaringClass() == Object.class) {
return method.invoke(this, args);
}
if (platform.isDefaultMethod(method)) {
return platform.invokeDefaultMethod(method, service, proxy, args);
}
return loadServiceMethod(method).invoke(args != null ? args : emptyArgs);
}
});
}
private void eagerlyValidateMethods(Class<?> service) {
Platform platform = Platform.get();
for (Method method : service.getDeclaredMethods()) {
if (!platform.isDefaultMethod(method)) {
loadServiceMethod(method);
}
}
}
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繼續看看loadServiceMethod的內部流程
ServiceMethod<?> loadServiceMethod(Method method) {
ServiceMethod<?> result = serviceMethodCache.get(method);
if (result != null) return result;
synchronized (serviceMethodCache) {
result = serviceMethodCache.get(method);
if (result == null) {
// 解析註解配置得到了ServiceMethod
result = ServiceMethod.parseAnnotations(this, method);
// 可以看到,最終加入到ConcurrentHashMap快取中
serviceMethodCache.put(method, result);
}
}
return result;
}
abstract class ServiceMethod<T> {
static <T> ServiceMethod<T> parseAnnotations(Retrofit retrofit, Method method) {
// 通過RequestFactory解析註解配置(工廠模式、內部使用了建造者模式)
RequestFactory requestFactory = RequestFactory.parseAnnotations(retrofit, method);
Type returnType = method.getGenericReturnType();
if (Utils.hasUnresolvableType(returnType)) {
throw methodError(method,
"Method return type must not include a type variable or wildcard: %s", returnType);
}
if (returnType == void.class) {
throw methodError(method, "Service methods cannot return void.");
}
// 最終是通過HttpServiceMethod構建的請求方法
return HttpServiceMethod.parseAnnotations(retrofit, method, requestFactory);
}
abstract T invoke(Object[] args);
}
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以下為請求構造核心流程
根據RequestFactory#Builder構造方法和parseAnnotations方法的原始碼,可知的它的作用就是用來解析註解配置的。
Builder(Retrofit retrofit, Method method) {
this.retrofit = retrofit;
this.method = method;
// 獲取網路請求介面方法裡的註釋
this.methodAnnotations = method.getAnnotations();
// 獲取網路請求介面方法裡的引數型別
this.parameterTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes();
// 獲取網路請求介面方法裡的註解內容
this.parameterAnnotationsArray = method.getParameterAnnotations();
}
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接著看HttpServiceMethod.parseAnnotations()的內部流程。
static <ResponseT, ReturnT> HttpServiceMethod<ResponseT, ReturnT> parseAnnotations(
Retrofit retrofit, Method method, RequestFactory requestFactory) {
//1.根據網路請求介面方法的返回值和註解型別,
// 從Retrofit物件中獲取對應的網路請求介面卡
CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT> callAdapter = createCallAdapter(retrofit,method);
// 得到響應型別
Type responseType = callAdapter.responseType();
...
//2.根據網路請求介面方法的返回值和註解型別從Retrofit物件中獲取對應的資料轉換器
Converter<ResponseBody, ResponseT>responseConverter =
createResponseConverter(retrofit,method, responseType);
okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory = retrofit.callFactory;
return newHttpServiceMethod<>(requestFactory, callFactory, callAdapter,responseConverter);
}
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1.createCallAdapter(retrofit, method)
private static <ResponseT, ReturnT> CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT> createCallAdapter(
Retrofit retrofit, Method method) {
// 獲取網路請求介面裡方法的返回值型別
Type returnType = method.getGenericReturnType();
// 獲取網路請求介面介面裡的註解
Annotation[] annotations = method.getAnnotations();
try {
//noinspection unchecked
return (CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT>) retrofit.callAdapter(returnType, annotations);
} catch (RuntimeException e) { // Wide exception range because factories are user code.
throw methodError(method, e, "Unable to create call adapter for %s", returnType);
}
}
public CallAdapter<?, ?> callAdapter(Type returnType, Annotation[] annotations) {
return nextCallAdapter(null, returnType, annotations);
}
public CallAdapter<?, ?> nextCallAdapter(@Nullable CallAdapter.Factory skipPast, Type returnType,
Annotation[] annotations) {
...
