高階Linux運維工程師必備技能（掃盲篇）
作者：尹正傑
版權宣告：原創作品，謝絕轉載！否則將追究法律責任。
在瞭解檔案系統之前，我們要學習一下磁碟儲存資料的方式，大家都知道檔案從記憶體若要持久化儲存的話就得把它存到硬碟上，想畢都知道檔案存入磁碟都是二進位制存取的。那麼硬碟是如何儲存的呢？我們現在標配基本上都是1T呢，現在都是2017了，500G的硬碟都已經遭嫌棄了。
1.生活小知識。
上面是一幅圖可以看到，有磁頭，而且這個磁頭是懸浮在盤面上的，如果這個盤面有震動，很可能直接滑到盤面，導致上面寫的資料被劃掉，造成資料丟失，因此，我們在購買硬碟的時候都寫著不能強劇烈震動。硬碟在工作的時候，這個盤面一直在轉，如果訪問裡面的資料，需要一定時間，我們稱之為“平均尋道時間”。把不同盤面上的相同磁軌(可以理解就是盤面上的一個圈，整個盤面有好多個這個樣的打圈小圈形成的)劃分成同一個分割槽內部。那麼這些維護不同盤面的相同編號的磁軌我們成為柱面(cylinder).磁碟劃分實際上是按照柱面劃分的，那麼很顯然在最外層的柱面劃分出來的分割槽的效能是最好的，你可能會問為什麼？原因很簡單，就是在相同的角速度中，最外層的周長是最大(也就意味著它儲存的資料將越多)。因此我們在劃分分割槽的時候依次劃分C,D,E硬碟，最先劃分的是C盤(分割槽軟體預設把C盤劃分到最外層)，因此大家都用C盤做系統盤是有原因的喲！
2.MBR分割槽
在整塊硬碟的最外側磁軌上，在第零("0")個扇區上,這個扇區是不能用來劃分割槽的，因為這個扇區上存放著整塊磁碟的分割槽資訊。這個分割槽通常被稱作為MBR(Master Boot Record,主開機記錄 )分割槽(現在都流行GPT分割槽了)，這個扇區僅僅佔用了512個位元組(bytes),你可別小看這512bytes，
a>.它保函了引導載入器(bootloader,其佔用了446bytes)；
b>.fat,即分割槽表，其佔用了64bytes,每16bytes一個分割槽，總共只能分割槽4個[據說比爾蓋茲層發表過言論：“硬碟這麼小，有誰能用到多餘4個分割槽呢？)【當時的硬碟都很小而且特別貴，只有幾百兆(M)大小】”；
c>.5A,其為十六進位制的“5A”，佔用最後2個位元組，用來標記這個MBR分割槽是否是有效資料的(2個位元組被填充了2個5A，MBR有效性標記)。
硬碟內部都是真空的，為什麼呢？因為它要旋轉，有的硬碟的轉速高達1.5w/m,如果不坐車真空的這麼高的轉速很容易和真空中的微粒發生碰撞，導致溫度過高！所以不要輕易拆開硬碟，基本上你拆開就不是真空了，即使拆開後能用，也用不了多長時間就會壞掉的。
3.擴充套件分割槽與邏輯分割槽
隨著硬碟的儲存資料進一步的增長，我們分割槽4個是遠遠夠用的，因此需要從4個主分割槽中拿出一個分割槽單獨，用來存放其他的分割槽資訊我們叫它為“擴充套件分割槽”，如果這個擴充套件分割槽足夠大，就可以對其進行劃分多個分割槽讓不同使用者使用。因此這個擴充套件分割槽(引用額外的分割槽表)是不能被格式化的，這樣它就不能被使用，需要額外劃分出一個或多個邏輯分割槽才能被使用。
4.MBR分割槽方法
a>.4個主分割槽
b>.3個主分割槽和一個擴充套件分割槽。
注意：MBR最大支援2T的硬碟。大於2TB就得使用GPT分割槽格式！
5.硬碟介面
DMA:Direct Memory Access （直接記憶體訪問機制）
磁碟裝置存放於/dev/資料夾下，
IDE介面的磁碟：/dev/hda、/dev/hdb、/dev/hdc、/dev/hdd
SCSI介面的磁碟：/dev/sda、/dev/sdb、/dev/sdc、/dev/sdd
/dev/XdYZ
/dev/ 表示的是一個裝置目錄
X h IDE硬碟
s SATA、SISC、U盤
Y a 第一塊硬碟
b 第二塊硬碟
c 第三塊硬碟
。。。。。。。。。。
Z 1-3表示主分割槽，4一般為擴充套件分割槽
5是邏輯分割槽第一個分割槽
6是邏輯分割槽第二個分割槽
。。。。。。。。。。
a>.IDE（ATA）：並口，每個控制器可接兩個硬碟，master/slave,133MB/S（這個速率就是被淘汰的根部原因）
/dev/hd[a-z]（注意：在Centos6.x版本以後，所有的硬碟即便是IDE介面的都被識別為sd,早起的裝置被設定為hd）
/dev//hda[1-4](標識4個主分割槽)
/dev/hda[5+]（邏輯分割槽5開始）
b>.SCSI:Small Computer System Interface (小型計算機介面，在讀取資料上效率很高，因為它有單獨的SCSI控制器，容錯能力強且抗衰老【但是價格貴啊,相同儲存空間是機械硬碟的8倍價格呢！】) 速率：320mb/s 也是並口的 （有的人為了省錢用IDE做raid陣列）
c>.SATA(Serial):300Mbps,600Mbps,6Gbps
d>.SAS:6Gbps
e>.USB：2.0介面： 3.0介面：
6.檢視系統是如何識別磁碟分割槽的
1 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/partitions #檢視系統識別的分割槽 2 major minor #blocks name 3 4 8 0 292968750 sda 5 8 16 292968750 sdb 6 9 127 278290432 md127 7 259 0 512000 md127p1 8 259 1 277777408 md127p2 9 253 0 52428800 dm-0 10 253 1 33038336 dm-1 11 253 2 192307200 dm-2 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
注意：如果你對你的硬碟剩餘的空間進行分割槽後，新加的分割槽資訊核心是不能識別的，需要核心去重讀硬體的分割槽表，重啟是不頂事的！我在生產環境中就遇到過這麼一個坑。
7.根在核心
根做為訪問檔案的入口，那麼這個根到底在硬碟上呢？還是在作業系統上呢？根實際上是在核心中，我們訪問資料都是作業系統將這個硬碟掛在到了根下，然後我們去訪問它而已。那你又會問了，那核心在哪啊？答案是在磁碟上。
實際上，在裝載核心之前，先啟動的是bootloader(核心未啟動就還沒有檔案系統存在),bootloader區磁碟上找到核心並啟動，核心啟動後會自動生成一個“/”(根)，並將磁碟的檔案都掛在到“/”下，這就形成了檔案系統。
8.linux目錄
1 /bin,/sbin #存放系統自身完成自己的啟動和基本執行機制索要提供的程式；。 2 /usr/bin,/usr/sbin #存放完成作業系統基本功能的所提供的二進位制程式； 3 /usr/local/bin,/usr/local/sbin #存放第三方程式； 4 /lib,/lib64,/usr/lib,/usr/lib64 #存放庫檔案的； 5 /etc/ #存放配置檔案的； 6 /media,/mnt #用於掛在的目錄，當然你也可以自定義的； 7 /dev #存放各種裝置檔案； 8 /proc,/sys #存放執行中的記憶體對映資料； 9 /home,/root #存放各普通使用者的家目錄，比如 /home/yinzhengjie； 10 /var #存放日誌的目錄； 11 /opt,/misc #觸發掛在目錄； 12 /srv #存放服務相關資料的； 13 /tmp #存放各種臨時檔案，每次關機時自動清理； 14 /boot #存放核心、引導選單等啟動檔案；
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 /：根目錄，一般根目錄下只存放目錄，不要存放檔案，/etc、/bin、/dev、/lib、/sbin應該和根目錄放置在一個分割槽中 9 10 /bin:/usr/bin:可執行二進位制檔案的目錄，如常用的命令ls、tar、mv、cat等。 11 12 /boot：放置linux系統啟動時用到的一些檔案。/boot/vmlinuz為linux的核心檔案，以及/boot/gurb。建議單獨分割槽，分割槽大小200M即可 13 14 /dev：存放linux系統下的裝置檔案，訪問該目錄下某個檔案，相當於訪問某個裝置，常用的是掛載光碟機mount /dev/cdrom /mnt。 15 16 /etc：系統配置檔案存放的目錄，不建議在此目錄下存放可執行檔案，重要的配置檔案有/etc/inittab、/etc/fstab、/etc/init.d、/etc/X11、/etc/sysconfig、/etc/xinetd.d修改配置檔案之前記得備份。 17 18 注：/etc/X11存放與x windows有關的設定。 19 20 /home：系統預設的使用者家目錄，新增使用者賬號時，使用者的家目錄都存放在此目錄下，~表示當前使用者的家目錄，~test表示使用者test的家目錄。建議單獨分割槽，並設定較大的磁碟空間，方便使用者存放資料 21 22 /lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib：系統使用的函式庫的目錄，程式在執行過程中，需要呼叫一些額外的引數時需要函式庫的協助，比較重要的目錄為/lib/modules。 23 24 /lost+fount：系統異常產生錯誤時，會將一些遺失的片段放置於此目錄下，通常這個目錄會自動出現在裝置目錄下。如載入硬碟於/disk 中，此目錄下就會自動產生目錄/disk/lost+found 25 26 /mnt:/media：光碟預設掛載點，通常光碟掛載於/mnt/cdrom下，也不一定，可以選擇任意位置進行掛載。 27 28 /opt：給主機額外安裝軟體所擺放的目錄。如：FC4使用的Fedora 社群開發軟體，如果想要自行安裝新的KDE 桌面軟體，可以將該軟體安裝在該目錄下。以前的 Linux 系統中，習慣放置在 /usr/local 目錄下 29 30 /proc：此目錄的資料都在記憶體中，如系統核心，外部裝置，網路狀態，由於資料都存放於記憶體中，所以不佔用磁碟空間，比較重要的目錄有/proc/cpuinfo、/proc/interrupts、/proc/dma、/proc/ioports、/proc/net/*等 31 32 /root：系統管理員root的家目錄，系統第一個啟動的分割槽為/，所以最好將/root和/放置在一個分割槽下。 33 34 /sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/sbin：放置系統管理員使用的可執行命令，如fdisk、shutdown、mount等。與/bin不同的是，這幾個目錄是給系統管理員root使用的命令，一般使用者只能"檢視"而不能設定和使用。 35 36 /tmp：一般使用者或正在執行的程式臨時存放檔案的目錄,任何人都可以訪問,重要資料不可放置在此目錄下 37 38 /srv：服務啟動之後需要訪問的資料目錄，如www服務需要訪問的網頁資料存放在/srv/www內 39 40 /usr：應用程式存放目錄，/usr/bin存放應用程式，/usr/share存放共享資料，/usr/lib存放不能直接執行的，卻是許多程式執行所必需的一些函式庫檔案。/usr/local:存放軟體升級包。/usr/share/doc:系統說明檔案存放目錄。/usr/share/man: 程式說明檔案存放目錄，使用 man ls時會查詢/usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz的內容建議單獨分割槽，設定較大的磁碟空間 41 42 /var：放置系統執行過程中經常變化的檔案，如隨時更改的日誌檔案/var/log，/var/log/message：所有的登入檔案存放目錄，/var/spool/mail：郵件存放的目錄，/var/run:程式或服務啟動後，其PID存放在該目錄下。建議單獨分割槽，設定較大的磁碟空間 43 '''
9.用來對裝置進行分割槽的命令
用於分割槽的管理工具：fdisk,sfdisk,parted
a>.檢視分割槽資訊
1 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk -l /dev/[sh]d[a-z] #使用檔名通配過濾掉沒有用的資訊（不是正規表示式喲），可以看出下面只有2個硬碟 2 3 Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 4 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders 5 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 6 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 7 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 8 Disk identifier: 0x00059922 9 10 Device Boot（是否可引導） Start End Blocks Id（對應檔案系統的ID） System 11 /dev/sda1 *（*表示可以引導） 1 39 307200 83 Linux 12 Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. 13 /dev/sda2 39 2358 18631680 83 Linux 14 /dev/sda3 2358 2611 2031616 82 Linux swap / Solaris 15 16 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 17 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 18 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 19 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 20 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 21 Disk identifier: 0x00000000 22 23 [root@yinzhengjie ~]#
b>虛擬檔案系統
VFS：（Virtual File System）#虛擬檔案系統
基本檔案系統：Ext3，Ext3，Ext4，Reiserfs（早起的suse用的就是該檔案系統喲），xfs（支援單個巨大的檔案），JFS（日誌檔案系統，IBM開發的）,vfat，NTFS
交換分割槽：swap
叢集檔案系統：GFS2（紅帽系統研發，谷歌都再用呢）,OCFS2（甲骨文公司研發，用的人不多）
網路檔案系統：NFS,smbfs（window是CIFS）
光碟：iso9660
c>.對磁碟進行分割槽
