Web框架之Tornado
概述
Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可擴充套件的非阻塞式 web 伺服器及其相關工具的開源版本。這個 Web 框架看起來有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp,不過為了能有效利用非阻塞式伺服器環境,這個 Web 框架還包含了一些相關的有用工具 和優化。
Tornado 和現在的主流 Web 伺服器框架(包括大多數 Python 的框架)有著明顯的區別:它是非阻塞式伺服器,而且速度相當快。得利於其 非阻塞的方式和對 epoll 的運用,Tornado 每秒可以處理數以千計的連線,這意味著對於實時 Web 服務來說,Tornado 是一個理想的 Web 框架。我們開發這個 Web 伺服器的主要目的就是為了處理 FriendFeed 的實時功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的應用裡每一個活動使用者都會保持著一個伺服器連線。(關於如何擴容 伺服器,以處理數以千計的客戶端的連線的問題,請參閱 C10K problem。)
下載安裝:
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pip3 install tornado 原始碼安裝 https: / / pypi.python.org / packages / source / t / tornado / tornado - 4.3 .tar.gz |
框架使用
一、快速上手
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get( self ): self .write( "Hello, world" ) application = tornado.web.Application([ (r "/index" , MainHandler), ]) if __name__ = = "__main__" : application.listen( 8888 ) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() |
執行過程:
- 第一步:執行指令碼,監聽 8888 埠
- 第二步:瀏覽器客戶端訪問 /index --> http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
- 第三步:伺服器接受請求,並交由對應的類處理該請求
- 第四步:類接受到請求之後,根據請求方式(post / get / delete ...)的不同呼叫並執行相應的方法
- 第五步:方法返回值的字串內容傳送瀏覽器
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado import httpclient from tornado.web import asynchronous from tornado import gen import uimodules as md import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): @asynchronous @gen.coroutine def get(self): print 'start get ' http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback) self.write('end') def callback(self, response): print response.body settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'ui_methods': mt, 'ui_modules': md, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8009) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
二、路由系統
路由系統其實就是 url 和 類 的對應關係,這裡不同於其他框架,其他很多框架均是 url 對應 函式,Tornado中每個url對應的是一個類。
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get( self ): self .write( "Hello, world" ) class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get( self , story_id): self .write( "You requested the story " + story_id) class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get( self ): self .write( "buy.wupeiqi.com/index" ) application = tornado.web.Application([ (r "/index" , MainHandler), (r "/story/([0-9]+)" , StoryHandler), ]) application.add_handlers( 'buy.wupeiqi.com$' , [ (r '/index' ,BuyHandler), ]) if __name__ = = "__main__" : application.listen( 80 ) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() |
Tornado中原生支援二級域名的路由,如:
三、模板引擎
Tornao中的模板語言和django中類似,模板引擎將模板檔案載入記憶體,然後將資料嵌入其中,最終獲取到一個完整的字串,再將字串返回給請求者。
Tornado 的模板支援“控制語句”和“表達語句”,控制語句是使用 {%
和 %}
包起來的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}
。表達語句是使用 {{
和 }}
包起來的,例如 {{ items[0] }}
。
控制語句和對應的 Python 語句的格式基本完全相同。我們支援 if
、for
、while
和 try
,這些語句邏輯結束的位置需要用 {% end %}
做標記。還通過 extends
和 block
語句實現了模板繼承。這些在 template
模組 的程式碼文件中有著詳細的描述。
注:在使用模板前需要在setting中設定模板路徑:"template_path" : "tpl"
1、基本使用
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render("index.html", list_info = [11,22,33]) application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ]) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <title>老男孩</title> <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <div> <ul> {% for item in list_info %} <li>{{item}}</li> {% end %} </ul> </div> <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> </body> </html>
在模板中預設提供了一些函式、欄位、類以供模板使用: escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名 xhtml_escape: tornado.escape.xhtml_escape 的別名 url_escape: tornado.escape.url_escape 的別名 json_encode: tornado.escape.json_encode 的別名 squeeze: tornado.escape.squeeze 的別名 linkify: tornado.escape.linkify 的別名 datetime: Python 的 datetime 模組 handler: 當前的 RequestHandler 物件 request: handler.request 的別名 current_user: handler.current_user 的別名 locale: handler.locale 的別名 _: handler.locale.translate 的別名 static_url: for handler.static_url 的別名 xsrf_form_html: handler.xsrf_form_html 的別名
2、母版
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <title>老男孩</title> <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> {% block CSS %}{% end %} </head> <body> <div class="pg-header"> </div> {% block RenderBody %}{% end %} <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> {% block JavaScript %}{% end %} </body> </html>
{% extends 'layout.html'%} {% block CSS %} <link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> {% end %} {% block RenderBody %} <h1>Index</h1> <ul> {% for item in li %} <li>{{item}}</li> {% end %} </ul> {% end %} {% block JavaScript %} {% end %}
3、匯入
<div> <ul> <li>1024</li> <li>42區</li> </ul> </div>
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <title>老男孩</title> <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <div class="pg-header"> {% include 'header.html' %} </div> <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> </body> </html>
4、自定義UIMethod以UIModule
a. 定義
# uimethods.py def tab(self): return 'UIMethod'
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from tornado.web import UIModule from tornado import escape class custom(UIModule): def render(self, *args, **kwargs): return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>') #return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')
b. 註冊
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado.escape import linkify import uimodules as md import uimethods as mt class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'ui_methods': mt, 'ui_modules': md, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8009) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
c. 使用
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> {% module custom(123) %} {{ tab() }} </body>
四、靜態檔案
