Web框架之Tornado

一顆桃子t發表於2019-07-31

Web框架之Tornado

 

概述

Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可擴充套件的非阻塞式 web 伺服器及其相關工具的開源版本。這個 Web 框架看起來有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp,不過為了能有效利用非阻塞式伺服器環境,這個 Web 框架還包含了一些相關的有用工具 和優化。

Tornado 和現在的主流 Web 伺服器框架(包括大多數 Python 的框架)有著明顯的區別:它是非阻塞式伺服器,而且速度相當快。得利於其 非阻塞的方式和對 epoll 的運用,Tornado 每秒可以處理數以千計的連線,這意味著對於實時 Web 服務來說,Tornado 是一個理想的 Web 框架。我們開發這個 Web 伺服器的主要目的就是為了處理 FriendFeed 的實時功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的應用裡每一個活動使用者都會保持著一個伺服器連線。(關於如何擴容 伺服器,以處理數以千計的客戶端的連線的問題,請參閱 C10K problem。)

下載安裝:

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pip3 install tornado
 
原始碼安裝
https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/t/tornado/tornado-4.3.tar.gz

框架使用

一、快速上手

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
   
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
   
   
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.write("Hello, world")
   
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
])
   
   
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

執行過程:

  • 第一步:執行指令碼,監聽 8888 埠
  • 第二步:瀏覽器客戶端訪問 /index  -->  http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
  • 第三步:伺服器接受請求,並交由對應的類處理該請求
  • 第四步:類接受到請求之後,根據請求方式(post / get / delete ...)的不同呼叫並執行相應的方法
  • 第五步:方法返回值的字串內容傳送瀏覽器
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado import httpclient from tornado.web import asynchronous from tornado import gen import uimodules as md import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): @asynchronous @gen.coroutine def get(self): print 'start get ' http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback) self.write('end') def callback(self, response): print response.body settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'ui_methods': mt, 'ui_modules': md, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8009) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

二、路由系統

路由系統其實就是 url 和 類 的對應關係,這裡不同於其他框架,其他很多框架均是 url 對應 函式,Tornado中每個url對應的是一個類。

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
   
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
   
   
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.write("Hello, world")
   
class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self, story_id):
        self.write("You requested the story " + story_id)
   
class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.write("buy.wupeiqi.com/index")
   
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
    (r"/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler),
])
   
application.add_handlers('buy.wupeiqi.com$', [
    (r'/index',BuyHandler),
])
   
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(80)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

Tornado中原生支援二級域名的路由,如:

 

三、模板引擎

Tornao中的模板語言和django中類似,模板引擎將模板檔案載入記憶體,然後將資料嵌入其中,最終獲取到一個完整的字串,再將字串返回給請求者。

Tornado 的模板支援“控制語句”和“表達語句”,控制語句是使用 {% 和 %} 包起來的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}。表達語句是使用 {{ 和 }} 包起來的,例如 {{ items[0] }}

控制語句和對應的 Python 語句的格式基本完全相同。我們支援 ifforwhile 和 try,這些語句邏輯結束的位置需要用 {% end %} 做標記。還通過 extends 和 block 語句實現了模板繼承。這些在 template 模組 的程式碼文件中有著詳細的描述。

注:在使用模板前需要在setting中設定模板路徑:"template_path" : "tpl"

1、基本使用

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
  
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
  
  
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.render("index.html", list_info = [11,22,33])
  
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
])
  
  
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
app.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    <title>老男孩</title>
    <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>

    <div>
        <ul>
            {% for item in list_info %}
                <li>{{item}}</li>
            {% end %}
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>
    
</body>
</html>
index.html
在模板中預設提供了一些函式、欄位、類以供模板使用:

escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名
url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名
json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名
squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名
linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名
datetime: Python 的 datetime 模組
handler: 當前的 RequestHandler 物件
request: handler.request 的別名
current_user: handler.current_user 的別名
locale: handler.locale 的別名
_: handler.locale.translate 的別名
static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名
xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名
其他方法

2、母版

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    <title>老男孩</title>
    <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
    {% block CSS %}{% end %}
</head>
<body>

    <div class="pg-header">

    </div>
    
    {% block RenderBody %}{% end %}
   
    <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>
    
    {% block JavaScript %}{% end %}
</body>
</html>
layout.html
{% extends 'layout.html'%}
{% block CSS %}
    <link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
{% end %}