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 fdisk: 9 d 刪除分割槽 10 n：新建一個分割槽 11 p：列出已有分割槽 12 t：調至分割槽ID 13 l：列出核心支援的分割槽id 14 w：儲存退出 15 q：不儲存退出 16 m：幫助 17 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb #對第二塊硬碟進行分割槽 9 Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel 10 Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x8614a108. 11 Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. 12 After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. 13 14 Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) 15 16 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 17 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 18 sectors (command 'u'). 19 20 Command (m for help): m #檢視幫助 21 Command action 22 a toggle a bootable flag 23 b edit bsd disklabel 24 c toggle the dos compatibility flag 25 d delete a partition 26 l list known partition types 27 m print this menu 28 n add a new partition 29 o create a new empty DOS partition table 30 p print the partition table 31 q quit without saving changes 32 s create a new empty Sun disklabel 33 t change a partition's system id 34 u change display/entry units 35 v verify the partition table 36 w write table to disk and exit 37 x extra functionality (experts only) 38 39 Command (m for help): p #列出已有分割槽 40 41 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 42 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 43 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 44 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 45 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 46 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 47 48 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 49 50 Command (m for help): n #新建一個分割槽 51 Command action 52 e extended #擴充套件分割槽 53 p primary partition (1-4) #主分割槽 54 p #選擇主分割槽 55 Partition number (1-4): 1 #選擇編號 56 First cylinder (1-1305, default 1): #選擇分割槽的起始點，預設為1 57 Using default value 1 58 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): +1G #建立一個1G的主分割槽 59 60 Command (m for help): n #再新建一個分割槽 61 Command action 62 e extended 63 p primary partition (1-4) 64 p #選擇型別為主分割槽 65 Partition number (1-4): 2 #設定編號為2 66 First cylinder (133-1305, default 133): 67 Using default value 133 68 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (133-1305, default 1305): +1G #建立一個1G的分割槽 69 70 Command (m for help): n #再新建一個分割槽 71 Command action 72 e extended 73 p primary partition (1-4) 74 p #選擇型別為主分割槽 75 Partition number (1-4): 3 #這隻編號為3 76 First cylinder (265-1305, default 265): 77 Using default value 265 78 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (265-1305, default 1305): +2G #建立一個2G的分割槽 79 80 Command (m for help): n #再新建一個分割槽 81 Command action 82 e extended 83 p primary partition (1-4) 84 e #由於已經設定了3個主分割槽了，所以我將第四個分割槽設定為擴充套件分割槽，便於我建立更多的邏輯分割槽 85 Selected partition 4 86 First cylinder (527-1305, default 527): 87 Using default value 527 88 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (527-1305, default 1305): 89 Using default value 1305 90 91 Command (m for help): p #列出已有分割槽 92 93 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 94 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 95 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 96 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 97 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 98 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 99 100 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 101 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux #這就是主分割槽，ID為83 102 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 103 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 104 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended #折就是擴充套件分割槽，ID為5 105 106 Command (m for help): n #新建一個分割槽 107 First cylinder (527-1305, default 527): 108 Using default value 527 109 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (527-1305, default 1305): +5G #建立一個5G的邏輯分割槽。 110 111 Command (m for help): P #列出已有分割槽 112 113 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 114 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 115 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 116 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 117 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 118 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 119 120 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 121 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux #主分割槽 122 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 123 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 124 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended #擴充套件分割槽 125 /dev/sdb5 527 1180 5253223+ 83 Linux #這就是新建的邏輯分割槽 126 127 Command (m for help): W #儲存退出 128 129 驗證是否分割槽成功： 130 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 131 132 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 133 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 134 sectors (command 'u'). 135 136 Command (m for help): p 137 138 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 139 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 140 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 141 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 142 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 143 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 144 145 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 146 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 147 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 148 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 149 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 150 /dev/sdb5 527 1180 5253223+ 83 Linux 151 152 Command (m for help): q 153 154 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 155 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 #讓作業系統重讀分割槽表，獲取最新的分割槽資訊。 8 ''' 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/partitions #檢視系統識別的分割槽，發現沒有我們的分割槽 10 major minor #blocks name 11 12 8 0 292968750 sda 13 8 16 292968750 sdb 14 9 127 278290432 md127 15 259 0 512000 md127p1 16 259 1 277777408 md127p2 17 253 0 52428800 dm-0 18 253 1 33038336 dm-1 19 253 2 192307200 dm-2 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 21 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# kpartx -l /dev/sdb #列出已新增的所有分割槽資訊 22 sdb1 : 0 2120517 /dev/sdb 63 23 sdb2 : 0 2120580 /dev/sdb 2120580 24 sdb3 : 0 4209030 /dev/sdb 4241160 25 sdb4 : 0 2 /dev/sdb 8450190 26 sdb5 : 0 10506447 /dev/sdb 8450253 27 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# kpartx -af /dev/sdb #強行新增分割槽資訊 28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# kpartx -a /dev/sdb #重讀分割槽表資訊 29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls /dev/sdb* #發現系統以及識別了這幾個分割槽 31 /dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdb4 /dev/sdb5 32 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 33 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/partitions #檢視分割槽表 34 major minor #blocks name 35 36 8 0 20971520 sda 37 8 1 307200 sda1 38 8 2 18631680 sda2 39 8 3 2031616 sda3 40 8 16 10485760 sdb 41 8 17 1060258 sdb1 42 8 18 1060290 sdb2 43 8 19 2104515 sdb3 44 8 20 1 sdb4 45 8 21 5253223 sdb5 46 253 0 1060258 dm-0 47 253 1 1060290 dm-1 48 253 2 2104515 dm-2 49 253 3 1 dm-3 50 253 4 5253223 dm-4 51 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 52 53 ''' 54 55 56 #提示，如果你的作業系統是Centos5的話執行以下命令就好使了 57 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# partprobe #但是這個條命令不適合CentOs6!