對於靜態檔案,可以配置靜態檔案的目錄和前段使用時的字首,並且Tornaodo還支援靜態檔案快取。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('home/index.html') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(80) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> </body> </html>
注:靜態檔案快取的實現
def get_content_version(cls, abspath): """Returns a version string for the resource at the given path. This class method may be overridden by subclasses. The default implementation is a hash of the file's contents. .. versionadded:: 3.1 """ data = cls.get_content(abspath) hasher = hashlib.md5() if isinstance(data, bytes): hasher.update(data) else: for chunk in data: hasher.update(chunk) return hasher.hexdigest()
五、cookie
Tornado中可以對cookie進行操作,並且還可以對cookie進行簽名以放置偽造。
1、基本操作
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"): self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") else: self.write("Your cookie was set!")
2、加密cookie(簽名)
Cookie 很容易被惡意的客戶端偽造。加入你想在 cookie 中儲存當前登陸使用者的 id 之類的資訊,你需要對 cookie 作簽名以防止偽造。Tornado 通過 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支援了這種功能。 要使用這些方法,你需要在建立應用時提供一個金鑰,名字為 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作為一個關鍵詞引數傳入應用的設定中:
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"): self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") else: self.write("Your cookie was set!") application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler), ], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")
def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts): hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1) for part in parts: hash.update(utf8(part)) return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) # 加密 def _create_signature_v2(secret, s): hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256) hash.update(utf8(s)) return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None, key_version=None): if version is None: version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION if clock is None: clock = time.time timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock()))) value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value)) if version == 1: signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp) value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature]) return value elif version == 2: # The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of # length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a # signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in # decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an # HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including # the final pipe. # # The fields are: # - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix) # - key version (integer, default is 0) # - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch) # - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric) # - value (base64-encoded) # - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix) def format_field(s): return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s) to_sign = b"|".join([ b"2", format_field(str(key_version or 0)), format_field(timestamp), format_field(name), format_field(value), b'']) if isinstance(secret, dict): assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used' assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support' secret = secret[key_version] signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign) return to_sign + signature else: raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version) # 解密 def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): parts = utf8(value).split(b"|") if len(parts) != 3: return None signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1]) if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature): gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value) return None timestamp = int(parts[1]) if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value) return None if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400: # _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the # parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing # digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the # signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp # here instead of modifying _cookie_signature. gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r", value) return None if parts[1].startswith(b"0"): gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value) return None try: return base64.b64decode(parts[0]) except Exception: return None def _decode_fields_v2(value): def _consume_field(s): length, _, rest = s.partition(b':') n = int(length) field_value = rest[:n] # In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must # use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2. if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|': raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field") rest = rest[n + 1:] return field_value, rest rest = value[2:] # remove version number key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest) timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest) name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest) value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest) return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): try: key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value) except ValueError: return None signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)] if isinstance(secret, dict): try: secret = secret[key_version] except KeyError: return None expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string) if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig): return None if name_field != utf8(name): return None timestamp = int(timestamp) if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: # The signature has expired. return None try: return base64.b64decode(value_field) except Exception: return None def get_signature_key_version(value): value = utf8(value) version = _get_version(value) if version < 2: return None try: key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value) except ValueError: return None return key_version