int start = callAdapterFactories.indexOf(skipPast) + 1;
// 遍歷 CallAdapter.Factory 集合尋找合適的工廠
for (int i = start, count = callAdapterFactories.size(); i <count; i++) {
CallAdapter<?, ?> adapter = callAdapterFactories.get(i).get(returnType, annotations, this);
if (adapter != null) {
return adapter;
}
}
}
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2.createResponseConverter(Retrofit retrofit, Method method, Type responseType)
private static <ResponseT> Converter<ResponseBody, ResponseT> createResponseConverter(
Retrofit retrofit, Method method, Type responseType) {
Annotation[] annotations = method.getAnnotations();
try {
return retrofit.responseBodyConverter(responseType,annotations);
} catch (RuntimeException e) { // Wide exception range because factories are user code.
throw methodError(method, e, "Unable to create converter for%s", responseType);
}
}
public <T> Converter<ResponseBody, T> responseBodyConverter(Type type, Annotation[] annotations) {
return nextResponseBodyConverter(null, type, annotations);
}
public <T> Converter<ResponseBody, T> nextResponseBodyConverter(
@Nullable Converter.Factory skipPast, Type type, Annotation[] annotations) {
...
int start = converterFactories.indexOf(skipPast) + 1;
// 遍歷 Converter.Factory 集合並尋找合適的工廠, 這裡是GsonResponseBodyConverter
for (int i = start, count = converterFactories.size(); i < count; i++) {
Converter<ResponseBody, ?> converter =
converterFactories.get(i).responseBodyConverter(type, annotations, this);
if (converter != null) {
//noinspection unchecked
return (Converter<ResponseBody, T>) converter;
}
}
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最終,執行HttpServiceMethod的invoke方法
@Override ReturnT invoke(Object[] args) {
return callAdapter.adapt(
new OkHttpCall<>(requestFactory, args, callFactory, responseConverter));
}
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最終在adapt中建立了一個ExecutorCallbackCall物件,它是一個裝飾者,而在它內部真正去執行網路請求的還是OkHttpCall。
四、建立網路請求介面類例項並執行請求過程
1、service.listRepos()
1、Call<List<Repo>> repos = service.listRepos("octocat");
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service物件是動態代理物件Proxy.newProxyInstance(),當呼叫getCall()時會被 它攔截,然後呼叫自身的InvocationHandler#invoke(),得到最終的Call物件。
2、同步執行流程 repos.execute()
@Override public Response<T> execute() throws IOException {
okhttp3.Call call;
synchronized (this) {
if (executed) throw new IllegalStateException("Already executed.");
executed = true;
if (creationFailure != null) {
if (creationFailure instanceof IOException) {
throw (IOException) creationFailure;
} else if (creationFailure instanceof RuntimeException) {
throw (RuntimeException) creationFailure;
} else {
throw (Error) creationFailure;
}
}
call = rawCall;
if (call == null) {
try {
// 建立一個OkHttp的Request物件請求
call = rawCall = createRawCall();
} catch (IOException | RuntimeException | Error e) {
throwIfFatal(e); // Do not assign a fatal error to creationFailure.
creationFailure = e;
throw e;
}
}
}
if (canceled) {
call.cancel();
}
// 呼叫OkHttpCall的execute()傳送網路請求(同步),
// 並解析網路請求返回的資料
return parseResponse(call.execute());
}
private okhttp3.Call createRawCall() throws IOException {
// 建立 一個okhttp3.Request
okhttp3.Call call =
callFactory.newCall(requestFactory.create(args));
if (call == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("Call.Factory returned null.");
}
return call;
}
Response<T> parseResponse(okhttp3.Response rawResponse) throws IOException {
ResponseBody rawBody = rawResponse.body();
// Remove the body's source (the only stateful object) so we can pass the response along.
rawResponse = rawResponse.newBuilder()
.body(new NoContentResponseBody(rawBody.contentType(), rawBody.contentLength()))
.build();
// 根據響應返回的狀態碼進行處理
int code = rawResponse.code();
if (code < 200 || code >= 300) {
try {
// Buffer the entire body to avoid future I/O.
