Django筆記

來做官方文件的內容翻譯篩選 
1、django-admin startproject mysite 
2、Python manage.py startapp polls 
3、編寫app裡面的models.py檔案

import datetime
from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone

# Create your models here.
class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')

    def __str__(self):
        return self.question_text

    def was_published_recently(self):
        return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)

class Choice(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question)
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.choice_text

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4、python manage.py makemigrations，為這些修改建立遷移檔案 
5、python manage.py migrate，將這些改變更新到資料庫中。 
6、python manage.py createsuperuser 
7、修改polls/admin.py讓poll應用在管理站點中可編輯

from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Question

admin.site.register(Question)

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8、建立一個模型管理物件（class），然後把該物件（class名）作為第二個引數傳入admin.site.register()，來自定義管理表單

from django.contrib import admin

# Register your models here.
from .models import Question

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fields = ['pub_date','question_text']

admin.site.register(Question,QuestionAdmin)

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9、把表單分割成欄位集，fieldsets中每個元組的第一個元素是欄位集的標題

from django.contrib import admin

# Register your models here.
from .models import Question

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    # fields = ['pub_date','question_text']
    fieldsets = [
        (None,              {'fields':['question_text']}),
        ('時間資訊',{'fields':['pub_date']}),
    ]

admin.site.register(Question,QuestionAdmin)

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10、建立Question物件的同時可以直接新增一組Choice

from django.contrib import admin

# Register your models here.
from .models import Question,Choice

class ChoiceInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = Choice
    extra = 3

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    # fields = ['pub_date','question_text']
    fieldsets = [
        (None,              {'fields':['question_text']}),
        ('時間資訊',{'fields':['pub_date']}),
    ]
    inlines = [ChoiceInline]

admin.site.register(Question,QuestionAdmin)
# admin.site.register(Choice)

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這告訴Django：Choice物件在Question的管理介面中編輯。預設提供足夠3個Choice的空間

11、預設地，Django顯示每個物件的str()返回的內容。但有時如果我們能顯示個別的欄位將很有幫助。 我們使用list_display 選項來實現這個功能

from django.contrib import admin

# Register your models here.
from .models import Question,Choice

class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Choice
    extra = 3

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    # fields = ['pub_date','question_text']
    fieldsets = [
        (None,              {'fields':['question_text']}),
        ('時間資訊',{'fields':['pub_date']}),
    ]
    inlines = [ChoiceInline]
    list_display = ('question_text','pub_date','was_published_recently')

admin.site.register(Question,QuestionAdmin)
# admin.site.register(Choice)

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12、新增過濾器和搜尋功能

from django.contrib import admin

# Register your models here.
from .models import Question,Choice

class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Choice
    extra = 3

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    # fields = ['pub_date','question_text']
    fieldsets = [
        (None,              {'fields':['question_text']}),
        ('時間資訊',{'fields':['pub_date']}),
    ]
    inlines = [ChoiceInline]
    list_display = ('question_text','pub_date','was_published_recently')
    list_filter = ['pub_date']
    search_fields = ['question_text']

admin.site.register(Question,QuestionAdmin)
# admin.site.register(Choice)

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13、自定義管理介面模版 
14、修改檢視函式,修改urlconf，把app裡面的urls.py包含進去 
https://django-intro-zh.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/part3/

# polls/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^$', views.index,name='index'),
    url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/$', views.detail,name='detail'),
    url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/results/$', views.results,name='results'),
    url(r'^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote/$', views.vote,name='vote'),
]

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15、載入 polls/index.html 模板檔案，並且向它傳遞一個上下文環境（context）

# polls/views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import loader

from .models import Question


def index(request):
    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
    template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
    context = {
        'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
    }
    return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))

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16.快捷函式render

from django.shortcuts import render

# Create your views here.
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .models import Question
from django.template import loader

def index(request):
    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]

    # output = ','.join([p.question_text for p in latest_question_list])
    # template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
    context = {'latest_question_list':latest_question_list}

    return render(request,'polls/index.html',context)

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17.丟擲 404 錯誤

# polls/views.py

from django.http import Http404
from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Question
# ...
def detail(request, question_id):
    try:
        question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
    except Question.DoesNotExist:
        raise Http404("Question does not exist")
    return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})

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18.快捷函式：get_object_of_404()

# polls/views.py

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render

from .models import Question
# ...
def detail(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})

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19.去除模板中的硬編碼 URL,在 polls.urls 的 urls() 函式中通過 name 引數為 URL 定義了名字，你可以使用 {% url %} 標籤代替它 
20.為 URL 名稱新增名稱空間

# mysite/urls.py

from django.conf.urls import include, url
from django.contrib import admin

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls', namespace="polls")),
    url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
]

現在，編輯 polls/index.html 檔案，從：

<li><a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
修改成：

<li><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>

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20.編寫檢視函式,可以精簡刪除舊的 index、detail和 results 檢視，並用 Django 的通用檢視代替(第四部分) 
21.編寫表單做測試 
22.有人要原始碼麼?原始碼:http://pan.baidu.com/s/1bzJfzC 
有學Django的一起呀!

中文翻譯1：http://python.usyiyi.cn/documents/django_182/intro/tutorial02.html 
中文翻譯2:https://django-intro-zh.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/whats_next/