簽名Cookie的本質是:
寫cookie過程:
- 將值進行base64加密
- 對除值以外的內容進行簽名,雜湊演算法(無法逆向解析)
- 拼接 簽名 + 加密值
讀cookie過程:
- 讀取 簽名 + 加密值
- 對簽名進行驗證
- base64解密,獲取值內容
注:許多API驗證機制和安全cookie的實現機制相同。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None) if login_user: self.write(login_user) else: self.redirect('/login') class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.current_user() self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) def post(self, *args, **kwargs): username = self.get_argument('name') password = self.get_argument('pwd') if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123': self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊') self.redirect('/') else: self.render('login.html', **{'status': '使用者名稱或密碼錯誤'}) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get_current_user(self): return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user") class MainHandler(BaseHandler): @tornado.web.authenticated def get(self): login_user = self.current_user self.write(login_user) class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.current_user() self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) def post(self, *args, **kwargs): username = self.get_argument('name') password = self.get_argument('pwd') if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123': self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊') self.redirect('/') else: self.render('login.html', **{'status': '使用者名稱或密碼錯誤'}) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 'login_url': '/login' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
3、JavaScript操作Cookie
由於Cookie儲存在瀏覽器端,所以在瀏覽器端也可以使用JavaScript來操作Cookie。
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/* 設定cookie,指定秒數過期 */ function setCookie(name,value,expires){ var temp = []; var current_date = new Date(); current_date.setSeconds(current_date.getSeconds() + 5); document.cookie = name + "= " + value + ";expires=" + current_date.toUTCString(); } |
對於引數:
- domain 指定域名下的cookie
- path 域名下指定url中的cookie
- secure https使用
注:jQuery中也有指定的外掛 jQuery Cookie 專門用於操作cookie,猛擊這裡
六、CSRF
Tornado中的誇張請求偽造和Django中的相似,跨站偽造請求(Cross-site request forgery)
settings = { "xsrf_cookies": True, } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/", MainHandler), (r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings)
<form action="/new_message" method="post"> {{ xsrf_form_html() }} <input type="text" name="message"/> <input type="submit" value="Post"/> </form>
function getCookie(name) { var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b"); return r ? r[1] : undefined; } jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) { args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf"); $.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST", success: function(response) { callback(eval("(" + response + ")")); }}); };
注:Ajax使用時,本質上就是去獲取本地的cookie,攜帶cookie再來傳送請求
七、上傳檔案
1、Form表單上傳
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <title>上傳檔案</title> </head> <body> <form id="my_form" name="form" action="/index" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data" > <input name="fff" id="my_file" type="file" /> <input type="submit" value="提交" /> </form> </body> </html>
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') def post(self, *args, **kwargs): file_metas = self.request.files["fff"] # print(file_metas) for meta in file_metas: file_name = meta['filename'] with open(file_name,'wb') as up: up.write(meta['body']) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8000) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
2、AJAX上傳
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <input type="file" id="img" /> <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" /> <script> function UploadFile(){ var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0]; var form = new FormData(); form.append("k1", "v1"); form.append("fff", fileObj); var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open("post", '/index', true); xhr.send(form); } </script> </body> </html>
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <input type="file" id="img" /> <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" /> <script> function UploadFile(){ var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0]; var form = new FormData(); form.append("k1", "v1"); form.append("fff", fileObj); $.ajax({ type:'POST', url: '/index', data: form, processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the data contentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentType success: function(arg){ console.log(arg); } }) } </script> </body> </html>
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <form id="my_form" name="form" action="/index" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data" > <div id="main"> <input name="fff" id="my_file" type="file" /> <input type="button" name="action" value="Upload" onclick="redirect()"/> <iframe id='my_iframe' name='my_iframe' src="" class="hide"></iframe> </div> </form> <script> function redirect(){ document.getElementById('my_iframe').onload = Testt; document.getElementById('my_form').target = 'my_iframe'; document.getElementById('my_form').submit(); } function Testt(ths){ var t = $("#my_iframe").contents().find("body").text(); console.log(t); } </script> </body> </html>
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') def post(self, *args, **kwargs): file_metas = self.request.files["fff"] # print(file_metas) for meta in file_metas: file_name = meta['filename'] with open(file_name,'wb') as up: up.write(meta['body']) settings = { 'template_path': 'template', } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8000) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