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 9 10 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 11 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 12 sectors (command 'u'). 13 14 Command (m for help): p #檢視當前分割槽 15 16 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 17 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 18 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 19 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 20 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 21 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 22 23 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 24 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 25 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 26 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 27 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 28 /dev/sdb5 527 1180 5253223+ 83 Linux 29 30 Command (m for help): d #刪除分割槽 31 Partition number (1-5): 5 #選擇相應的編號，在她給定的數值內選取喲 32 33 Command (m for help): p #發現已經刪除成功了 34 35 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 36 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 37 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 38 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 39 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 40 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 41 42 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 43 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 44 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 45 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 46 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 47 48 Command (m for help): w #儲存配置並退出 49 The partition table has been altered! 50 51 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 52 Syncing disks. 53 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 54 55 56 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 9 10 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 11 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 12 sectors (command 'u'). 13 14 Command (m for help): p #檢視當前分割槽資訊 15 16 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 17 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 18 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 19 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 20 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 21 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 22 23 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 24 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 25 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 26 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux #主分割槽 27 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 28 29 Command (m for help): t #調整分割槽ID 30 Partition number (1-5): 3 #選擇分割槽標號 31 Hex code (type L to list codes): L #檢視ID對應的檔案系統型別。 32 33 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 34 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 35 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 36 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 37 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 38 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 39 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 40 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 41 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 42 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access 43 a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O 44 b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor 45 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs 46 e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT 47 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 48 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 49 11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 50 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 51 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 52 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 53 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 54 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 55 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 56 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 57 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 58 Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 #選擇 Linux swap / So分割槽型別 59 Changed system type of partition 3 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) 60 61 Command (m for help): P #檢視當前型別 62 63 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 64 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 65 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 66 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 67 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 68 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 69 70 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 71 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 72 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 73 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 82 Linux swap / Solaris #果真已經變成了交換分割槽 74 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 75 76 Command (m for help): t #修改分割槽型別 77 Partition number (1-5): 3 #還是選擇之前修改的分割槽 78 Hex code (type L to list codes): 83 #修改會之前的分割槽型別 79 Changed system type of partition 3 to 83 (Linux) 80 81 Command (m for help): p #檢視分割槽情況 82 83 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 84 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 85 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 86 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 87 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 88 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 89 90 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 91 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 92 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 93 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 94 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 95 96 Command (m for help): w #儲存當前配置 97 The partition table has been altered! 98 99 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 100 Syncing disks. 101 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 102 '''
10.建立檔案系統
你可以使用2個扇區（512位元組）為一個塊（block），那麼這個一個快的大小就是1kb,4個扇區就是2kb,8個扇區就是4kb.那麼問題來了，這個每個單位的塊導師是1kb好呢？還是2kb或是4kb好呢？這就要看你儲存的資料的大小了，如果你儲存的資料是大檔案的話，當然block越大越好，這樣block儲存相同的資料block越大，用的塊數就越少，如果你儲存的是小檔案的話，當然block越小越好，因為block過大，存進去的資料卻很小就造成了浪費！（因為一個block只能儲存一個資料來源）。
注意，在儲存資料的時候，一個block只能屬於一個檔案，不能同時屬於2個檔案。硬連線除外,其實硬連結指的還是一同一個檔案。也就是說，不同的檔案不能使用相同的磁碟塊。這些磁碟塊都有其編號的，是為了方便資料來源（主要是inode）只想儲存資料的塊(block)
磁碟碎片，就是不是連續的塊（block）儲存著屬於同一個檔案的資料，這樣就導致了在存取的時候特別麻煩，大大的降低了磁碟的工作效率。如下圖：
日誌檔案系統是可以將源資料（indoe）和塊資料都寫入日誌區，等都寫入成功了在把資料分別寫入到源資料區和塊資料區，假如你才寫文件的時候，如果突然斷電，恰巧你剛剛好寫完資料，那麼他回將資料分別寫入indoe和block區域中，如果你沒有寫完，他就會對比在日誌區的inode和block對應的是否完整，如果不完整，日誌區會自動將Inode刪除，清除掉不完整的block,就完成了一次自檢模式。
#！/usr/bin/env python #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ #@author :yinzhengjie #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com ''' mke2fs: 配置檔案：/etc/mke2fs.conf -t：指定檔案型別{ext2|ext3|ext4} -j：用於建立Ext3檔案系統，相當於-t ext3 -L label: 指定卷標， -b{1024|2028|4096}：指定塊大小 -i # ：#個位元組給指定一個indone -N # : 直接指定預留多少個indone -I # : 指定Inode大小 -m # ：預留給管理員的空間百分比，預設為5 -O ：指定分割槽特性 e2label /dev/SOMEDEVICE 檢視卷標， e2label /dev/SOMEDEVICE Label 直接更改卷標 e2label /dev/SOMEDEVICE “” 刪除卷標 blkid 檢視UUID和TYPE dumpe2fs 檢視超級塊和是否有碎片 -h：僅顯示超級塊中儲存的資訊 tune2fs：調整mke2fs的資訊 -l：檢視超級塊中的資訊 -L: 設定卷標 -m：預留管理員的空間百分比 -j：如果原來的檔案系統為ext2，-j能夠將其提升為ext3 -o：[^]mount-options[,...] 指定預設掛載選項 -O：[^]feature[,...] 調整分割槽特性 tune2fs -o 掛載選項 裝置 tune2fs -o ^裝置選項 取消 fsck：檔案系統檢測 -t 檔案型別 裝置 -f 強行檢測 -a 自動修復錯誤 -r 互動式修復錯誤 e2fsck -t 指定時間 -y 自動回答為yes -f 強行檢測 '
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs /dev/sdb3 #格式化該分割槽，預設為ext2檔案系統 9 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem label= #卷標 11 OS type: Linux 12 Block size=4096 (log=2) #塊大小是4K 13 Fragment size=4096 (log=2) 14 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 15 131648 inodes, 526128 blocks #節點書和塊數。 16 26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user #有5.00%的block給管理用，這個比例是可以調整的 17 First data block=0 18 Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216 #最大塊數 19 17 block groups #有17個塊組 20 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group # 21 7744 inodes per group 22 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 23 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 24 25 Writing inode tables: done 26 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 27 28 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or 29 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override #表示每39次掛載或者180天（半年）檔案系統會自動檢測一次。. 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 31 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 32 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs -j /dev/sdb3 #格式化該分割槽，指定格式為ext3檔案系統 33 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 34 Filesystem label= 35 OS type: Linux 36 Block size=4096 (log=2) 37 Fragment size=4096 (log=2) 38 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 39 131648 inodes, 526128 blocks 40 26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 41 First data block=0 42 Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216 43 17 block groups 44 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 45 7744 inodes per group 46 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 47 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 48 49 Writing inode tables: done 50 Creating journal (16384 blocks): done #與ext2相比多出來的專案，存放日誌的區域。 51 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 52 53 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or 54 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. #這裡的是38次掛載或者6個月進行一次掛載，和ext2的區別。 55 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 56 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs -L Data -t ext4 /dev/sdb3 #指定卷標和檔案系統格式 9 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem label=Data #這就是卷標 11 OS type: Linux 12 Block size=4096 (log=2) 13 Fragment size=4096 (log=2) 14 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 15 131648 inodes, 526128 blocks 16 26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 17 First data block=0 18 Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216 19 17 block groups 20 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 21 7744 inodes per group 22 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 23 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 24 25 Writing inode tables: done 26 Creating journal (16384 blocks): done 27 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 28 29 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or 30 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. 