Python學習之路6-使用者輸入和while迴圈

VPointer發表於2019-02-16

《Python程式設計:從入門到實踐》筆記。
本章主要介紹如何進行使用者輸入,while迴圈,以及與迴圈配合使用的break, continue語句。

1. input() 函式

在Python中,使用input()函式獲取使用者輸入,這裡請注意:input()的返回值為字串。如果輸入的是數字,並且要用於後續計算,需要進行型別轉換。
input()函式可以傳入字串引數作為輸入提示,如下:

# 程式碼:
number = input()
# 判斷資料型別的兩種方法
print(type(number))
print(isinstance(number, str))

print(int(number) ** 2)    # int()函式將字串轉換成整數

# 如果提示超過一行,可以將提示放在變數中,再將變數傳入input();
# 並且最好在提示後面留一個空格以區分提示和使用者輸入
message = input("Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: ")
print(message)

# 結果:
123
<class `str`>
True
15129
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: Hello, everyone!
Hello, everyone!

判斷奇偶(作為對前文常見運算的補充):取模運算%,返回餘數

# 程式碼:
number = input("Enter a number, and I`ll tell you if it`s even or odd: ")
number = int(number)

if number % 2:
    print("
The number " + str(number) + " is even.")
else:
    print("
The number " + str(number) + " is odd.")

# 結果:
Enter a number, and I`ll tell you if it`s even or odd: 123

The number 123 is even.

2. while 迴圈簡介

for迴圈用於針對集合中的每個元素的一個程式碼塊,而while迴圈不斷地執行,直到指定的條件不滿足為止。比如,讓使用者選擇何時退出:

# 程式碼:
prompt = "
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:"
prompt += "
Enter `quit` to end the program. "
message = ""
while message != "quit":
    message = input(prompt)
    if message != "quit":
        print(message)

# 結果:
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter `quit` to end the program. Hello everyone!
Hello everyone!

Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter `quit` to end the program. Hello again.
Hello again.

Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
Enter `quit` to end the program. quit

2.1 使用標誌

在上述程式碼中我們直接對輸入資料進行判斷,這樣做在簡單的程式中可行,但複雜的程式中,如果有多個狀態同時決定while迴圈的繼續與否,要是還用上述的方法,則while迴圈的條件判斷將很長很複雜,這時可以定義一個變數作為標誌來代替多個條件。使用標誌來改寫上述程式碼:

prompt = "
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:"
prompt += "
Enter `quit` to end the program. "

active = True
while active:
    message = input(prompt)
    if message != "quit":
        active = False
    else:
        print(message)

在複雜的程式中,如很多事件都會導致程式停止執行的遊戲中,標誌很有用:在其中的任何一個事件導致活動標誌變為False時,主遊戲迴圈將退出。

2.2 使用break退出迴圈

要立即退出while或者for迴圈,不在執行迴圈中餘下的程式碼,也不管條件測試的結果如何,可使用break語句。再將上述使用標誌的程式碼改寫為break:

prompt = "
Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:"
prompt += "
Enter `quit` to end the program. "

while True:
    message = input(prompt)
    if message != "quit":
        break
    print(message)

2.3 在迴圈中使用continue

如果滿足某條件時要返回迴圈開始處,而不是跳出迴圈,則使用continue語句。以下是列印1到10中的所有奇數的程式碼:

# 程式碼:
count = 0
while count < 10:
    count += 1
    if count % 2 == 0:
        continue
    print(count)

# 結果:
1
3
5
7
9

break與continue的區別break跳過迴圈體內餘下的所有程式碼,並跳出迴圈;continue跳過迴圈體內餘下的所有程式碼,回到迴圈體開始處繼續執行,而不是跳出迴圈體。
值得提醒的是,編寫迴圈時應避免死迴圈,或者叫做無限迴圈,比如while迴圈忘記了變數自增。

3. 使用while迴圈來處理列表和字典

3.1 在列表之間移動元素

將未驗證使用者經驗證後變為已驗證使用者:

# 程式碼:
unconfirmed_users = ["alice", "brian", "candace"]
confirmed_users = []

while unconfirmed_users:
    current_user = unconfirmed_users.pop()

    print("Verifying user: " + current_user.title())
    confirmed_users.append(current_user)

print("
The following users have been confirmed:")
for confirmed_user in confirmed_users:
    print(confirmed_user.title())

# 結果:
Verifying user: Candace
Verifying user: Brian
Verifying user: Alice

The following users have been confirmed:
Candace
Brian
Alice

3.2 刪除包含特定值的所有列表元素

之前的章節中使用remove()函式來刪除列表中的值,但只刪除了列表中的第一個指定值,以下程式碼迴圈刪除列表中指定的值:

# 程式碼:
pets = ["dog", "cat", "dog", "goldfish", "cat", "rabbit", "cat"]
print(pets)

while "cat" in pets:
    pets.remove("cat")

print(pets)

# 結果:
[`dog`, `cat`, `dog`, `goldfish`, `cat`, `rabbit`, `cat`]
[`dog`, `dog`, `goldfish`, `rabbit`]

3.3 使用使用者輸入來填充字典

# 程式碼:
responses = {}

# 設定一個標誌,指出調查是否繼續
polling_active = True
while polling_active:
    # 提示輸入被調查者的名字和回答
    name = input("
What is your name? ")
    response = input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday? ")

    # 將回答存入字典
    responses[name] = response
    
    # 是否還有人要參與調查
    repeat = input("World you like to let another person respond?(yes/ no) ")
    if repeat == "no":
        polling_active = False

# 調查結束,輸出結果
print("
--- Poll Results ---")
for name, response in responses.items():
    print(name + " world like to climb " + response + ".")
    
# 結果:
What is your name? Eric
Which mountain would you like to climb someday? Denali
World you like to let another person respond?(yes/ no) yes

What is your name? Lynn
Which mountain would you like to climb someday? Devil`s Thumb
World you like to let another person respond?(yes/ no) no

--- Poll Results ---
Eric world like to climb Denali.
Lynn world like to climb Devil`s Thumb.

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