智慧指標
智慧指標的意義
- 現代 C++ 開發庫中最重要的類别範本之一
- C++ 中記憶體管理的主要手段
能夠在很大程度上避開記憶體相關的問題
- 記憶體洩漏
- 記憶體多次釋放
STL 中的智慧指標 auto_ptr
- 生命週期結束時,銷燬指向的記憶體(防止記憶體洩漏)
- 不能指向堆陣列,只能指向堆物件(變數)
- 一片堆空間只屬於一個智慧指標物件(防止記憶體多次釋放)
- 多個智慧指標物件不能指向同一片堆空間
程式設計實驗: auto_ptr 使用初探
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
private:
string m_name;
public:
Test(const char* name)
{
cout << "Hello, " << name << endl;
m_name = name;
}
void print()
{
cout << "I`m " << m_name << endl;
}
~Test()
{
cout << "Goodbye, " << m_name << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
auto_ptr<Test> pt(new Test("D.T.Software"));
cout << "pt = " << pt.get() << endl;
pt->print();
cout << endl;
auto_ptr<Test> pt1(pt); // 所有權轉移 : pt ==> pt1
cout << "pt = " << pt.get() << endl;
cout << "pt = " << pt1.get() << endl;
pt1->print();
return 0;
}
輸出:
Hello, D.T.Software
pt = 0x90e7008
I`m D.T.Software
pt = 0
pt = 0x90e7008
I`m D.T.Software
Goodbye, D.T.Software
STL 中的其它指標
share_ptr
- 帶有引用計數機制,支援多個指標物件指向同一片記憶體空間
weak_ptr
- 配合 shared_ptr 而引入的一種智慧指標
unique_ptr
- 一個指標物件指向一片記憶體空間,不能拷貝構造和賦值
Qt 中的智慧指標
QPointer
- 當其指向的物件被銷燬時,他會被自動置空(防止記憶體多次釋放)
- 析構時不會自動銷燬所指向的物件
QSharedPointer
- 引用計數型智慧指標
- 可以被自由的拷貝和賦值
- 當引用計數為 0 時才刪除指向的物件(防止記憶體洩漏)
程式設計實驗: Qt中的智慧指標
#include <QtCore/QCoreApplication>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QPointer>
#include <QSharedPointer>
class Test : public QObject
{
private:
QString m_name;
public:
Test(const char* name)
{
qDebug() << "Hello, " << name;
m_name = name;
}
void print()
{
qDebug() << "I`m " << m_name;
}
~Test()
{
qDebug() << "Goodbye, " << m_name;
}
};
int main()
{
QPointer<Test> pt(new Test("D.T.Software"));
QPointer<Test> pt1(pt);
QPointer<Test> pt2(pt);
pt->print();
pt1->print();
pt2->print();
delete pt;
qDebug() << "pt = " << pt;
qDebug() << "pt1 = " << pt;
qDebug() << "pt2 = " << pt;
qDebug();
QSharedPointer<Test> spt(new Test("D.T.Software"));
QSharedPointer<Test> spt1(spt);
QSharedPointer<Test> spt2(spt);
spt->print();
spt1->print();
spt2->print();
return 0;
}
輸出:
Hello, D.T.Software
I`m "D.T.Software"
I`m "D.T.Software"
I`m "D.T.Software"
Goodbye, "D.T.Software"
pt = QObject(0x0)
pt1 = QObject(0x0)
pt2 = QObject(0x0)
Hello, D.T.Software
I`m "D.T.Software"
I`m "D.T.Software"
I`m "D.T.Software"
Goodbye, "D.T.Software"
Qt 中的其它智慧指標
- QWeakPointer
- QScopedPointer
- QScopedArrayPointer
- QSharedDataPointer
- QExplicitlySharedDataPointer
程式設計實驗: 建立智慧指標類别範本
SmartPointer.h
#ifndef _SMARTPOINTER_H_
#define _SMARTPOINTER_H_
template
< typename T >
class SmartPoniter
{
private:
T* m_pointer;
public:
SmartPoniter(T* p = NULL);
SmartPoniter(const SmartPoniter<T>& obj);
SmartPoniter<T>& operator = (const SmartPoniter<T>& obj);
T* operator -> ();
T& operator * ();
bool isNull();
T* get();
~SmartPoniter();
};
template
< typename T >
SmartPoniter<T>::SmartPoniter(T* p)
{
m_pointer = p;
}
template
< typename T >
SmartPoniter<T>::SmartPoniter(const SmartPoniter<T>& obj)
{
m_pointer = obj.m_pointer; // 所有權轉接
const_cast<SmartPoniter<T>&>(obj).m_pointer = NULL;
}
template
< typename T >
SmartPoniter<T>& SmartPoniter<T>::operator = (const SmartPoniter<T>& obj)
{
if( this != &obj )
{
delete m_pointer; // 所有權轉接
m_pointer = obj.m_pointer;
const_cast<SmartPoniter<T>&>(obj).m_pointer = NULL;
}
return *this;
}
template
< typename T >
T* SmartPoniter<T>::operator -> ()
{
return m_pointer;
}
template
< typename T >
T& SmartPoniter<T>::operator * ()
{
return *m_pointer;
}
template
< typename T >
bool SmartPoniter<T>::isNull()
{
return (m_pointer == NULL);
}
template
< typename T >
T* SmartPoniter<T>::get()
{
return m_pointer;
}
template
< typename T >
SmartPoniter<T>::~SmartPoniter()
{
delete m_pointer;
}
#endif
main.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include "SmartPointer.h"
using namespace std;
class Test
{
private:
string m_name;
public:
Test(const char* name)
{
cout << "Hello, " << name << endl;
m_name = name;
}
void print()
{
cout << "I`m " << m_name << endl;
}
~Test()
{
cout << "Goofbye, " << m_name << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
SmartPoniter<Test> pt(new Test("D.T.Software"));
cout << "pt = " << pt.get() << endl;
pt->print();
cout << endl;
SmartPoniter<Test> pt1(pt);
cout << "pt = " << pt.get() << endl;
cout << "pt = " << pt1.get() << endl;
pt1->print();
return 0;
}
輸出:
Hello, D.T.Software
pt = 0x815e008
I`m D.T.Software
pt = 0
pt = 0x815e008
I`m D.T.Software
Goofbye, D.T.Software
小結
- 智慧指標是 C++ 中自動記憶體管理的主要手段
- 智慧指標在各種平臺上都有不同的表現形式
- 智慧指標能夠儘可能的避開記憶體相關的問題
- STL 和 Qt 中都提供了對智慧指標的支援
以上內容參考狄泰軟體學院系列課程,請大家保護原創