31 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 32 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# e2label /dev/sdb3 #檢視卷標名 9 Data 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# e2label /dev/sdb3 MYDATA #修改卷標名 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# e2label /dev/sdb3 12 MYDATA 13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 14 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mke2fs -b 2048 -m 3 -t ext4 /dev/sdb3 9 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem label= 11 OS type: Linux 12 Block size=2048 (log=1) #被修改的塊大小為2048 13 Fragment size=2048 (log=1) 14 Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 15 131560 inodes, 1052256 blocks 16 31567 blocks (3.00%) reserved for the super user #給管理員預留的block，這個就是通過上面的“-m”引數實現的。 17 First data block=0 18 Maximum filesystem blocks=538968064 19 65 block groups 20 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group 21 2024 inodes per group 22 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 23 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816 24 25 Writing inode tables: done 26 Creating journal (32768 blocks): done 27 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 28 29 This filesystem will be automatically checked every 29 mounts or 30 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. 31 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 32 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# blkid /dev/sdb3 #檢視分割槽的UUID和TYPE，我們可以用uuid來進行掛載 9 /dev/sdb3: UUID="87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab" TYPE="ext4" 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 11 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/sdb3 9 dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem volume name: <none> 11 Last mounted on: <not available> 12 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 13 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 14 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 15 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize 16 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 17 Default mount options: (none) 18 Filesystem state: clean 19 Errors behavior: Continue 20 Filesystem OS type: Linux 21 Inode count: 131560 22 Block count: 1052256 23 Reserved block count: 31567 24 Free blocks: 998268 25 Free inodes: 131549 26 First block: 0 27 Block size: 2048 28 Fragment size: 2048 29 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 30 Blocks per group: 16384 31 Fragments per group: 16384 32 Inodes per group: 2024 33 Inode blocks per group: 253 34 Flex block group size: 16 35 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 36 Last mount time: n/a 37 Last write time: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 38 Mount count: 0 39 Maximum mount count: 29 40 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 41 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 42 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 43 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 44 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 45 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 46 First inode: 11 47 Inode size: 256 48 Required extra isize: 28 49 Desired extra isize: 28 50 Journal inode: 8 51 Default directory hash: half_md4 52 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 53 Journal backup: inode blocks 54 Journal features: (none) 55 Journal size: 64M 56 Journal length: 32768 57 Journal sequence: 0x00000001 58 Journal start: 0 59 60 61 Group 0: (Blocks 0-16383) [ITABLE_ZEROED] #顯示組名，儲存資料的block編號，如果你的Bolck和上個組沒有連線上就說明存在磁碟碎片 62 Checksum 0x8fce, unused inodes 2013 #沒有用的inode有多少個 63 Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-2 64 Reserved GDT blocks at 3-514 65 Block bitmap at 515 (+515), Inode bitmap at 531 (+531) 66 Inode table at 547-799 (+547) 67 11779 free blocks, 2013 free inodes, 2 directories, 2013 unused inodes 68 Free blocks: 4605-16383 69 Free inodes: 12-2024 70 Group 1: (Blocks 16384-32767) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 71 Checksum 0xd2d4, unused inodes 2024 72 Backup superblock at 16384, Group descriptors at 16385-16386 73 Reserved GDT blocks at 16387-16898 74 Block bitmap at 516 (+4294951428), Inode bitmap at 532 (+4294951444) 75 Inode table at 800-1052 (+4294951712) 76 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 77 Free blocks: 16899-32767 78 Free inodes: 2025-4048 79 Group 2: (Blocks 32768-49151) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 80 Checksum 0x209d, unused inodes 2024 81 Block bitmap at 517 (+4294935045), Inode bitmap at 533 (+4294935061) 82 Inode table at 1053-1305 (+4294935581) 83 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 84 Free blocks: 32768-49151 85 Free inodes: 4049-6072 86 Group 3: (Blocks 49152-65535) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 87 Checksum 0x595b, unused inodes 2024 88 Backup superblock at 49152, Group descriptors at 49153-49154 89 Reserved GDT blocks at 49155-49666 90 Block bitmap at 518 (+4294918662), Inode bitmap at 534 (+4294918678) 91 Inode table at 1306-1558 (+4294919450) 92 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 93 Free blocks: 49667-65535 94 Free inodes: 6073-8096 95 Group 4: (Blocks 65536-81919) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 96 Checksum 0x4c65, unused inodes 2024 97 Block bitmap at 519 (+4294902279), Inode bitmap at 535 (+4294902295) 98 Inode table at 1559-1811 (+4294903319) 99 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 100 Free blocks: 65536-81919 101 Free inodes: 8097-10120 102 Group 5: (Blocks 81920-98303) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 103 Checksum 0x86c0, unused inodes 2024 104 Backup superblock at 81920, Group descriptors at 81921-81922 105 Reserved GDT blocks at 81923-82434 106 Block bitmap at 520 (+4294885896), Inode bitmap at 536 (+4294885912) 107 Inode table at 1812-2064 (+4294887188) 108 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 109 Free blocks: 82435-98303 110 Free inodes: 10121-12144 111 Group 6: (Blocks 98304-114687) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 112 Checksum 0x8dba, unused inodes 2024 113 Block bitmap at 521 (+4294869513), Inode bitmap at 537 (+4294869529) 114 Inode table at 2065-2317 (+4294871057) 115 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 116 Free blocks: 98304-114687 117 Free inodes: 12145-14168 118 Group 7: (Blocks 114688-131071) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 119 Checksum 0x5fe4, unused inodes 2024 120 Backup superblock at 114688, Group descriptors at 114689-114690 121 Reserved GDT blocks at 114691-115202 122 Block bitmap at 522 (+4294853130), Inode bitmap at 538 (+4294853146) 123 Inode table at 2318-2570 (+4294854926) 124 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 125 Free blocks: 115203-131071 126 Free inodes: 14169-16192 127 Group 8: (Blocks 131072-147455) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 128 Checksum 0x0451, unused inodes 2024 129 Block bitmap at 523 (+4294836747), Inode bitmap at 539 (+4294836763) 130 Inode table at 2571-2823 (+4294838795) 131 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 132 Free blocks: 131072-147455 133 Free inodes: 16193-18216 134 Group 9: (Blocks 147456-163839) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 135 Checksum 0xb130, unused inodes 2024 136 Backup superblock at 147456, Group descriptors at 147457-147458 137 Reserved GDT blocks at 147459-147970 138 Block bitmap at 524 (+4294820364), Inode bitmap at 540 (+4294820380) 139 Inode table at 2824-3076 (+4294822664) 140 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 141 Free blocks: 147971-163839 142 Free inodes: 18217-20240 143 Group 10: (Blocks 163840-180223) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 144 Checksum 0x544a, unused inodes 2024 145 Block bitmap at 525 (+4294803981), Inode bitmap at 541 (+4294803997) 146 Inode table at 3077-3329 (+4294806533) 147 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 148 Free blocks: 163840-180223 149 Free inodes: 20241-22264 150 Group 11: (Blocks 180224-196607) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 151 Checksum 0x3e65, unused inodes 2024 152 Block bitmap at 526 (+4294787598), Inode bitmap at 542 (+4294787614) 153 Inode table at 3330-3582 (+4294790402) 154 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 155 Free blocks: 180224-196607 156 Free inodes: 22265-24288 157 Group 12: (Blocks 196608-212991) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 158 Checksum 0x407e, unused inodes 2024 159 Block bitmap at 527 (+4294771215), Inode bitmap at 543 (+4294771231) 160 Inode table at 3583-3835 (+4294774271) 161 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 162 Free blocks: 196608-212991 163 Free inodes: 24289-26312 164 Group 13: (Blocks 212992-229375) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 165 Checksum 0x3bb2, unused inodes 2024 166 Block bitmap at 528 (+4294754832), Inode bitmap at 544 (+4294754848) 167 Inode table at 3836-4088 (+4294758140) 168 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 169 Free blocks: 212992-229375 170 Free inodes: 26313-28336 171 Group 14: (Blocks 229376-245759) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 172 Checksum 0x0dce, unused inodes 2024 173 Block bitmap at 529 (+4294738449), Inode bitmap at 545 (+4294738465) 174 Inode table at 4089-4341 (+4294742009) 175 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 176 Free blocks: 229376-245759 177 Free inodes: 28337-30360 178 Group 15: (Blocks 245760-262143) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 179 Checksum 0x7e95, unused inodes 2024 180 Block bitmap at 530 (+4294722066), Inode bitmap at 546 (+4294722082) 181 Inode table at 4342-4594 (+4294725878) 182 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 183 Free blocks: 245760-262143 184 Free inodes: 30361-32384 185 Group 16: (Blocks 262144-278527) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 186 Checksum 0x0990, unused inodes 2024 187 Block bitmap at 262144 (+0), Inode bitmap at 262160 (+16) 188 Inode table at 262176-262428 (+32) 189 12304 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 190 Free blocks: 266224-278527 191 Free inodes: 32385-34408 192 Group 17: (Blocks 278528-294911) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 193 Checksum 0xcd8f, unused inodes 2024 194 Block bitmap at 262145 (+4294950913), Inode bitmap at 262161 (+4294950929) 195 Inode table at 262429-262681 (+4294951197) 196 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 197 Free blocks: 278528-294911 198 Free inodes: 34409-36432 199 Group 18: (Blocks 294912-311295) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 200 Checksum 0xdf82, unused inodes 2024 201 Block bitmap at 262146 (+4294934530), Inode bitmap at 262162 (+4294934546) 202 Inode table at 262682-262934 (+4294935066) 203 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 204 Free blocks: 294912-311295 205 Free inodes: 36433-38456 206 Group 19: (Blocks 311296-327679) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 