Oracle9i 自動管理PGA記憶體(zt)

來自metalink：Oracle9i 自動管理PGA記憶體

前兩天客戶端執行速度特別的慢，最後更改了pga_aggregate_target後有了顯著提高。這是metalink上關於該引數的一篇文章。

Automatic PGA Memory Management
-------------------------------

Process Global Area, often known as the Program Global Area (PGA) resides in the
process private memory of the server process. It contains global variables and data
structures and control information for a server process. example of such information
is the runtime area of a cursor. Each time a cursor is executed, a new runtime
area is created for that cursor in the PGA memory region of the server process
executing that cursor.

The performance of complex long running queries, typical in a DSS environment,
depend to a large extent on the memory available in the Program Global Area (PGA).
which is also called work area.

The size of a work area can be controlled and tuned. Generally, bigger work areas
can significantly improve the performance of a particular operator at the cost of
higher memory consumption. Ideally, the size of a work area is big enough that it
can accommodate the input data and auxiliary memory structures allocated by its
associated SQL operator. This is known as the optimal size of a work area (e.g.
a memory sort). When the size of the work area is smaller than optimal
(e.g. a disk sort), the response time increases, because an extra pass is performed
over part of the input data. This is known as the one-pass size of the work area.
Under the one-pass threshold, when the size of a work area is far too small compared
to the input data size, multiple passes over the input data are needed. This could
dramatically increase the response time of the operator. This is known as the multi-pass
size of the work area.

In Oracle8i administrators sized the PGA by carefully adjusting a number of
initialization parameters, such as, SORT_AREA_SIZE, HASH_AREA_SIZE,
BITMAP_MERGE_AREA_SIZE, and CREATE_BITMAP_AREA_SIZE, etc.

Oracle9i provides an option to completely automate the management of PGA memory.
Administrators merely need to specify the maximum amount of PGA memory available
to an instance using a newly introduced initialization parameter
PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET. The database server automatically distributes this memory
among various active queries in an intelligent manner so as to ensure maximum
performance benefits and the most efficient utilization of memory. Furthermore,
Oracle9i can adapt itself to changing workload thus utilizing resources efficiently
regardless of the load on the system. The amount of the PGA memory available to an
instance can be changed dynamically by altering the value of the
PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter making it possible to add to and remove PGA memory
from an active instance online. Since the database engine itself is better equipped
to determine SQL execution memory requirements, database administrators should use
this feature and not try to tune the PGA manually. This should translate to better
throughput for large number of users on the system as well as improved response
time for queries.

The automatic SQL execution memory management feature is enabled by setting the
parameter WORKAREA_SIZE_POLICY to AUTO and by specifying a size of
PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET in the initialization file. These two parameters can also be
set dynamically using the ALTER SYSTEM command. In the absence of either of these
parameters, the database will revert to manual PGA management mode. In Oracle9i
Release 2, advisory for PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET was introduced. Just like in Buffer
Cache Advisory, the PGA Advisory will suggest the appropriate size for PGA memory
and thus make PGA tuning an even simpler task.


How To Tune PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET
----------------------------------

The first question we will have when we set this parameter is what is the best
value for it ?

To determine the appropriate setting for PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter I recommend
to follow the following steps

1- Make a first estimate for PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET based on the following rule

- For OLTP systems

PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET = ( * 80%) * 20%


- For DSS systems

PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET = ( * 80%) * 50%


So for example if we have an Oracle instance configured on system with 16G of
Physical memory, then the suggested PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter value we should
start with incase we have OLTP system is (16 G * 80%)*20% ~= 2.5G and incase we
have DSS system is (16 G * 80%)* 50% ~= 6.5 G.

