簡介
熱修復的方案有很多種,其中原理也各不相同。目前開源的比較有名的有阿里AndFix、美團Robust、qq的QZone以及tinker等。今天我們就來分析一下tinker熱修復的原理。(這裡以Android 6.0的原始碼來分析,之所以要以Android6.0原始碼來分析而不是以Android7.0或更新的原始碼分析,是因為Android7.0引入了混合編譯,對熱補丁有影響。但無論是6.0還是7.0,tinker熱修復最核心的原理是一樣的,我們分析tinker是為了理解它的運作機制,從而更好地去使用它。如果有對混合編譯感興趣的可以看文章Android_N混合編譯與對熱補丁影響解析)
Tinker熱修復原理
Android裡面載入類主要用到了兩個類載入器,一個是PathClassLoader,另一個是DexClassLoader,應用程式中的類一般都是通過PathClassLoader來載入類的,不信你在Activity裡面呼叫getClassLoader()方法,然後看得到的ClassLoader物件的型別是不是PathClassLoader型別,答案是肯定的。我們來看下PathClassLoader類的原始碼:
package dalvik.system;
/**
* Provides a simple {@link ClassLoader} implementation that operates on a list
* of files and directories in the local file system, but does not attempt to
* load classes from the network. Android uses this class for its system class
* loader and for its application class loader(s).
*/
public class PathClassLoader extends BaseDexClassLoader {
public PathClassLoader(String dexPath, ClassLoader parent) {
super(dexPath, null, null, parent);
}
public PathClassLoader(String dexPath, String librarySearchPath, ClassLoader parent) {
super(dexPath, null, librarySearchPath, parent);
}
}
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這是Android 6.0原始碼裡面的PathClassLoader類,注意看類開頭的註釋:“Android uses this class for its system class loader and for its application class loader”,看到這我們應該明白這個類是幹嘛的了吧,意思就是Android將此類用於其系統類載入器及其應用程式類載入器。也就是說,我們的Android應用程式,無論是系統的java類或是你自己寫的類,都是通過PathClassLoader來載入的。
那麼DexClassLoader是幹嘛的呢?我們看下DexClassLoader的原始碼中對它的介紹:
package dalvik.system;
import java.io.File;
//標註1
/**
* A class loader that loads classes from {@code .jar} and {@code .apk} files
* containing a {@code classes.dex} entry. This can be used to execute code not
* installed as part of an application.
*
* <p>This class loader requires an application-private, writable directory to
* cache optimized classes. Use {@code Context.getCodeCacheDir()} to create
* such a directory: <pre> {@code
* File dexOutputDir = context.getCodeCacheDir();
* }</pre>
*
* <p><strong>Do not cache optimized classes on external storage.</strong>
* External storage does not provide access controls necessary to protect your
* application from code injection attacks.
*/
public class DexClassLoader extends BaseDexClassLoader {
/**
* Creates a {@code DexClassLoader} that finds interpreted and native
* code. Interpreted classes are found in a set of DEX files contained
* in Jar or APK files.
*
* <p>The path lists are separated using the character specified by the
* {@code path.separator} system property, which defaults to {@code :}.
*
* @param dexPath the list of jar/apk files containing classes and
* resources, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}, which
* defaults to {@code ":"} on Android
* @param optimizedDirectory directory where optimized dex files
* should be written; must not be {@code null}
* @param librarySearchPath the list of directories containing native
* libraries, delimited by {@code File.pathSeparator}; may be
* {@code null}
* @param parent the parent class loader
*/
public DexClassLoader(String dexPath, String optimizedDirectory,
String librarySearchPath, ClassLoader parent) {
super(dexPath, new File(optimizedDirectory), librarySearchPath, parent);
}
}
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看標註1處“A class loader that loads classes from {@code .jar} and {@code .apk} files containing a {@code classes.dex} entry. This can be used to execute code not installed as part of an application.”,這說明這個類主要用於載入包含在dex和apk檔案中的類,這可用於執行未作為應用程式的一部分安裝的程式碼。也就是說,它可以載入那些未被系統安裝的類。
那麼我們Android為什麼要再實現兩個類載入器而不是用java裡面已經實現好的類載入器呢?原因是Android中對虛擬機器做了很多優化,傳統java的ClassLoader可以載入Class檔案,而在Android中並不是這樣,無論是dalvik還是art,它們載入的不再是class檔案,而是dex檔案。大家都知道,我們生成的apk檔案解壓後會發現裡面有classes.dex檔案,如果你引入了multidex,解壓出的安裝包裡面會有多個dex檔案,而我們今天要講的tinker熱修復原理,就是在這些dex中做文章。
首先看一張圖,來了解一下PathClassLoader的載入機制:
Android在載入一個類的時候,會去眾多的dex檔案裡面有順序的找,比如要找一個Man.class類,先會從classes.dex裡面找,如果沒找到,會繼續去第二個classes2.dex檔案裡面找,如果找不到,依次往下一個dex包裡面找,如果所有的dex裡面都沒有,就會丟擲異常。
下面我們就來看看原始碼:由上面PathClassLoader類可知,PathClassLoader繼承自BaseDexClassLoader,我們看一下BaseDexClassLoader的原始碼:
package dalvik.system;
import java.io.File;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Base class for common functionality between various dex-based
* {@link ClassLoader} implementations.