207 Checksum 0xd576, unused inodes 2024 208 Block bitmap at 262147 (+4294918147), Inode bitmap at 262163 (+4294918163) 209 Inode table at 262935-263187 (+4294918935) 210 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 211 Free blocks: 311296-327679 212 Free inodes: 38457-40480 213 Group 20: (Blocks 327680-344063) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 214 Checksum 0xfb98, unused inodes 2024 215 Block bitmap at 262148 (+4294901764), Inode bitmap at 262164 (+4294901780) 216 Inode table at 263188-263440 (+4294902804) 217 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 218 Free blocks: 327680-344063 219 Free inodes: 40481-42504 220 Group 21: (Blocks 344064-360447) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 221 Checksum 0x57e5, unused inodes 2024 222 Block bitmap at 262149 (+4294885381), Inode bitmap at 262165 (+4294885397) 223 Inode table at 263441-263693 (+4294886673) 224 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 225 Free blocks: 344064-360447 226 Free inodes: 42505-44528 227 Group 22: (Blocks 360448-376831) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 228 Checksum 0xee70, unused inodes 2024 229 Block bitmap at 262150 (+4294868998), Inode bitmap at 262166 (+4294869014) 230 Inode table at 263694-263946 (+4294870542) 231 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 232 Free blocks: 360448-376831 233 Free inodes: 44529-46552 234 Group 23: (Blocks 376832-393215) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 235 Checksum 0x420d, unused inodes 2024 236 Block bitmap at 262151 (+4294852615), Inode bitmap at 262167 (+4294852631) 237 Inode table at 263947-264199 (+4294854411) 238 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 239 Free blocks: 376832-393215 240 Free inodes: 46553-48576 241 Group 24: (Blocks 393216-409599) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 242 Checksum 0xb3ac, unused inodes 2024 243 Block bitmap at 262152 (+4294836232), Inode bitmap at 262168 (+4294836248) 244 Inode table at 264200-264452 (+4294838280) 245 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 246 Free blocks: 393216-409599 247 Free inodes: 48577-50600 248 Group 25: (Blocks 409600-425983) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 249 Checksum 0xaab1, unused inodes 2024 250 Backup superblock at 409600, Group descriptors at 409601-409602 251 Reserved GDT blocks at 409603-410114 252 Block bitmap at 262153 (+4294819849), Inode bitmap at 262169 (+4294819865) 253 Inode table at 264453-264705 (+4294822149) 254 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 255 Free blocks: 410115-425983 256 Free inodes: 50601-52624 257 Group 26: (Blocks 425984-442367) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 258 Checksum 0xab55, unused inodes 2024 259 Block bitmap at 262154 (+4294803466), Inode bitmap at 262170 (+4294803482) 260 Inode table at 264706-264958 (+4294806018) 261 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 262 Free blocks: 425984-442367 263 Free inodes: 52625-54648 264 Group 27: (Blocks 442368-458751) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 265 Checksum 0x28a7, unused inodes 2024 266 Backup superblock at 442368, Group descriptors at 442369-442370 267 Reserved GDT blocks at 442371-442882 268 Block bitmap at 262155 (+4294787083), Inode bitmap at 262171 (+4294787099) 269 Inode table at 264959-265211 (+4294789887) 270 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 271 Free blocks: 442883-458751 272 Free inodes: 54649-56672 273 Group 28: (Blocks 458752-475135) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 274 Checksum 0x73c6, unused inodes 2024 275 Block bitmap at 262156 (+4294770700), Inode bitmap at 262172 (+4294770716) 276 Inode table at 265212-265464 (+4294773756) 277 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 278 Free blocks: 458752-475135 279 Free inodes: 56673-58696 280 Group 29: (Blocks 475136-491519) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 281 Checksum 0xb9dd, unused inodes 2024 282 Block bitmap at 262157 (+4294754317), Inode bitmap at 262173 (+4294754333) 283 Inode table at 265465-265717 (+4294757625) 284 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 285 Free blocks: 475136-491519 286 Free inodes: 58697-60720 287 Group 30: (Blocks 491520-507903) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 288 Checksum 0xef7a, unused inodes 2024 289 Block bitmap at 262158 (+4294737934), Inode bitmap at 262174 (+4294737950) 290 Inode table at 265718-265970 (+4294741494) 291 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 292 Free blocks: 491520-507903 293 Free inodes: 60721-62744 294 Group 31: (Blocks 507904-524287) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 295 Checksum 0xa124, unused inodes 2024 296 Block bitmap at 262159 (+4294721551), Inode bitmap at 262175 (+4294721567) 297 Inode table at 265971-266223 (+4294725363) 298 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 299 Free blocks: 507904-524287 300 Free inodes: 62745-64768 301 Group 32: (Blocks 524288-540671) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 302 Checksum 0xcb02, unused inodes 2024 303 Block bitmap at 524288 (+0), Inode bitmap at 524304 (+16) 304 Inode table at 524320-524572 (+32) 305 12304 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 306 Free blocks: 528368-540671 307 Free inodes: 64769-66792 308 Group 33: (Blocks 540672-557055) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 309 Checksum 0x1cd5, unused inodes 2024 310 Block bitmap at 524289 (+4294950913), Inode bitmap at 524305 (+4294950929) 311 Inode table at 524573-524825 (+4294951197) 312 0 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 313 Free blocks: 314 Free inodes: 66793-68816 315 Group 34: (Blocks 557056-573439) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 316 Checksum 0x0ed8, unused inodes 2024 317 Block bitmap at 524290 (+4294934530), Inode bitmap at 524306 (+4294934546) 318 Inode table at 524826-525078 (+4294935066) 319 0 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 320 Free blocks: 321 Free inodes: 68817-70840 322 Group 35: (Blocks 573440-589823) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 323 Checksum 0x17e4, unused inodes 2024 324 Block bitmap at 524291 (+4294918147), Inode bitmap at 524307 (+4294918163) 325 Inode table at 525079-525331 (+4294918935) 326 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 327 Free blocks: 573440-589823 328 Free inodes: 70841-72864 329 Group 36: (Blocks 589824-606207) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 330 Checksum 0x390a, unused inodes 2024 331 Block bitmap at 524292 (+4294901764), Inode bitmap at 524308 (+4294901780) 332 Inode table at 525332-525584 (+4294902804) 333 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 334 Free blocks: 589824-606207 335 Free inodes: 72865-74888 336 Group 37: (Blocks 606208-622591) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 337 Checksum 0x9577, unused inodes 2024 338 Block bitmap at 524293 (+4294885381), Inode bitmap at 524309 (+4294885397) 339 Inode table at 525585-525837 (+4294886673) 340 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 341 Free blocks: 606208-622591 342 Free inodes: 74889-76912 343 Group 38: (Blocks 622592-638975) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 344 Checksum 0x2ce2, unused inodes 2024 345 Block bitmap at 524294 (+4294868998), Inode bitmap at 524310 (+4294869014) 346 Inode table at 525838-526090 (+4294870542) 347 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 348 Free blocks: 622592-638975 349 Free inodes: 76913-78936 350 Group 39: (Blocks 638976-655359) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 351 Checksum 0x809f, unused inodes 2024 352 Block bitmap at 524295 (+4294852615), Inode bitmap at 524311 (+4294852631) 353 Inode table at 526091-526343 (+4294854411) 354 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 355 Free blocks: 638976-655359 356 Free inodes: 78937-80960 357 Group 40: (Blocks 655360-671743) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 358 Checksum 0x713e, unused inodes 2024 359 Block bitmap at 524296 (+4294836232), Inode bitmap at 524312 (+4294836248) 360 Inode table at 526344-526596 (+4294838280) 361 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 362 Free blocks: 655360-671743 363 Free inodes: 80961-82984 364 Group 41: (Blocks 671744-688127) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 365 Checksum 0x7bca, unused inodes 2024 366 Block bitmap at 524297 (+4294819849), Inode bitmap at 524313 (+4294819865) 367 Inode table at 526597-526849 (+4294822149) 368 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 369 Free blocks: 671744-688127 370 Free inodes: 82985-85008 371 Group 42: (Blocks 688128-704511) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 372 Checksum 0x69c7, unused inodes 2024 373 Block bitmap at 524298 (+4294803466), Inode bitmap at 524314 (+4294803482) 374 Inode table at 526850-527102 (+4294806018) 375 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 376 Free blocks: 688128-704511 377 Free inodes: 85009-87032 378 Group 43: (Blocks 704512-720895) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 379 Checksum 0xf9dc, unused inodes 2024 380 Block bitmap at 524299 (+4294787083), Inode bitmap at 524315 (+4294787099) 381 Inode table at 527103-527355 (+4294789887) 382 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 383 Free blocks: 704512-720895 384 Free inodes: 87033-89056 385 Group 44: (Blocks 720896-737279) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 386 Checksum 0xb154, unused inodes 2024 387 Block bitmap at 524300 (+4294770700), Inode bitmap at 524316 (+4294770716) 388 Inode table at 527356-527608 (+4294773756) 389 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 390 Free blocks: 720896-737279 391 Free inodes: 89057-91080 392 Group 45: (Blocks 737280-753663) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 393 Checksum 0x7b4f, unused inodes 2024 394 Block bitmap at 524301 (+4294754317), Inode bitmap at 524317 (+4294754333) 395 Inode table at 527609-527861 (+4294757625) 396 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 397 Free blocks: 737280-753663 398 Free inodes: 91081-93104 399 Group 46: (Blocks 753664-770047) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 400 Checksum 0x2de8, unused inodes 2024 401 Block bitmap at 524302 (+4294737934), Inode bitmap at 524318 (+4294737950) 402 Inode table at 527862-528114 (+4294741494) 403 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 404 Free blocks: 753664-770047 405 Free inodes: 93105-95128 406 Group 47: (Blocks 770048-786431) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 407 Checksum 0x63b6, unused inodes 2024 408 Block bitmap at 524303 (+4294721551), Inode bitmap at 524319 (+4294721567) 409 Inode table at 528115-528367 (+4294725363) 410 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 411 Free blocks: 770048-786431 412 Free inodes: 95129-97152 413 Group 48: (Blocks 