ORACLE日期型別

ORACLE日期型別
參考：https://blogs.oracle.com/apex/date%2c-timestamp-and-format-masks


資料庫中有4中日期型別：


1、DATE：是最早和使用最廣的日期型別，使用示例如下。


DATE is the oldest and most widely used data type. Though the name is "DATE", it stores also information about the time. Internally, DATE stores year, month, day, hour, minute and second as explicit values. To get the current timestamp as an instance of DATE, use the SYSDATE SQL function.


SQL> alter session set nls_date_format='YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS';
SQL> select sysdate, dump(sysdate) as date_bytes from dual;


SYSDATE              DATE_BYTES                           
-------------------- -----------------------------------
2017-11-23 23:41:08  Typ=13 Len=8: 225,7,11,23,23,41,8,0  




2、TIMESTAMP：擴充套件了DATA型別，包含了分秒和時區。


TIMESTAMP extends DATE by fractional seconds. Internally, time zone information is also contained, but in order to work with time zones, one of the other two data types, TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE or TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE must be used. To get the current timestamp as a TIMESTAMP instance, use the LOCALTIMESTAMP SQL function. As the DUMP result below shows, TIMESTAMP stores year, month, day, hour, minute and second similar to DATE. The other bytes are there for fractional seconds and time zone information. TIMESTAMP instances consume more space on disk than DATE instances, which is natural - they contain more information.




SQL> alter session set nls_timestamp_format='YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF6';
SQL> select localtimestamp, dump(localtimestamp) ts_bytes from dual;


LOCALTIMESTAMP              TS_BYTES                                                               
--------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
2017-11-24 08:45:41.434175  Typ=187 Len=20: 225,7,11,24,8,45,41,0,24,252,224,25,1,0,3,0,127,1,0,0


3、SYSTIMESTAMP顯示時區，SYSTIMESTAMP顯示當前資料庫時區，CURRENT_TIMESTAMP顯示當前會話時區；


TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE allows to explicitly work with time zone information. A time zone can be used to create a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE instance and it is explicitly contained in the output (use the right format mask). When the output of a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE value does not contain a time zone, you have incomplete data.
Oracle does not implicitly convert instances of this data type between time zones; this can be done explicitly with the AT TIME ZONE clause. To get the current time as a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE instance, we can use two functions: SYSTIMESTAMP returns the current time in the database time zone and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP returns it in the current session time zone. The following example uses SYSTIMESTAMP.


SQL> alter session set nls_timestamp_tz_format='YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF6 TZR';
SQL> select systimestamp as ts_bytes from dual;


SYSTIMESTAMP
----------------------------------
2017-11-23 23:57:04.609608 -08:00


4、本地時區和資料庫時區轉換。TIMESTAMP隱含使用本地時區，預設使用會話時區插入，儲存時預設使用資料庫時區。


TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE does not expose the time zone information (to the application, it looks like a TIMESTAMP), but it uses tome zones implicitly: An instance is created without time zone information, the session time zone is assumed. Stored instances are normalized to the database time zone. When the data is retrieved, users see it (again) in the session time zone. 
The following example illustrates how TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE works: First, a table is created. Then the current time is retrieved and stored into the table ( SYSTIMESTAMP returns TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, but this is automatically converted to TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE ). When the table is then being selected, the returned data changes with the session time zone.


SQL> create table mytimestamps( ts timestamp with local time zone );
SQL> insert into mytimestamps values ( systimestamp );
SQL> alter session set time_zone='Europe/Berlin';
SQL> select * from mytimestamps;


TS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2017-11-24 12:55:39.761283


SQL> alter session set time_zone='EST';
SQL> select * from mytimestamps;


TS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2017-11-24 06:55:39.761283




Format Masks


Whether we work within an application or a tool like SQL Plus or SQL Developer; whenever we output a DATE or TIMESTAMP instance, we're converting it to VARCHAR2. We can do this explicitly using TO_CHAR or Oracle will do it implcitly. And now NLS format masks kick in - the format mask decides how a DATE is converted to a VARCHAR2 and back. The are defaults for NLS format masks at the database level, we can set them at the session level or we can pass a format mask to the individual TO_CHAR call.