{% block RenderBody %}
    <h1>Index</h1>

    <ul>
    {%  for item in li %}
        <li>{{item}}</li>
    {% end %}
    </ul>

{% end %}

{% block JavaScript %}
    
{% end %}
index.html

3、匯入

<div>
    <ul>
        <li>1024</li>
        <li>42區</li>
    </ul>
</div>
header.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    <title>老男孩</title>
    <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>

    <div class="pg-header">
        {% include 'header.html' %}
    </div>
    
    <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>
    
</body>
</html>
index.html

4、自定義UIMethod以UIModule

a. 定義

# uimethods.py
 
def tab(self):
    return 'UIMethod'
uimethods.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from tornado.web import UIModule
from tornado import escape

class custom(UIModule):

    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')
        #return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')
uimodules.py

b. 註冊

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado.escape import linkify
import uimodules as md
import uimethods as mt

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.render('index.html')

settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
    'static_path': 'static',
    'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
    'ui_methods': mt,
    'ui_modules': md,
}

application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8009)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
View Code

c. 使用

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
    <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
    <h1>hello</h1>
    {% module custom(123) %}
    {{ tab() }}
</body>
View Code

四、靜態檔案

對於靜態檔案,可以配置靜態檔案的目錄和前段使用時的字首,並且Tornaodo還支援靜態檔案快取。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
 
 
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.render('home/index.html')
 
settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
    'static_path': 'static',
    'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
}
 
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(80)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
app.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
    <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
    <h1>hello</h1>
</body>
</html>
index.html

注:靜態檔案快取的實現

    def get_content_version(cls, abspath):
        """Returns a version string for the resource at the given path.

        This class method may be overridden by subclasses.  The
        default implementation is a hash of the file's contents.

        .. versionadded:: 3.1
        """
        data = cls.get_content(abspath)
        hasher = hashlib.md5()
        if isinstance(data, bytes):
            hasher.update(data)
        else:
            for chunk in data:
                hasher.update(chunk)
        return hasher.hexdigest()
View Code

五、cookie

Tornado中可以對cookie進行操作,並且還可以對cookie進行簽名以放置偽造。

1、基本操作

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"):
            self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
            self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
        else:
            self.write("Your cookie was set!")
View Code

2、加密cookie(簽名)

Cookie 很容易被惡意的客戶端偽造。加入你想在 cookie 中儲存當前登陸使用者的 id 之類的資訊,你需要對 cookie 作簽名以防止偽造。Tornado 通過 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支援了這種功能。 要使用這些方法,你需要在建立應用時提供一個金鑰,名字為 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作為一個關鍵詞引數傳入應用的設定中:

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"):
            self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
            self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
        else:
            self.write("Your cookie was set!")
             
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/", MainHandler),
], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")
View Code
def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):
    hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
    for part in parts:
        hash.update(utf8(part))
    return utf8(hash.hexdigest())

# 加密
def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):
    hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
    hash.update(utf8(s))
    return utf8(hash.hexdigest())

def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,
                        key_version=None):
    if version is None:
        version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION
    if clock is None:
        clock = time.time

    timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock())))
    value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value))
    if version == 1:
        signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)
        value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature])
        return value
    elif version == 2:
        # The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of
        # length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a
        # signature, all separated by pipes.  All numbers are in
        # decimal format with no leading zeros.  The signature is an
        # HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including
        # the final pipe.
        #
        # The fields are:
        # - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)
        # - key version (integer, default is 0)
        # - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)
        # - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)
        # - value (base64-encoded)
        # - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)
        def format_field(s):
            return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)
        to_sign = b"|".join([
            b"2",
            format_field(str(key_version or 0)),
            format_field(timestamp),
            format_field(name),
            format_field(value),
            b''])

        if isinstance(secret, dict):
            assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used'
            assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support'
            secret = secret[key_version]

        signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)
        return to_sign + signature
    else:
        raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)