786432-802815) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 414 Checksum 0x8a8c, unused inodes 2024 415 Block bitmap at 786432 (+0), Inode bitmap at 786448 (+16) 416 Inode table at 786464-786716 (+32) 417 12304 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 418 Free blocks: 790512-802815 419 Free inodes: 97153-99176 420 Group 49: (Blocks 802816-819199) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 421 Checksum 0x5d7a, unused inodes 2024 422 Backup superblock at 802816, Group descriptors at 802817-802818 423 Reserved GDT blocks at 802819-803330 424 Block bitmap at 786433 (+4294950913), Inode bitmap at 786449 (+4294950929) 425 Inode table at 786717-786969 (+4294951197) 426 15869 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 427 Free blocks: 803331-819199 428 Free inodes: 99177-101200 429 Group 50: (Blocks 819200-835583) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 430 Checksum 0x5c9e, unused inodes 2024 431 Block bitmap at 786434 (+4294934530), Inode bitmap at 786450 (+4294934546) 432 Inode table at 786970-787222 (+4294935066) 433 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 434 Free blocks: 819200-835583 435 Free inodes: 101201-103224 436 Group 51: (Blocks 835584-851967) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 437 Checksum 0x566a, unused inodes 2024 438 Block bitmap at 786435 (+4294918147), Inode bitmap at 786451 (+4294918163) 439 Inode table at 787223-787475 (+4294918935) 440 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 441 Free blocks: 835584-851967 442 Free inodes: 103225-105248 443 Group 52: (Blocks 851968-868351) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 444 Checksum 0x7884, unused inodes 2024 445 Block bitmap at 786436 (+4294901764), Inode bitmap at 786452 (+4294901780) 446 Inode table at 787476-787728 (+4294902804) 447 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 448 Free blocks: 851968-868351 449 Free inodes: 105249-107272 450 Group 53: (Blocks 868352-884735) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 451 Checksum 0xd4f9, unused inodes 2024 452 Block bitmap at 786437 (+4294885381), Inode bitmap at 786453 (+4294885397) 453 Inode table at 787729-787981 (+4294886673) 454 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 455 Free blocks: 868352-884735 456 Free inodes: 107273-109296 457 Group 54: (Blocks 884736-901119) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 458 Checksum 0x6d6c, unused inodes 2024 459 Block bitmap at 786438 (+4294868998), Inode bitmap at 786454 (+4294869014) 460 Inode table at 787982-788234 (+4294870542) 461 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 462 Free blocks: 884736-901119 463 Free inodes: 109297-111320 464 Group 55: (Blocks 901120-917503) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 465 Checksum 0xc111, unused inodes 2024 466 Block bitmap at 786439 (+4294852615), Inode bitmap at 786455 (+4294852631) 467 Inode table at 788235-788487 (+4294854411) 468 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 469 Free blocks: 901120-917503 470 Free inodes: 111321-113344 471 Group 56: (Blocks 917504-933887) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 472 Checksum 0x30b0, unused inodes 2024 473 Block bitmap at 786440 (+4294836232), Inode bitmap at 786456 (+4294836248) 474 Inode table at 788488-788740 (+4294838280) 475 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 476 Free blocks: 917504-933887 477 Free inodes: 113345-115368 478 Group 57: (Blocks 933888-950271) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 479 Checksum 0x3a44, unused inodes 2024 480 Block bitmap at 786441 (+4294819849), Inode bitmap at 786457 (+4294819865) 481 Inode table at 788741-788993 (+4294822149) 482 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 483 Free blocks: 933888-950271 484 Free inodes: 115369-117392 485 Group 58: (Blocks 950272-966655) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 486 Checksum 0x2849, unused inodes 2024 487 Block bitmap at 786442 (+4294803466), Inode bitmap at 786458 (+4294803482) 488 Inode table at 788994-789246 (+4294806018) 489 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 490 Free blocks: 950272-966655 491 Free inodes: 117393-119416 492 Group 59: (Blocks 966656-983039) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 493 Checksum 0xb852, unused inodes 2024 494 Block bitmap at 786443 (+4294787083), Inode bitmap at 786459 (+4294787099) 495 Inode table at 789247-789499 (+4294789887) 496 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 497 Free blocks: 966656-983039 498 Free inodes: 119417-121440 499 Group 60: (Blocks 983040-999423) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 500 Checksum 0xf0da, unused inodes 2024 501 Block bitmap at 786444 (+4294770700), Inode bitmap at 786460 (+4294770716) 502 Inode table at 789500-789752 (+4294773756) 503 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 504 Free blocks: 983040-999423 505 Free inodes: 121441-123464 506 Group 61: (Blocks 999424-1015807) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 507 Checksum 0x3ac1, unused inodes 2024 508 Block bitmap at 786445 (+4294754317), Inode bitmap at 786461 (+4294754333) 509 Inode table at 789753-790005 (+4294757625) 510 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 511 Free blocks: 999424-1015807 512 Free inodes: 123465-125488 513 Group 62: (Blocks 1015808-1032191) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 514 Checksum 0x6c66, unused inodes 2024 515 Block bitmap at 786446 (+4294737934), Inode bitmap at 786462 (+4294737950) 516 Inode table at 790006-790258 (+4294741494) 517 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 518 Free blocks: 1015808-1032191 519 Free inodes: 125489-127512 520 Group 63: (Blocks 1032192-1048575) [INODE_UNINIT, BLOCK_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 521 Checksum 0x2238, unused inodes 2024 522 Block bitmap at 786447 (+4294721551), Inode bitmap at 786463 (+4294721567) 523 Inode table at 790259-790511 (+4294725363) 524 16384 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 525 Free blocks: 1032192-1048575 526 Free inodes: 127513-129536 527 Group 64: (Blocks 1048576-1052255) [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED] 528 Checksum 0xb5ee, unused inodes 2024 529 Block bitmap at 1048576 (+0), Inode bitmap at 1048592 (+16) 530 Inode table at 1048608-1048860 (+32) 531 3425 free blocks, 2024 free inodes, 0 directories, 2024 unused inodes 532 Free blocks: 1048577-1048591, 1048593-1048607, 1048861-1052255 533 Free inodes: 129537-131560 534 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 535 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb3 #僅顯示超級塊中儲存的資訊 9 dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem volume name: <none> #檔案系統卷標名稱 11 Last mounted on: <not available> #上一次上面時候掛載的 12 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 13 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 #檔案的魔術號 14 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 15 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize #支援的預設屬性 16 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 17 Default mount options: (none) 18 Filesystem state: clean 19 Errors behavior: Continue 20 Filesystem OS type: Linux 21 Inode count: 131560 22 Block count: 1052256 23 Reserved block count: 31567 24 Free blocks: 998268 25 Free inodes: 131549 26 First block: 0 27 Block size: 2048 28 Fragment size: 2048 29 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 30 Blocks per group: 16384 31 Fragments per group: 16384 32 Inodes per group: 2024 33 Inode blocks per group: 253 34 Flex block group size: 16 35 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 36 Last mount time: n/a 37 Last write time: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 38 Mount count: 0 39 Maximum mount count: 29 40 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 41 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 42 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 43 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 44 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 45 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 46 First inode: 11 47 Inode size: 256 48 Required extra isize: 28 49 Desired extra isize: 28 50 Journal inode: 8 51 Default directory hash: half_md4 52 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 53 Journal backup: inode blocks 54 Journal features: (none) 55 Journal size: 64M 56 Journal length: 32768 57 Journal sequence: 0x00000001 58 Journal start: 0 59 60 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 61 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb3 #檢視超級塊中的資訊。 9 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem volume name: <none> 11 Last mounted on: <not available> 12 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 13 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 14 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 15 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize 16 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 17 Default mount options: (none) 18 Filesystem state: clean 19 Errors behavior: Continue 20 Filesystem OS type: Linux 21 Inode count: 131560 22 Block count: 1052256 23 Reserved block count: 31567 24 Free blocks: 998268 25 Free inodes: 131549 26 First block: 0 27 Block size: 2048 28 Fragment size: 2048 29 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 30 Blocks per group: 16384 31 Fragments per group: 16384 32 Inodes per group: 2024 33 Inode blocks per group: 253 34 Flex block group size: 16 35 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 36 Last mount time: n/a 37 Last write time: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 38 Mount count: 0 39 Maximum mount count: 29 40 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 41 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 42 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 43 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 44 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 45 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 46 First inode: 11 47 Inode size: 256 48 Required extra isize: 28 49 Desired extra isize: 28 50 Journal inode: 8 51 Default directory hash: half_md4 52 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 53 Journal backup: inode blocks 54 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 55 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 56 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb3 #檢視/dev/sdb3 超級塊中的資訊 9 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 Filesystem volume name: <none> 11 Last mounted on: <not available> 12 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 13 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 14 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 15 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize #含有分割槽特性“huge_file” 16 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 17 Default mount options: (none) 18 Filesystem state: not clean 19 Errors behavior: Continue 20 Filesystem OS type: Linux 21 Inode count: 131560 22 Block count: 1052256 23 Reserved block count: 31567 24 Free blocks: 998268 25 Free inodes: 131549 26 First block: 0 27 Block size: 2048 28 Fragment size: 2048 29 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 30 Blocks per group: 16384 31 Fragments per group: 16384 32 Inodes per group: 2024 33 Inode blocks per group: 253 34 Flex block group size: 16 35 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 36 Last mount time: n/a 37 Last write time: Thu May 11 13:04:33 2017 38 Mount count: 0 39 Maximum mount count: 29 40 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 41 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 42 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 43 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 44 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 45 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 46 First inode: 11 47 Inode size: 256 48 Required extra isize: 28 49 Desired extra isize: 28 50 Journal inode: 8 51 Default directory hash: half_md4 52 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 53 Journal backup: inode blocks 54 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -O ^huge_file /dev/sdb3 #關閉/dev/sdb3的huge_file分割槽特性 55 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 56 57 Please run e2fsck on the filesystem. 