In the above equation we assume that 20 % of the memory will be used by the OS,
and in OLTP system 20 % of the remaining memory will be used for
PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET and the remaining memory is going for Oracle SGA memory and
non-oracle processes memory. So make sure that you have enough memory for your
SGA and also for non-oracle processes


2- Second step in tuning the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is to monitor performance using
available PGA statistics and see if PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is under sized or over
sized. Several dynamic performance views are available for this purpose:

- V$PGASTAT

This view provides instance-level statistics on the PGA memory usage and
the automatic PGA memory manager. For example:

SELECT * FROM V$PGASTAT;

NAME VALUE
--------------------------------------------------------
aggregate PGA target parameter 524288000 bytes
aggregate PGA auto target 463435776 bytes
global memory bound 25600 bytes
total PGA inuse 9353216 bytes
total PGA allocated 73516032 bytes
maximum PGA allocated 698371072 bytes
total PGA used for auto workareas 0 bytes
maximum PGA used for auto workareas 560744448 bytes
total PGA used for manual workareas 0 bytes
maximum PGA used for manual workareas 0 bytes
over allocation count 0 bytes
total bytes processed 4.0072E+10 bytes
total extra bytes read/written 3.1517E+10 bytes
cache hit percentage 55.97 percent

Main statistics to look at

(a) aggregate PGA auto target : This gives the amount of PGA memory Oracle can
use for work areas running in automatic mode. This part of memory represent the
tunable part of PGA memory,i.e. memory allocated for intensive memory SQL operators
like sorts, hash-join, group-by, bitmap merge and bitmap index create. This memory
part can be shrinked/expanded in function of the system load. Other parts of
PGA memory are known as untunable, i.e. they require a size that can't be negociated
(e.g. context information for each session, for each open/active cursor,
PL/SQL or Java memory).

So, the aggregate PGA auto target should not be small compared to the value of
PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET. You must ensure that enough PGA memory is left for work areas
running in automatic mode.

(b) total PGA used for auto workarea: This gives the actual tunable PGA memory used by
the system. The 'maximum PGA used for auto workareas' gives the maximum reached
by previous statistic since instance startup.
(c) total PGA in used: This gives the total PGA memory in use. The detail of this
value can be found in the PGA_USED_MEM column of the v$process view.

Oracle92 only:
(d) over allocation count: Over-allocating PGA memory can happen if the value of
PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is too small to accommodate the untunable PGA memory part plus
the minimum memory required to execute the work area workload. When this happens,
Oracle cannot honor the initialization parameter PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET, and extra
PGA memory needs to be allocated. over allocation count is the number of time the
system was detected in this state since database startup. This count should ideally be
equal to zero.

Oracle92 only:
(e) cache hit percentage: This metric is computed by Oracle to reflect the
performance of the PGA memory component. It is cumulative from instance
start-up. A value of 100% means that all work areas executed by the system
since instance start-up have used an optimal amount of PGA memory. This is,
of course, ideal but rarely happens except maybe for pure OLTP systems. In
reality, some work areas run one-pass or even multi-pass, depending on the
overall size of the PGA memory. When a work area cannot run optimally, one or
more extra passes is performed over the input data. This reduces the cache
hit percentage in proportion to the size of the input data and the number of
extra passes performed. this value if computed from the "total bytes processed"
and "total extra bytes read/written" statistics available in the same view using
the following formula:

total bytes processed * 100
PGA Cache Hit Ratio = ------------------------------------------------------
(total bytes processed + total extra bytes read/written)



- V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM (Oracle92 only)

This view shows the number of work areas executed with optimal memory size, one-
pass memory size, and multi-pass memory size since instance start-up. Statistics
in this view are subdivided into buckets that are defined by the optimal memory
requirement of the work area. Each bucket is identified by a range of optimal
memory requirements specified by the values of the columns LOW_OPTIMAL_SIZE and
HIGH_OPTIMAL_SIZE.

Example :

The following query shows statistics for all nonempty buckets.