*/
public class BaseDexClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
private final DexPathList pathList;
public BaseDexClassLoader(String dexPath, File optimizedDirectory,
String librarySearchPath, ClassLoader parent) {
super(parent);
this.pathList = new DexPathList(this, dexPath, librarySearchPath, optimizedDirectory);
}
@Override
protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
List<Throwable> suppressedExceptions = new ArrayList<Throwable>();
Class c = pathList.findClass(name, suppressedExceptions);
if (c == null) {
ClassNotFoundException cnfe = new ClassNotFoundException("Didn't find class \"" + name + "\" on path: " + pathList);
for (Throwable t : suppressedExceptions) {
cnfe.addSuppressed(t);
}
throw cnfe;
}
return c;
}
/**
* @hide
*/
public void addDexPath(String dexPath) {
pathList.addDexPath(dexPath, null /*optimizedDirectory*/);
}
@Override
protected URL findResource(String name) {
return pathList.findResource(name);
}
@Override
protected Enumeration<URL> findResources(String name) {
return pathList.findResources(name);
}
@Override
public String findLibrary(String name) {
return pathList.findLibrary(name);
}
@Override
protected synchronized Package getPackage(String name) {
if (name != null && !name.isEmpty()) {
Package pack = super.getPackage(name);
if (pack == null) {
pack = definePackage(name, "Unknown", "0.0", "Unknown",
"Unknown", "0.0", "Unknown", null);
}
return pack;
}
return null;
}
/**
* @hide
*/
public String getLdLibraryPath() {
StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
for (File directory : pathList.getNativeLibraryDirectories()) {
if (result.length() > 0) {
result.append(':');
}
result.append(directory);
}
return result.toString();
}
@Override public String toString() {
return getClass().getName() + "[" + pathList + "]";
}
}
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BaseDexClassLoader類的載入主要就是靠findClass方法,看findClass(String name)方法的這一行:
Class c = pathList.findClass(name, suppressedExceptions);
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由此可知BaseDexClassLoader對於類的載入主要還是委託pathList的findClass()方法,這個pathList是個DexPathList型別。
看BaseDexClassLoader的構造方法:
public BaseDexClassLoader(String dexPath, File optimizedDirectory,String librarySearchPath, ClassLoader parent) {
super(parent);
this.pathList = new DexPathList(this, dexPath, librarySearchPath, optimizedDirectory);
}
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BaseDexClassLoader的構造方法會傳入dexPath,這個是dex檔案的路徑,然後會根據dexPath建立一個DexPathList並賦值給pathList。
同樣的,我們看一下DexPathList檔案的原始碼(DexPathList原始碼很多,我們只貼出重要的部分):
/*package*/ final class DexPathList {
/**
* List of dex/resource (class path) elements.
* Should be called pathElements, but the Facebook app uses reflection
* to modify 'dexElements' (http://b/7726934).
*/
private Element[] dexElements;
/** List of native library path elements. */
private final Element[] nativeLibraryPathElements;
/** List of application native library directories. */
private final List<File> nativeLibraryDirectories;
/** List of system native library directories. */
private final List<File> systemNativeLibraryDirectories;
/**
* Exceptions thrown during creation of the dexElements list.