58 59 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb3 60 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 61 Filesystem volume name: <none> 62 Last mounted on: <not available> 63 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 64 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 65 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 66 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize #果真huge_file的分割槽特性沒了 67 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 68 Default mount options: (none) 69 Filesystem state: not clean 70 Errors behavior: Continue 71 Filesystem OS type: Linux 72 Inode count: 131560 73 Block count: 1052256 74 Reserved block count: 31567 75 Free blocks: 998268 76 Free inodes: 131549 77 First block: 0 78 Block size: 2048 79 Fragment size: 2048 80 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 81 Blocks per group: 16384 82 Fragments per group: 16384 83 Inodes per group: 2024 84 Inode blocks per group: 253 85 Flex block group size: 16 86 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 87 Last mount time: n/a 88 Last write time: Thu May 11 13:04:49 2017 89 Mount count: 0 90 Maximum mount count: 29 91 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 92 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 93 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 94 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 95 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 96 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 97 First inode: 11 98 Inode size: 256 99 Required extra isize: 28 100 Desired extra isize: 28 101 Journal inode: 8 102 Default directory hash: half_md4 103 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 104 Journal backup: inode blocks 105 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -O huge_file /dev/sdb3 #開啟/dev/sdb3的huge_file分割槽特性 106 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 107 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb3 108 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 109 Filesystem volume name: <none> 110 Last mounted on: <not available> 111 Filesystem UUID: 87f7686e-09bd-4a1e-a567-4939c6a4dcab 112 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 113 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) 114 Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize #/dev/sdb3的huge_file分割槽特性又有了 115 Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash 116 Default mount options: (none) 117 Filesystem state: not clean 118 Errors behavior: Continue 119 Filesystem OS type: Linux 120 Inode count: 131560 121 Block count: 1052256 122 Reserved block count: 31567 123 Free blocks: 998268 124 Free inodes: 131549 125 First block: 0 126 Block size: 2048 127 Fragment size: 2048 128 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 129 Blocks per group: 16384 130 Fragments per group: 16384 131 Inodes per group: 2024 132 Inode blocks per group: 253 133 Flex block group size: 16 134 Filesystem created: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 135 Last mount time: n/a 136 Last write time: Thu May 11 13:05:00 2017 137 Mount count: 0 138 Maximum mount count: 29 139 Last checked: Thu May 11 12:42:49 2017 140 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) 141 Next check after: Tue Nov 7 11:42:49 2017 142 Lifetime writes: 97 MB 143 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) 144 Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) 145 First inode: 11 146 Inode size: 256 147 Required extra isize: 28 148 Desired extra isize: 28 149 Journal inode: 8 150 Default directory hash: half_md4 151 Directory Hash Seed: ff3c9e24-63aa-462a-9d6d-863f99c556d0 152 Journal backup: inode blocks 153 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 154 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fsck -t ext4 /dev/sdb3 #對檔案系統檢測 9 fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2 10 e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 11 /dev/sdb3 was not cleanly unmounted, check forced. 12 Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes #檢測 inodes, blocks, and sizes 13 Pass 2: Checking directory structure #檢測目錄機構 14 Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity #檢測目錄連整性 15 Pass 4: Checking reference counts #引用的次數 16 Pass 5: Checking group summary information #檢查組彙總資訊 17 /dev/sdb3: 11/131560 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 53988/1052256 blocks 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 19 '''
11.建立交換分割槽
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 如果實體記憶體不夠用時，可以將那些最近很少使用的頁面資料（Page）置換出去，即切換到硬碟上，但是要注意的是內 9 存檔案的格式和硬碟中檔案的格式是不一樣的，所以這個分割槽必須格式化成跟記憶體相容的模式不能轉換成檔案的格式。以便 10 把記憶體的page直接存入這個分割槽，方便記憶體直接呼叫。而這個頁面（page）資料對於32位的作業系統一個page大概是4K左右， 11 對於64位作業系統這個page大小是可變的，4k-2M的大小都是比較常見的。事實上到底能使用多大的頁面（page）取決於CPU 12 而不取決於記憶體喲！這就是虛擬記憶體的概念。在linux上我們稱之為交換分割槽。記住，虛擬記憶體必須是一個單獨的分割槽。 13 14 那麼問題來了：虛擬記憶體能代替實體記憶體執行程式嗎？ 15 答案是否定的，只是使用虛擬記憶體暫時儲存資料，而不是代替實體記憶體執行程式。 16 虛擬記憶體的作用是這樣的： 17 當執行某個大程式、大遊戲，需要的記憶體超過空閒記憶體但小於實體記憶體總量時，會暫時把記憶體裡這些資料放到磁碟 18 上的虛擬記憶體裡，空出實體記憶體執行遊戲。等退出遊戲後，又會把虛擬記憶體裡的東西讀出來，放回實體記憶體。所以，虛擬 19 記憶體，並不是用來虛擬實體記憶體的，而是暫存資料的。如果對記憶體的需求大於實體記憶體總量，那虛擬記憶體設多大都不管用。 20 電腦記憶體太低，根本的方法還是增加實體記憶體，才能流暢。虛擬記憶體機制上就不管用，即使管用，比實體記憶體低100倍的速 21 度，也管不上什麼實際的作用。所以，虛擬記憶體大了是沒用的，反而白佔用磁碟空間。 22 ''' 23 24 ''' 25 交換分割槽： 26 mkswap 格式化為虛擬記憶體 27 -L label 指定卷標 28 swapon 啟動虛擬記憶體 29 -a 啟動所有的虛擬分割槽 30 -p：指定優先順序 31 swapoff 關閉虛擬記憶體 32 更多引數請參考man mkswap 33 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb #對第二塊硬碟進行分割槽調整 9 10 WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to 11 switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to 12 sectors (command 'u'). 13 14 Command (m for help): p #檢視當前分割槽情況 15 16 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 17 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 18 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 19 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 20 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 21 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 22 23 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 24 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 25 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 26 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 27 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 28 /dev/sdb5 527 919 3156741 83 Linux 29 /dev/sdb6 920 1181 2104483+ 83 Linux #我想講第6個分割槽弄成交換分割槽。 30 31 Command (m for help): t #調整分割槽ID 32 Partition number (1-6): 6 #選擇分割槽編號為6 33 Hex code (type L to list codes): L #檢視分割槽型別所對應的ID號，我們發現“82”就是交換分割槽的編號 34 35 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 36 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 37 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 38 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 39 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 40 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 41 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 42 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 43 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 44 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access 45 a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O 46 b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor 47 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs 48 e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT 49 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 50 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 51 11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 52 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 53 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 54 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 55 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 56 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 57 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 58 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 59 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 60 Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 #設定該分割槽的標號 61 Changed system type of partition 6 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) 62 63 Command (m for help): P #檢視當前分割槽情況 64 65 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 66 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 67 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 68 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 69 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 70 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 71 72 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 73 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 74 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 75 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 76 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 77 /dev/sdb5 527 919 3156741 83 Linux 78 /dev/sdb6 920 1181 2104483+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris 79 80 Command (m for help): W #儲存並退出 81 The partition table has been altered! 82 83 Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. 84 Syncing disks. 