# 解密
def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
    parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")
    if len(parts) != 3:
        return None
    signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])
    if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):
        gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)
        return None
    timestamp = int(parts[1])
    if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
        gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)
        return None
    if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:
        # _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the
        # parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing
        # digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the
        # signature.  For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp
        # here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.
        gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",
                        value)
        return None
    if parts[1].startswith(b"0"):
        gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)
        return None
    try:
        return base64.b64decode(parts[0])
    except Exception:
        return None


def _decode_fields_v2(value):
    def _consume_field(s):
        length, _, rest = s.partition(b':')
        n = int(length)
        field_value = rest[:n]
        # In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must
        # use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.
        if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|':
            raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")
        rest = rest[n + 1:]
        return field_value, rest

    rest = value[2:]  # remove version number
    key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest)
    timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest)
    name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest)
    value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest)
    return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig


def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
    try:
        key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)
    except ValueError:
        return None
    signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)]

    if isinstance(secret, dict):
        try:
            secret = secret[key_version]
        except KeyError:
            return None

    expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)
    if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):
        return None
    if name_field != utf8(name):
        return None
    timestamp = int(timestamp)
    if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
        # The signature has expired.
        return None
    try:
        return base64.b64decode(value_field)
    except Exception:
        return None


def get_signature_key_version(value):
    value = utf8(value)
    version = _get_version(value)
    if version < 2:
        return None
    try:
        key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)
    except ValueError:
        return None

    return key_version
內部演算法

簽名Cookie的本質是:

寫cookie過程:

  • 將值進行base64加密
  • 對除值以外的內容進行簽名,雜湊演算法(無法逆向解析)
  • 拼接 簽名 + 加密值

讀cookie過程:

  • 讀取 簽名 + 加密值
  • 對簽名進行驗證
  • base64解密,獲取值內容

注:許多API驗證機制和安全cookie的實現機制相同。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
 
 
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
 
    def get(self):
        login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None)
        if login_user:
            self.write(login_user)
        else:
            self.redirect('/login')
 
 
class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.current_user()
 
        self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})
 
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
        username = self.get_argument('name')
        password = self.get_argument('pwd')
        if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':
            self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊')
            self.redirect('/')
        else:
            self.render('login.html', **{'status': '使用者名稱或密碼錯誤'})
 
settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
    'static_path': 'static',
    'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
    'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'
}
 
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
    (r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
基於Cookie實現使用者驗證-Demo
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
 
class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
 
    def get_current_user(self):
        return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user")
 
class MainHandler(BaseHandler):
 
    @tornado.web.authenticated
    def get(self):
        login_user = self.current_user
        self.write(login_user)
 
 
 
class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.current_user()
 
        self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})
 
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
        username = self.get_argument('name')
        password = self.get_argument('pwd')
        if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':
            self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊')
            self.redirect('/')
        else:
            self.render('login.html', **{'status': '使用者名稱或密碼錯誤'})
 
settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
    'static_path': 'static',
    'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
    'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',
    'login_url': '/login'
}
 
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
    (r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
基於簽名Cookie實現使用者驗證-Demo

3、JavaScript操作Cookie

由於Cookie儲存在瀏覽器端,所以在瀏覽器端也可以使用JavaScript來操作Cookie。

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/*
設定cookie,指定秒數過期
 */
function setCookie(name,value,expires){
    var temp = [];
    var current_date = new Date();
    current_date.setSeconds(current_date.getSeconds() + 5);
    document.cookie = name + "= "+ value +";expires=" + current_date.toUTCString();
}

對於引數:

  • domain   指定域名下的cookie
  • path       域名下指定url中的cookie
  • secure    https使用

注:jQuery中也有指定的外掛 jQuery Cookie 專門用於操作cookie,猛擊這裡

六、CSRF

Tornado中的誇張請求偽造和Django中的相似,跨站偽造請求(Cross-site request forgery)

settings = {
    "xsrf_cookies": True,
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/", MainHandler),
    (r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
配置
<form action="/new_message" method="post">
  {{ xsrf_form_html() }}
  <input type="text" name="message"/>
  <input type="submit" value="Post"/>
</form>
使用 - 普通表單
function getCookie(name) {
    var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b");
    return r ? r[1] : undefined;
}

jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) {
    args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf");
    $.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST",
        success: function(response) {
        callback(eval("(" + response + ")"));
    }});
};
使用 - AJAX