*/
private IOException[] dexElementsSuppressedExceptions;
public DexPathList(ClassLoader definingContext, String dexPath,
String librarySearchPath, File optimizedDirectory) {
if (definingContext == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("definingContext == null");
}
if (dexPath == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("dexPath == null");
}
if (optimizedDirectory != null) {
if (!optimizedDirectory.exists()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"optimizedDirectory doesn't exist: "
+ optimizedDirectory);
}
if (!(optimizedDirectory.canRead()
&& optimizedDirectory.canWrite())) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"optimizedDirectory not readable/writable: "
+ optimizedDirectory);
}
}
this.definingContext = definingContext;
ArrayList<IOException> suppressedExceptions = new ArrayList<IOException>();
// save dexPath for BaseDexClassLoader
this.dexElements = makeDexElements(splitDexPath(dexPath), optimizedDirectory,
suppressedExceptions, definingContext);
this.nativeLibraryDirectories = splitPaths(librarySearchPath, false);
this.systemNativeLibraryDirectories =
splitPaths(System.getProperty("java.library.path"), true);
List<File> allNativeLibraryDirectories = new ArrayList<>(nativeLibraryDirectories);
allNativeLibraryDirectories.addAll(systemNativeLibraryDirectories);
this.nativeLibraryPathElements = makePathElements(allNativeLibraryDirectories,
suppressedExceptions,
definingContext);
if (suppressedExceptions.size() > 0) {
this.dexElementsSuppressedExceptions =
suppressedExceptions.toArray(new IOException[suppressedExceptions.size()]);
} else {
dexElementsSuppressedExceptions = null;
}
}
public Class findClass(String name, List<Throwable> suppressed) {
for (Element element : dexElements) {
DexFile dex = element.dexFile;
if (dex != null) {
Class clazz = dex.loadClassBinaryName(name, definingContext, suppressed);
if (clazz != null) {
return clazz;
}
}
}
if (dexElementsSuppressedExceptions != null) {
suppressed.addAll(Arrays.asList(dexElementsSuppressedExceptions));
}
return null;
}
//...
}
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重點來了,我們看DexPathList的findClass方法,它會從內部的dexElements陣列裡面遍歷Element去尋找這個類檔案。那麼這個dexElements是從哪裡來的呢?它是從DexPathList的構造方法裡面建立的,根據構造方法傳入的dexpath按一定的規則拿到路徑下的所有dex包,然後封裝成Element物件。那麼這個findClass方法就很好理解了,它會去遍歷dexElements,一個一個的找是否有要尋找的class,如果有就返回,沒有就繼續往下一個dex裡面找,如果所有的dex都沒找到這個類,就丟擲異常。
好了,到這裡也許大家都應該明白我們tinker是從哪裡入手做熱更新的吧!如果不明白接著往下看(~~)!
既然我們知道Android系統去載入一個類是按照一定的規則的(規則就是上面講的載入順序),那麼假如我當前app中有一個Test類的一個方法被呼叫會導致系統崩潰,我們想要利用類載入機制去修復它,應該怎樣去修復呢?
首先我們需要在程式碼裡把這個類的bug給修復,然後打出修復後的apk包,並把這個類放入修復後的apk的特定dex裡(注:把class放入特定的dex並做出這個拆分包是一項略微麻煩的操作,這裡我們只需要知道要把這個dex拿到去替換就行,同時tinker也給我們提供了工具),這樣我們就能拿到修復好的含有Test類的dex了,接著就是如何把修復好的dex包放到使用者手機上,讓classloader去載入修復好的dex了。把dex放入使用者手機這一步肯定需要一個放dex的伺服器,然後app啟動的時候根據版本去伺服器請求是否有dex,如果有就下載下來放入特定的目錄,然後apk下次啟動的時候就可以把修復好的dex插入dexElements陣列的前面,這樣應用程式通過PathClassLoader去載入類就會優先找到修復好的dex裡面的Test類,這樣bug就被修復了。
為了分析替換dex的核心原理,下載修復好的dex這個步驟我們就先略去,直接來看如何載入修復好的dex:
假設我們已經拿到修復好的dex,現在要做替換,那麼便先要建立一個classLoader去載入修復好的dex包:
//dex表示已經拿到修復好的dex檔案
File dex = context.getDir("dexpath", Context.MODE_PRIVATE);
String optimizeDir = dex.getAbsolutePath() + File.separator + "opt_dex";
File fopt = new File(optimizeDir);
//建立一個DexClassLoader去載入這個dex
DexClassLoader dexClassLoader = new DexClassLoader(dex.getAbsolutePath(), fopt.getAbsolutePath(), null, context.getClassLoader());