SELECT LOW_OPTIMAL_SIZE/1024 low_kb,(HIGH_OPTIMAL_SIZE+1)/1024 high_kb,
optimal_executions, onepass_executions, multipasses_executions
FROM v$sql_workarea_histogram
WHERE total_executions != 0;

The result of the query might look like the following:

LOW_KB HIGH_KB OPTIMAL_EXECUTIONS ONEPASS_EXECUTIONS MULTIPASSES_EXECUTIONS
------ ------- ------------------ ------------------ ----------------------
8 16 156255 0 0
16 32 150 0 0
32 64 89 0 0
64 128 13 0 0
128 256 60 0 0
256 512 8 0 0
512 1024 657 0 0
1024 2048 551 16 0
2048 4096 538 26 0
4096 8192 243 28 0
8192 16384 137 35 0
16384 32768 45 107 0
32768 65536 0 153 0
65536 131072 0 73 0
131072 262144 0 44 0
262144 524288 0 22 0

The query result shows that, in the 1024 KB to 2048 KB bucket, 551 work areas used
an optimal amount of memory, while 16 ran in one-pass mode and none ran in
multi-pass mode. It also shows that all work areas under 1 MB were able to run in
optimal mode.


You can also use V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM to find the percentage of times work
areas were executed in optimal, one-pass, or multi-pass mode since start-up.

Example :

SELECT optimal_count, round(optimal_count*100/total, 2) optimal_perc,
onepass_count, round(onepass_count*100/total, 2) onepass_perc,
multipass_count, round(multipass_count*100/total, 2) multipass_perc
FROM
(SELECT decode(sum(total_executions), 0, 1, sum(total_executions)) total,
sum(OPTIMAL_EXECUTIONS) optimal_count,
sum(ONEPASS_EXECUTIONS) onepass_count,
sum(MULTIPASSES_EXECUTIONS) multipass_count
FROM v$sql_workarea_histogram
WHERE low_optimal_size > 64*1024); ---- for 64 K optimal size


- V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE

This view can be used to display the work areas that are active (or executing)
in the instance. Small active sorts (under 64 KB) are excluded from the view.
Use this view to precisely monitor the size of all active work areas and to
determine if these active work areas spill to a temporary segment.


Example :

SELECT to_number(decode(SID, 65535, NULL, SID)) sid,
operation_type OPERATION,trunc(EXPECTED_SIZE/1024) ESIZE,
trunc(ACTUAL_MEM_USED/1024) MEM, trunc(MAX_MEM_USED/1024) "MAX MEM",
NUMBER_PASSES PASS, trunc(TEMPSEG_SIZE/1024) TSIZE
FROM V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE
ORDER BY 1,2;


SID OPERATION ESIZE MEM MAX MEM PASS TSIZE
--- ----------------- --------- --------- --------- ----- -------
8 GROUP BY (SORT) 315 280 904 0
8 HASH-JOIN 2995 2377 2430 1 20000
9 GROUP BY (SORT) 34300 22688 22688 0
11 HASH-JOIN 18044 54482 54482 0
12 HASH-JOIN 18044 11406 21406 1 120000


This output shows that session 12 (column SID) is running a hash-join having its
work area running in one-pass mode (PASS column). This work area is currently
using 11406 KB of memory (MEM column) and has used, in the past, up to 21406 KB
of PGA memory (MAX MEM column). It has also spilled to a temporary segment of
size 120000 KB. Finally, the column ESIZE indicates the maximum amount of memory
that the PGA memory manager expects this hash-join to use. This maximum is dynamically
computed by the PGA memory manager according to workload.

When a work area is deallocated?that is, when the execution of its associated SQL
operator is complete?the work area is automatically removed from the
V$SQL_WORKAREA_ACTIVE view.


- [NOTE:148346.1] have some other queries we use to monitor SQL execution memory


3- The Third and last step is tuning the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET. In Oracle 9i
Release 2 we have 2 new views that help us in this task

- V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE
- V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE_HISTOGRAM

By examining these two views, you will be able to determine how key PGA statistics
will be impacted if you change the value of PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET.