注:Ajax使用時,本質上就是去獲取本地的cookie,攜帶cookie再來傳送請求

七、上傳檔案

1、Form表單上傳

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
    <title>上傳檔案</title>
</head>
<body>
    <form id="my_form" name="form" action="/index" method="POST"  enctype="multipart/form-data" >
        <input name="fff" id="my_file"  type="file" />
        <input type="submit" value="提交"  />
    </form>
</body>
</html>
HTML
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web


class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):

        self.render('index.html')

    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]
        # print(file_metas)
        for meta in file_metas:
            file_name = meta['filename']
            with open(file_name,'wb') as up:
                up.write(meta['body'])

settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
}

application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8000)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
Python

2、AJAX上傳

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <input type="file" id="img" />
    <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" />
    <script>
        function UploadFile(){
            var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0];

            var form = new FormData();
            form.append("k1", "v1");
            form.append("fff", fileObj);

            var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
            xhr.open("post", '/index', true);
            xhr.send(form);
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>
HTML - XMLHttpRequest
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <input type="file" id="img" />
    <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" />
    <script>
        function UploadFile(){
            var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0];
            var form = new FormData();
            form.append("k1", "v1");
            form.append("fff", fileObj);

            $.ajax({
                type:'POST',
                url: '/index',
                data: form,
                processData: false,  // tell jQuery not to process the data
                contentType: false,  // tell jQuery not to set contentType
                success: function(arg){
                    console.log(arg);
                }
            })
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>
HTML - jQuery
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <form id="my_form" name="form" action="/index" method="POST"  enctype="multipart/form-data" >
        <div id="main">
            <input name="fff" id="my_file"  type="file" />
            <input type="button" name="action" value="Upload" onclick="redirect()"/>
            <iframe id='my_iframe' name='my_iframe' src=""  class="hide"></iframe>
        </div>
    </form>

    <script>
        function redirect(){
            document.getElementById('my_iframe').onload = Testt;
            document.getElementById('my_form').target = 'my_iframe';
            document.getElementById('my_form').submit();

        }
        
        function Testt(ths){
            var t = $("#my_iframe").contents().find("body").text();
            console.log(t);
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>
HTML - iframe
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web


class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):

        self.render('index.html')

    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]
        # print(file_metas)
        for meta in file_metas:
            file_name = meta['filename']
            with open(file_name,'wb') as up:
                up.write(meta['body'])

settings = {
    'template_path': 'template',
}

application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8000)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
Python
<script type="text/javascript">
 
    $(document).ready(function () {
 
        $("#formsubmit").click(function () {
 
            var iframe = $('<iframe name="postiframe" id="postiframe" style="display: none"></iframe>');
 
            $("body").append(iframe);
 
            var form = $('#theuploadform');
            form.attr("action", "/upload.aspx");
            form.attr("method", "post");
 
            form.attr("encoding", "multipart/form-data");
            form.attr("enctype", "multipart/form-data");
 
            form.attr("target", "postiframe");
            form.attr("file", $('#userfile').val());
            form.submit();
 
            $("#postiframe").load(function () {
                iframeContents = this.contentWindow.document.body.innerHTML;
                $("#textarea").html(iframeContents);
            });
 
            return false;
 
        });
 
    });
 
</script>
 
 
<form id="theuploadform">
    <input id="userfile" name="userfile" size="50" type="file" />
    <input id="formsubmit" type="submit" value="Send File" />
</form>
 
<div id="textarea">
</div>
擴充套件:基於iframe實現Ajax上傳示例
 $('#upload_iframe').load(function(){
                    var iframeContents = this.contentWindow.document.body.innerText;
                    iframeContents = JSON.parse(iframeContents);
                   
                })
View Code
function bindChangeAvatar1() {
            $('#avatarImg').change(function () {
                var file_obj = $(this)[0].files[0];
                $('#prevViewImg')[0].src = window.URL.createObjectURL(file_obj)
            })
        }

        function bindChangeAvatar2() {
            $('#avatarImg').change(function () {
                var file_obj = $(this)[0].files[0];
                var reader = new FileReader();
                reader.readAsDataURL(file_obj);
                reader.onload = function (e) {
                    $('#previewImg')[0].src = this.result;
                };
            })
        }

        function bindChangeAvatar3() {
            $('#avatarImg').change(function () {
                var file_obj = $(this)[0].files[0];
                var form = new FormData();
                form.add('img_upload', file_obj);