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然後我們還需要拿到系統的classLoader,通過反射獲取到它的dexElements,然後把dexClassLoader的dexElements插入系統classLoader的dexElements前面,這樣我們的系統再去找這個Test類,就會優先找到我們修復包裡面的Test類,便達到修復bug的目的。下面繼續看程式碼:
public void loadDex(Context context) {
//dex表示已經拿到修復好的dex檔案
File dex = context.getDir("dexpath", Context.MODE_PRIVATE);
String optimizeDir = dex.getAbsolutePath() + File.separator + "opt_dex";
File fopt = new File(optimizeDir);
//建立一個DexClassLoader去載入這個dex
DexClassLoader dexClassLoader = new DexClassLoader(dex.getAbsolutePath(), fopt.getAbsolutePath(), null, context.getClassLoader());
//系統的classLoader
PathClassLoader pathClassLoader = (PathClassLoader) context.getClassLoader();
try {
//1.先獲取到dexClassLoader裡面的DexPathList型別的pathList
Class myDexClazzLoader=Class.forName("dalvik.system.BaseDexClassLoader");
Field myPathListFiled=myDexClazzLoader.getDeclaredField("pathList");
myPathListFiled.setAccessible(true);
Object myPathListObject =myPathListFiled.get(dexClassLoader);
//2.通過DexPathList拿到dexElements物件
Class myPathClazz=myPathListObject.getClass();
Field myElementsField = myPathClazz.getDeclaredField("dexElements");
myElementsField.setAccessible(true);
Object myElements=myElementsField.get(myPathListObject);
//3.拿到應用程式使用的類載入器的pathList
Class baseDexClazzLoader=Class.forName("dalvik.system.BaseDexClassLoader");
Field pathListFiled=baseDexClazzLoader.getDeclaredField("pathList");
pathListFiled.setAccessible(true);
Object pathListObject = pathListFiled.get(pathClassLoader);
//4.獲取到系統的dexElements物件
Class systemPathClazz=pathListObject.getClass();
Field systemElementsField = systemPathClazz.getDeclaredField("dexElements");
systemElementsField.setAccessible(true);
Object systemElements=systemElementsField.get(pathListObject);
//5.新建一個Element[]型別的dexElements例項
Class<?> sigleElementClazz = systemElements.getClass().getComponentType();
int systemLength = Array.getLength(systemElements);
int myLength = Array.getLength(myElements);
int newSystenLength = systemLength + myLength;
Object newElementsArray = Array.newInstance(sigleElementClazz, newSystenLength);
//6.按著先加入dex包裡面elment的規律依次加入所有的element,這樣就可以保證classLoader先拿到的是修復包裡面的Test類。
for (int i = 0; i < newSystenLength; i++) {
if (i < myLength) {
Array.set(newElementsArray, i, Array.get(myElements, i));
}else {
Array.set(newElementsArray, i, Array.get(systemElements, i - myLength));
}
}
//7.將新的dexElements陣列放入系統的classLoader裡面。
Field elementsField=pathListObject.getClass().getDeclaredField("dexElements");
elementsField.setAccessible(true);
elementsField.set(pathListObject,newElementsArray);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
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反射獲取類的變數相信大家如果有反射的知識,一定可以看懂了吧。根據註釋裡面的7個步驟,我們就可以完成把修復包裡面的Test類載入到dexElements的最前面。然後我們只需要在應用程式的程式啟動的時候呼叫這個方法,就可以實現載入Test類的時候載入的是修復包裡面的。程式碼如下:
public class MyAplication extends Application {
@Override
protected void attachBaseContext(Context base) {
MultiDex.install(base);
loadDex(base);
super.attachBaseContext(base);
}
//...
}
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好了,分析到這裡我們應該都明白tinker熱修復的原理了!它的核心思想就是根據classLoader的載入機制在應用程式啟動的時候把修復好的dex包加在有bug的dex包的前面實現對有bug的類的替換。但是tinker整個框架遠遠不是這麼簡單,因為作為一個框架它要考慮的東西要複雜得多,如文章開頭提到的Android N混合編譯以及其他如dex的驗證機制還有針對Android各個版本的相容性問題等等。
備註
轉載請註明出處,如覺得作者寫的還不錯或想要需瞭解更多框架原始碼剖析,請前往github Android三方框架原始碼剖析,歡迎star!!!
參考
聯絡方式
- email: xiasem@163.com