To enable automatic generation of PGA advice performance views, make sure the
following parameters are set:

- PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET
- STATISTICS_LEVEL. Set this to TYPICAL (the default) or ALL; setting this
parameter to BASIC turns off generation of PGA performance advice views.

The content of these PGA advice performance views is reset at instance start-up
or when PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is altered.


V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE view predicts how the statistics cache hit percentage and
over allocation count in V$PGASTAT will be impacted if you change the value of
the initialization parameter PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET.

The following select statement can be used to find this information

SELECT round(PGA_TARGET_FOR_ESTIMATE/1024/1024) target_mb,
ESTD_PGA_CACHE_HIT_PERCENTAGE cache_hit_perc,
ESTD_OVERALLOC_COUNT
FROM v$pga_target_advice;


The output of this query might look like the following:

TARGET_MB CACHE_HIT_PERC ESTD_OVERALLOC_COUNT
---------- -------------- --------------------
63 23 367
125 24 30
250 30 3
375 39 0
500 58 0
600 59 0
700 59 0
800 60 0
900 60 0
1000 61 0
1500 67 0
2000 76 0
3000 83 0
4000 85 0


From the above results we should set the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter to a
value where we avoid any over allocation, so lowest PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET value
we can set is 375 ( where ESTD_OVERALLOC_COUNT is 0)

After eliminating over-allocations, the goal is to maximize the PGA cache hit
percentage, based on your response-time requirement and memory constraints.


V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE_HISTOGRAM view predicts how the statistics displayed
by the performance view V$SQL_WORKAREA_HISTOGRAM will be impacted if you
change the value of the initialization parameter PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET. You can
use the dynamic view V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE_HISTOGRAM to view detailed
information on the predicted number of optimal, one-pass and multi-pass work
area executions for the set of PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET values you use for the
prediction.


Common issues
---------------

1- When we set the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET and WORKAREA_SIZE_POLICY to auto
then the *_area_size parameter are automatically ignored and oracle will
automatically use the computed value for these parameters.

2- In Oracle 8i and earlier, the PGA memory was static, once the process started
and started to allocate memory for it's PGA area then it will not release it
back to the OS unless the process exits or dies. But the OS and under heavy
memory pressure will decide to page out unused memory pages belongs to a process
PGA to the swap space.

In Oracle 9i and under the automatic PGA memory management, Oracle will be able
to unallocate memory from a process PGA which is not using it any more so
another process can use it, also it can adjust the different work areas size
to accommodate the current workload and the amount of memory can be used.

3- Using automatic PGA memory management feature will help limiting resources
used by oracle process, and will use it more efficiently.

4- Using automatic PGA memory management will help also reducing the possibility
of getting ora-4030 errors unless we hit a OS limit, because work area sizes
will be controlled and adjusted automatically based on the PGA_AGGGREGATE_TARGET
parameter first and then the current work load.

5- If column ESTD_OVERALLOCATION_COUNT in the V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE VIEW is nonzero,
It indicates that PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is too small to even meet the minimum
PGA memory needs. If PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is set within the over allocation
zone, the memory manager will over-allocate memory and actual PGA memory
consumed will be more than the limit you set. It is therefore meaningless to
set a value of PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET in that zone.

6- Some customer reported that SQL LOADER in Oracle 9i is slower than SQL Loader
in Oracle 8i, and example of this is [BUG:2230115] which was closed as not a
bug. Using PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET alleviated the problem.

7- PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is not supported on VMS, for more information please refer
to [NOTE:175216.1] "Oracle9i Release Notes Release 1 (9.0.1) for Alpha OpenVMS".
ORA-3113 is returned on instance startup when init.ora PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is set.
8- Setting PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET in 9.0.1 on HP-UX 11.0 may panic the OS. for
more information please refer to [NOTE:43507.1] "ALERT HP-UX Patch Levels
Advised" and Bug:2122307.