                $.ajax({
                    url: '',
                    data: form,
                    processData: false,  // tell jQuery not to process the data
                    contentType: false,  // tell jQuery not to set contentType
                    success: function (arg) {

                    }
                })
            })
        }

        function bindChangeAvatar4() {
            $('#avatarImg').change(function () {
                $(this).parent().submit();

                $('#upload_iframe').load(function () {
                    var iframeContents = this.contentWindow.document.body.innerText;
                    iframeContents = JSON.parse(iframeContents);
                    if (iframeContents.status) {
                        $('#previewImg').attr('src', '/' + iframeContents.data);
                    }
                })

            })
        }
其他

八、驗證碼

驗證碼原理在於後臺自動建立一張帶有隨機內容的圖片,然後將內容通過img標籤輸出到頁面。

安裝影象處理模組:

1
pip3 install pillow

示例截圖:

驗證碼Demo原始碼下載:猛擊這裡

九、非同步非阻塞

1、基本使用

裝飾器 + Future 從而實現Tornado的非同步非阻塞

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class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
 
    @gen.coroutine
    def get(self):
        future = Future()
        future.add_done_callback(self.doing)
        yield future
        # 或
        # tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_future(future,self.doing)
        # yield future
 
    def doing(self,*args, **kwargs):
        self.write('async')
        self.finish()

當傳送GET請求時,由於方法被@gen.coroutine裝飾且yield 一個 Future物件,那麼Tornado會等待,等待使用者向future物件中放置資料或者傳送訊號,如果獲取到資料或訊號之後,就開始執行doing方法。

非同步非阻塞體現在當在Tornaod等待使用者向future物件中放置資料時,還可以處理其他請求。

注意:在等待使用者向future物件中放置資料或訊號時,此連線是不斷開的。

2、同步阻塞和非同步非阻塞對比

class SyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):

    def get(self):
        self.doing()
        self.write('sync')

    def doing(self):
        time.sleep(10)
同步阻塞
class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    @gen.coroutine
    def get(self):
        future = Future()
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_timeout(time.time() + 5, self.doing)
        yield future


    def doing(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.write('async')
        self.finish()
非同步非阻塞

3、httpclient類庫

Tornado提供了httpclient類庫用於傳送Http請求,其配合Tornado的非同步非阻塞使用。

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
 
import tornado.web
from tornado import gen
from tornado import httpclient
 
# 方式一:
class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    @gen.coroutine
    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print('進入')
        http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()
        data = yield http.fetch("http://www.google.com")
        print('完事',data)
        self.finish('6666')
 
# 方式二:
# class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
#     @gen.coroutine
#     def get(self):
#         print('進入')
#         http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()
#         yield http.fetch("http://www.google.com", self.done)
#
#     def done(self, response):
#         print('完事')
#         self.finish('666')
 
 
 
application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/async", AsyncHandler),
])
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() 
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
"""
需要先安裝支援非同步操作Mysql的類庫: 
    Tornado-MySQL: https://github.com/PyMySQL/Tornado-MySQL#installation
    
    pip3 install Tornado-MySQL

"""

import tornado.web
from tornado import gen

import tornado_mysql
from tornado_mysql import pools

POOL = pools.Pool(
    dict(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='cmdb'),
    max_idle_connections=1,
    max_recycle_sec=3)


@gen.coroutine
def get_user_by_conn_pool(user):
    cur = yield POOL.execute("SELECT SLEEP(%s)", (user,))
    row = cur.fetchone()
    raise gen.Return(row)


@gen.coroutine
def get_user(user):
    conn = yield tornado_mysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='cmdb',
                                       charset='utf8')
    cur = conn.cursor()
    # yield cur.execute("SELECT name,email FROM web_models_userprofile where name=%s", (user,))
    yield cur.execute("select sleep(10)")
    row = cur.fetchone()
    cur.close()
    conn.close()
    raise gen.Return(row)


class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.render('login.html')

    @gen.coroutine
    def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
        user = self.get_argument('user')
        data = yield gen.Task(get_user, user)
        if data:
            print(data)
            self.redirect('http://www.oldboyedu.com')
        else:
            self.render('login.html')


application = tornado.web.Application([
    (r"/login", LoginHandler),
])

if __name__ == "__main__":
    application.listen(8888)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
基於非同步非阻塞和Tornado-MySQL實現使用者登入示例
 
 
 

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