ResponseBody bufferedBody = Utils.buffer(rawBody);
return Response.error(bufferedBody, rawResponse);
} finally {
rawBody.close();
}
}
if (code == 204 || code == 205) {
rawBody.close();
return Response.success(null, rawResponse);
}
ExceptionCatchingResponseBody catchingBody = new ExceptionCatchingResponseBody(rawBody);
try {
// 將響應體轉為Java物件
T body = responseConverter.convert(catchingBody);
return Response.success(body, rawResponse);
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
// If the underlying source threw an exception, propagate that rather than indicating it was
// a runtime exception.
catchingBody.throwIfCaught();
throw e;
}
}
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3、非同步請求流程 reponse.enqueque
@Override
public void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {
// 使用靜態代理 delegate進行非同步請求
delegate.enqueue(new Callback<T>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(Call<T> call, finalResponse<T>response) {
// 執行緒切換,在主執行緒顯示結果
callbackExecutor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
if (delegate.isCanceled()) {
callback.onFailure(ExecutorCallbackCall.this, newIOException("Canceled"));
} else {
callback.onResponse(ExecutorCallbackCall.this,respons);
}
}
});
}
@Override
public void onFailure(Call<T> call, final Throwable t) {
callbackExecutor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override public void run() {
callback.onFailure(ExecutorCallbackCall.this, t);
}
});
}
});
}
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看看 delegate.enqueue 內部流程。
@Override
public void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {
okhttp3.Call call;
Throwable failure;
synchronized (this) {
if (executed) throw new IllegalStateException("Already executed.");
executed = true;
call = rawCall;
failure = creationFailure;
if (call == null && failure == null) {
try {
// 建立OkHttp的Request物件,再封裝成OkHttp.call
// 方法同傳送同步請求,此處上面已分析
call = rawCall = createRawCall();
} catch (Throwable t) {
failure = creationFailure = t;
}
}
@Override public void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {
checkNotNull(callback, "callback == null");
okhttp3.Call call;
Throwable failure;
...
call.enqueue(new okhttp3.Callback() {
@Override public void onResponse(okhttp3.Call call, okhttp3.Response rawResponse) {
Response<T> response;
try {
// 此處上面已分析
response = parseResponse(rawResponse);
} catch (Throwable e) {
throwIfFatal(e);
callFailure(e);
return;
}
try {
callback.onResponse(OkHttpCall.this, response);
} catch (Throwable t) {
t.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override public void onFailure(okhttp3.Call call, IOException e) {
callFailure(e);
}
private void callFailure(Throwable e) {
try {
callback.onFailure(OkHttpCall.this, e);
} catch (Throwable t) {
t.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
}
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如果你看到這裡的話,恭喜你,你已經對Retrofit已經有一個比較深入的瞭解了,但是,筆者還是要建議大家自己主動配合著Retrofit最新版的原始碼一步步去徹底地認識它,只有這樣,你才能看到它真實的內心,最後附上一張Stay的Retrofit原始碼流程圖,要注意的是,這是V2.5之前版本的流程,但是,在看完上面的原始碼分析後,我們知道,主體流程是沒有變化的。
五、總結
從本質上來說,Retrofit雖然只是一個RESTful 的HTTP 網路請求框架的封裝庫。但是,它內部通過 大量的設計模式 封裝了 OkHttp,讓使用者感到它非常簡潔、易懂。它內部主要是用動態代理的方式,動態將網路請求介面的註解解析成HTTP請求,最後執行請求的過程。好了,至此,我們的Android主流三方庫原始碼分析的網路庫分析部分已經完畢。接下來,將為大家帶來最流行的圖片載入框架Glide的原始碼分析,敬請期待~
參考連結:
1、Retrofit V2.5.0原始碼
2、Android進階之光
3、Android:手把手帶你 深入讀懂 Retrofit 2.0 原始碼
讚賞
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About me
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Email: chao.qu521@gmail.com
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Blog: jsonchao.github.io/
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掘金: juejin.im/user/5a3ba9…