<script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { $("#formsubmit").click(function () { var iframe = $('<iframe name="postiframe" id="postiframe" style="display: none"></iframe>'); $("body").append(iframe); var form = $('#theuploadform'); form.attr("action", "/upload.aspx"); form.attr("method", "post"); form.attr("encoding", "multipart/form-data"); form.attr("enctype", "multipart/form-data"); form.attr("target", "postiframe"); form.attr("file", $('#userfile').val()); form.submit(); $("#postiframe").load(function () { iframeContents = this.contentWindow.document.body.innerHTML; $("#textarea").html(iframeContents); }); return false; }); }); </script> <form id="theuploadform"> <input id="userfile" name="userfile" size="50" type="file" /> <input id="formsubmit" type="submit" value="Send File" /> </form> <div id="textarea"> </div>
$('#upload_iframe').load(function(){ var iframeContents = this.contentWindow.document.body.innerText; iframeContents = JSON.parse(iframeContents); })
function bindChangeAvatar1() { $('#avatarImg').change(function () { var file_obj = $(this)[0].files[0]; $('#prevViewImg')[0].src = window.URL.createObjectURL(file_obj) }) } function bindChangeAvatar2() { $('#avatarImg').change(function () { var file_obj = $(this)[0].files[0]; var reader = new FileReader(); reader.readAsDataURL(file_obj); reader.onload = function (e) { $('#previewImg')[0].src = this.result; }; }) } function bindChangeAvatar3() { $('#avatarImg').change(function () { var file_obj = $(this)[0].files[0]; var form = new FormData(); form.add('img_upload', file_obj); $.ajax({ url: '', data: form, processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the data contentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentType success: function (arg) { } }) }) } function bindChangeAvatar4() { $('#avatarImg').change(function () { $(this).parent().submit(); $('#upload_iframe').load(function () { var iframeContents = this.contentWindow.document.body.innerText; iframeContents = JSON.parse(iframeContents); if (iframeContents.status) { $('#previewImg').attr('src', '/' + iframeContents.data); } }) }) }
八、驗證碼
驗證碼原理在於後臺自動建立一張帶有隨機內容的圖片,然後將內容通過img標籤輸出到頁面。
安裝影象處理模組:
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pip3 install pillow |
示例截圖:
驗證碼Demo原始碼下載:猛擊這裡
九、非同步非阻塞
1、基本使用
裝飾器 + Future 從而實現Tornado的非同步非阻塞
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class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): @gen .coroutine def get( self ): future = Future() future.add_done_callback( self .doing) yield future # 或 # tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_future(future,self.doing) # yield future def doing( self , * args, * * kwargs): self .write( 'async' ) self .finish() |
當傳送GET請求時,由於方法被@gen.coroutine裝飾且yield 一個 Future物件,那麼Tornado會等待,等待使用者向future物件中放置資料或者傳送訊號,如果獲取到資料或訊號之後,就開始執行doing方法。
非同步非阻塞體現在當在Tornaod等待使用者向future物件中放置資料時,還可以處理其他請求。
注意:在等待使用者向future物件中放置資料或訊號時,此連線是不斷開的。
2、同步阻塞和非同步非阻塞對比
class SyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.doing() self.write('sync') def doing(self): time.sleep(10)
class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): @gen.coroutine def get(self): future = Future() tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_timeout(time.time() + 5, self.doing) yield future def doing(self, *args, **kwargs): self.write('async') self.finish()
3、httpclient類庫
Tornado提供了httpclient類庫用於傳送Http請求,其配合Tornado的非同步非阻塞使用。
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.web from tornado import gen from tornado import httpclient # 方式一: class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): @gen .coroutine def get( self , * args, * * kwargs): print ( '進入' ) http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() data = yield http.fetch( "http://www.google.com" ) print ( '完事' ,data) self .finish( '6666' ) # 方式二: # class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): # @gen.coroutine # def get(self): # print('進入') # http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() # yield http.fetch("http://www.google.com", self.done) # # def done(self, response): # print('完事') # self.finish('666') application = tornado.web.Application([ (r "/async" , AsyncHandler), ]) if __name__ = = "__main__" : application.listen( 8888 ) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() |
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- """ 需要先安裝支援非同步操作Mysql的類庫: Tornado-MySQL: https://github.com/PyMySQL/Tornado-MySQL#installation pip3 install Tornado-MySQL """ import tornado.web from tornado import gen import tornado_mysql from tornado_mysql import pools POOL = pools.Pool( dict(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='cmdb'), max_idle_connections=1, max_recycle_sec=3) @gen.coroutine def get_user_by_conn_pool(user): cur = yield POOL.execute("SELECT SLEEP(%s)", (user,)) row = cur.fetchone() raise gen.Return(row) @gen.coroutine def get_user(user): conn = yield tornado_mysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='cmdb', charset='utf8') cur = conn.cursor() # yield cur.execute("SELECT name,email FROM web_models_userprofile where name=%s", (user,)) yield cur.execute("select sleep(10)") row = cur.fetchone() cur.close() conn.close() raise gen.Return(row) class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self, *args, **kwargs): self.render('login.html') @gen.coroutine def post(self, *args, **kwargs): user = self.get_argument('user') data = yield gen.Task(get_user, user) if data: print(data) self.redirect('http://www.oldboyedu.com') else: self.render('login.html') application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/login", LoginHandler), ]) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()