pythonfor迴圈

hiekay發表於2018-12-03

for的基本操作

for是用來迴圈的,是從某個物件那裡依次將元素讀取出來。

>>> name_str = "hiekay"
>>> for i in name_str:  #可以對str使用for迴圈
...     print i,
...                     
h i e k a y

>>> name_list = list(name_str)
>>> name_list
[`h`, `i`, `e`, `k`, `a`, `y`]
>>> for i in name_list:     #對list也能用
...     print i,
... 
h i e k a y

>>> name_set = set(name_str)    #set還可以用
>>> name_set
set([`a`, `e`, `i`, `h`, `k`, `y`])
>>> for i in name_set:
...     print i,
... 
h i e k a y

>>> name_tuple = tuple(name_str)
>>> name_tuple
(`h`, `i`, `e`, `k`, `a`, `y`)
>>> for i in name_tuple:        #tuple也能呀
...     print i,
... 
h i e k a y

>>> name_dict={"name":"hiekay","lang":"python","website":"hiekay.github.io"}
>>> for i in name_dict:             #dict也不例外
...     print i,"-->",name_dict[i]
... 
lang --> python
website --> hiekay.github.io
name --> hiekay

for在list解析中,用途也不可小覷,這在講解list解析的時候,也已說明,不過,還是再複習一下為好,所謂學而時常複習之,不亦哈哈乎。

>>> one = range(1,9)         
>>> one
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
>>> [ x for x in one if x%2==0 ]
[2, 4, 6, 8]

將上面所說的for迴圈,概括一下,就是下圖所示:

image.png

用一個文字表述:

for iterating_var in sequence:
    statements

iterating_var是物件sequence的迭代變數,也就是sequence必須是一個能夠有某種序列的物件,特別注意沒某種序列,就是說能夠按照一定的腳標獲取元素。當然,檔案物件屬於序列,我們沒有用腳標去獲取每行,如果把它讀取出來,因為也是一個str,所以依然可以用腳標讀取其內容。

zip

zip是什麼東西?在互動模式下用help(zip),得到官方文件是:

zip(…) zip(seq1 [, seq2 […]]) -> [(seq1[0], seq2[0] …), (…)]

Return a list of tuples, where each tuple contains the i-th element from each of the argument sequences. The returned list is truncated in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence.

通過實驗來理解上面的文件:

>>> a = "hiekay"
>>> b = "github"
>>> zip(a,b)
[(`h`, `g`), (`i`, `i`), (`e`, `t`), (`k`, `h`), (`a`, `u`), (`y`, `b`)]
>>> c = [1,2,3]
>>> d = [9,8,7,6]
>>> zip(c,d)
[(1, 9), (2, 8), (3, 7)]
>>> e = (1,2,3)
>>> f = (9,8)
>>> zip(e,f)
[(1, 9), (2, 8)]
>>> m = {"name","lang"}  
>>> n = {"hiekay","python"}
>>> zip(m,n)
[(`lang`, `python`), (`name`, `hiekay`)]
>>> s = {"name":"hiekay"}
>>> t = {"lang":"python"}
>>> zip(s,t)
[(`name`, `lang`)]

zip是一個內建函式,它的引數必須是某種序列資料型別,如果是字典,那麼鍵視為序列。然後將序列對應的元素依次組成元組,做為一個list的元素。

下面是比較特殊的情況,引數是一個序列資料的時候,生成的結果樣子:

>>> a  
`hiekay`
>>> c  
[1, 2, 3]
>>> zip(c)
[(1,), (2,), (3,)]
>>> zip(a)
[(`q`,), (`i`,), (`w`,), (`s`,), (`i`,), (`r`,)]

這個函式和for連用,就是實現了:

>>> c
[1, 2, 3]
>>> d
[9, 8, 7, 6]
>>> for x,y in zip(c,d):    #實現一對一對地列印
...     print x,y
... 
1 9
2 8
3 7
>>> for x,y in zip(c,d):    #把兩個list中的對應量上下相加。
...     print x+y
... 
10
10
10

上面這個相加的功能,如果不用zip,還可以這麼寫:

>>> length = len(c) if len(c)<len(d) else len(d)    #判斷c,d的長度,將短的長度拿出來
>>> for i in range(length):
...     print c[i]+d[i]
... 
10
10
10

以上兩種寫法那個更好呢?還可以這麼做呢:

>>> [ x+y for x,y in zip(c,d) ]
[10, 10, 10]

前面多次說了,list解析強悍呀。當然,還可以這樣的:

>>> [ c[i]+d[i] for i in range(length) ]
[10, 10, 10]


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