解法一
思路
一個思路是通過 DFS 解決這道題。從 beginWord 開始,在字典中找出所有可能與之相鄰的單詞,即與之差一個字母的單詞。對於所有的這些單詞,再進行 DFS。遞迴出口是:如果查到 endWord, 將路徑新增到結果中。如果查詢到的路徑比在結果集中的路徑短,把之前的結果清除,新增新的最短路徑。如果當前查詢路徑比已經查詢到的最短路徑長,終止查詢。
獲取一個 word 所有與之相鄰的 words,可以將這個字母每一位分別用26個字母代替,和 wordList 比較。程式碼如下:
public ArrayList<String> findNeighbors(String curr, Set<String> wordSet) {
char[] chars = curr.toCharArray();
ArrayList<String> neighbors = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
char old = chars[i];
for (char j = 'a', j <= 'z'; j++) {
if (j == old) continue;
chars[i] = j;
String newStr = new String(chars);
if (set.contains(newStr)) {
neighbors.add(newStr);
}
}
chars[i] = old; // Restore the word
}
return neighbors;
}
遞迴出口如下:
// ans list has the resulting paths
// min is the length of the shortest path
// temp is the current path
if (beginWord.equals(endWord)) {
if (temp.size < min) {
ans.clear();
ans.add(new ArrayList<String>(temp));
min = temp.size();
} else if (temp.size() == min) {
ans.add(new ArrayList<String>(temp));
}
}
if (temp.size() > min) {
return;
}
隨後我們可以用遞迴實現 DFS 來得到最短路徑。
程式碼
Class Solution{
public List<List<String>> findLadders(String beginWord, String endWord, List<String> wordList) {
List<List<String>> ans = new ArrayList<>();
ArrayList<String> temp = new ArrayList<>();
Set<String> dict = new HashSet<>(wordList);
temp.add(beginWord);
findLaddersHelper(beginWord, endWord, dict, ans, temp);
return ans;
}
private int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
public void findLaddersHelper(String beginWord, String endWord, Set<String> dict, List<List<String>> ans, ArrayList<String> temp) {
if (beginWord.equals(endWord)) {
if (temp.size() < min) {
ans.clear();
ans.add(new ArrayList<String>(temp));
min = temp.size();
} else {
ans.add(new ArrayList<String>(temp));
}
}
if (temp.size() > min) {
return;
}
List<String> neighbors = findNeighbors(beginWord, dict);
for (String neighbor : neighbors) {
if (temp.contains(neighbor)) // if neighbor is already in temp, skip to next neighbor
continue;
temp.add(neighbor);
findLaddersHelper(neighbor, endWord, dict, ans, temp);
temp.remove(temp.size() - 1); // ?????
}
}
public ArrayList<String> findNeighbors(String curr, Set<String> dict) {
ArrayList<String> neighbors = new ArrayList<>();
char[] chars = curr.toCharArray();
// Substitute each character with a - z
for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
char old = chars[i];
for (char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++) {
if (c == old) {
continue;
}
chars[i] = c;
String newWord = new String(chars);
if (dict.contains(newWord)) {
neighbors.add(newWord);
}
}
chars[i] = old;
}
return neighbors;
}
}
複雜度分析
- 時間複雜度
這個演算法含有過多不必要的重複遍歷,說以會超時。 - 空間複雜度
解法二
思路
程式碼
複雜度分析
- 時間複雜度
- 最好情況
- 最壞情況
- 平均情況
- 空間複雜度