85 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 86 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb #檢視分割槽資訊 87 88 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 89 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders 90 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 91 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 92 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 93 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 94 95 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 96 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 97 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 98 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 99 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 100 /dev/sdb5 527 919 3156741 83 Linux 101 /dev/sdb6 920 1181 2104483+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris 102 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 103 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# kpartx -af /dev/sdb 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb #重讀分割槽表資訊，其實也可以不用敲擊這些命令的如果你是一塊新硬碟的話。 10 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 11 error adding partition 1 12 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 13 error adding partition 2 14 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 15 error adding partition 3 16 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 17 error adding partition 4 18 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 19 error adding partition 5 20 BLKPG: Device or resource busy 21 error adding partition 6 22 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 23 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb6 #將分割槽格式化成swap格式 9 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2104476 KiB 10 no label, UUID=41687bb2-c775-489c-9b32-1e4be73c233b #看見沒有，這裡是“no label”，是因為我沒有定義卷標名。 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkswap -L myswap /dev/sdb6 #用-L引數定義一個卷標名。 13 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2104476 KiB 14 LABEL=myswap, UUID=0553b99a-ee75-4476-8eda-70c591206467 #看見沒，“LABEL=myswap”這就是我定義的卷標名稱。 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/meminfo | grep "^S" #檢視當前交換分割槽大小 9 SwapCached: 0 kB 10 SwapTotal: 2031612 kB #目前交換分割槽大小為2G 11 SwapFree: 2031612 kB #表示空閒交換分割槽大小 12 Shmem: 1444 kB 13 Slab: 75020 kB 14 SReclaimable: 15620 kB 15 SUnreclaim: 59400 kB 16 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# swapon /dev/sdb6 #啟用我們已經格式化好的交換分割槽“/dev/sdb” 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/meminfo | grep "^S" #再次檢視當前交換分割槽大小 19 SwapCached: 0 kB 20 SwapTotal: 4136088 kB #我們發現交換分割槽大小變大了2G 21 SwapFree: 4136088 kB 22 Shmem: 1444 kB 23 Slab: 75148 kB 24 SReclaimable: 15656 kB 25 SUnreclaim: 59492 kB 26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 27 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# swapoff /dev/sdb6 #關閉交換分割槽“/dev/sdb” 28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/meminfo | grep "^S" #驗證是否關閉成功 30 SwapCached: 0 kB 31 SwapTotal: 2031612 kB #發現的確是少了2G的空間 32 SwapFree: 2031612 kB 33 Shmem: 1444 kB 34 Slab: 75068 kB 35 SReclaimable: 15636 kB 36 SUnreclaim: 59432 kB 37 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 38 39 '''
12.獲取IDE磁碟的相關資訊
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 hdparm 9 -i 從作業系統讀取 10 -I 直接從硬碟讀取 11 -g 顯示硬碟的佈局資訊 12 -t 測試硬碟的效能 13 -T 測試硬碟的效能 14 15 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 一個磁頭一次可以讀取128位資訊，系統就會認為它被虛擬成128個磁頭（heads）。所以兩個磁頭（一個碟片有兩個面， 9 一個盤面有一個磁頭，所以說一個碟片有2個磁頭）就是256個虛擬磁頭（heads）。 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb #我們可以看出來磁碟的資訊 12 13 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 14 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders #這裡有255個磁頭其實是工業生產導致，理論上就是256大家知道即可。 15 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes 16 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 17 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes 18 Disk identifier: 0x8614a108 19 20 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System 21 /dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux 22 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux 23 /dev/sdb3 265 526 2104515 83 Linux 24 /dev/sdb4 527 1305 6257317+ 5 Extended 25 /dev/sdb5 527 919 3156741 83 Linux 26 /dev/sdb6 920 1181 2104483+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris 27 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 28 ''' 29 30 ''' 31 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# hdparm -i /dev/sdb #從作業系統讀取 32 33 /dev/sdb: 34 SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 35 HDIO_GET_IDENTITY failed: Invalid argument 36 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 37 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# hdparm -I /dev/sdb #直接從硬碟讀取 38 39 /dev/sdb: 40 SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 41 42 ATA device, with non-removable media 43 Standards: 44 Likely used: 1 45 Configuration: 46 Logical max current 47 cylinders 0 0 48 heads 0 0 49 sectors/track 0 0 50 -- 51 Logical/Physical Sector size: 512 bytes 52 device size with M = 1024*1024: 0 MBytes 53 device size with M = 1000*1000: 0 MBytes 54 cache/buffer size = unknown 55 Capabilities: 56 IORDY not likely 57 Cannot perform double-word IO 58 R/W multiple sector transfer: not supported 59 DMA: not supported 60 PIO: pio0 61 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 62 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# hdparm -g /dev/sdb #顯示硬碟的佈局資訊 63 64 /dev/sdb: 65 geometry = 1305(柱面數)/255(磁頭,heads)/63（每磁軌的扇區數）, sectors = 20971520（總的扇區數）, start = 0（從第幾個扇區開始） 66 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 67 68 '''
13.掛載
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 掛載分類： 9 手動掛載 10 按需掛載（autofs，這種效率比較低，當用的時候才去掛載，需要等待時間。） 11 開機自動掛載 12 13 mount[options] -t 檔案型別 -o option 裝置 掛載點 14 [options] : 命令的選項 15 -n:不更新/etc/mtab檔案 16 --bind：dir1 dir2 將目錄掛載到目錄上，使得dir2也能訪問dir1的檔案 17 -t fstype 18 -r 只讀掛載 19 -w：讀寫掛載 20 -L lable 以卷標指定，也可以使用LABLE="lable" 21 -U UUID：使用UUID掛載，也可以使用 UUID="uuid" 22 -o options:掛載時啟動分割槽特性 23 async：非同步I/O 24 sync：同步I/O 25 noatime/atime 是否更新檔案時間戳，不是特別重要的檔案，建議noatime 26 auto: 是否能夠被mount -a 自動掛載所有（/etc/fstab中）的檔案自動掛載 27 dev/nodev：是否能建立裝置檔案 28 diratime/nodirtime：是否更新目錄的時間戳 29 exec/noexec：是否允許執行二進位制程式 30 _netdev:網路裝置 31 remount：重新掛載 32 relatime/norelatime 是否實時更新 33 acl 檔案訪問控制列表 34 35 掛載點：掛載以後原始資料將被隱藏 36 1、選擇空閒目錄 37 2、必須事先存在 38 解除安裝： 39 1、空閒時可以解除安裝 40 2、其實也可以強行解除安裝 41 umount 裝置|掛載點 42 43 直接使用mount可以顯示當前系統的掛載資訊，也可以檢視/proc/mounts或者/etc/mtab 44 45 光碟： 46 /dev/cdrom /dev/dvdrom /dev/sr0 47 [-t iso9660] 48 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/filesystems #檢視核心能識別的檔案系統型別 9 nodev sysfs #其中“nodev”表示非裝置檔案系統，即偽檔案系統，後面的引數是“sysfs”。 10 nodev rootfs 11 nodev bdev 12 nodev proc 13 nodev cgroup 14 nodev cpuset 15 nodev tmpfs 16 nodev devtmpfs 17 nodev binfmt_misc 18 nodev debugfs 19 nodev securityfs 20 nodev sockfs 21 nodev usbfs 22 nodev pipefs 23 nodev anon_inodefs 24 nodev inotifyfs 25 nodev devpts 26 nodev ramfs 27 nodev hugetlbfs 28 iso9660 #這就是裝置檔案系統，光碟 29 nodev pstore 30 nodev mqueue 31 nodev selinuxfs 32 ext4 #這個也是裝置檔案系統，前面沒有“nodev”進行標識。 33 nodev vmhgfs 34 nodev fuse 35 fuseblk 36 nodev fusectl 37 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 38 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir /yinzhengjie #建立一個掛載目錄 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #檢視當前的掛載資訊 10 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 11 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 12 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 13 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 14 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 15 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 16 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 17 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /yinzhengjie/ #將第二塊裝置的第一個分割槽掛載到"/yinzhengjie"目錄下。 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #再次檢視掛載資訊，發現多出來了最後一項 21 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 22 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 23 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 24 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 25 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 26 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 27 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 28 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 29 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) #發現了掛載的目錄 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ #檢視掛載點資訊，出現了“lost+found”目錄表示掛載成功 31 total 16 32 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 12 04:31 lost+found 33 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cd /yinzhengjie/ 34 [root@yinzhengjie yinzhengjie]# touch {1..5}.txt #我們建立5個檔案看看 35 [root@yinzhengjie yinzhengjie]# ll #發現也能成功建立檔案，檔名是存在掛載目錄下的。 36 total 16 37 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 1.txt 38 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 2.txt 39 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 3.txt 40 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 4.txt 41 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 5.txt 42 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 12 04:31 lost+found 43 [root@yinzhengjie yinzhengjie]# cd #回到自己的家目錄去 44 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# umount /yinzhengjie/ #解除安裝掛載點 45 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #再一次檢視掛載資訊，發現之前的掛載點不見了。 46 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 47 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 48 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 49 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 50 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 51 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 52 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 53 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 54 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 55 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ #發現這個目錄的檔案也沒有了，原因是解除安裝成功了，資料還存在那塊裝置上。 56 total 0 57 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 58 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ #檢視目錄為空。 9 total 0 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #先檢視掛載之前的資訊 11 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 12 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 13 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 14 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 15 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 16 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 17 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 18 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -L yinzhengjie /dev/sdb1 #給這個分割槽設定一個卷標名稱。 21 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 22 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# e2label /dev/sdb1 #檢視這個卷標名稱 23 yinzhengjie 24 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount LABEL="yinzhengjie" /yinzhengjie/ #把卷標名稱為"yinzhengjie" 的裝置掛載到“/yinzhengjie/”這個目錄下來。 26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #檢視掛載後的資訊 27 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 28 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 29 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 30 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 31 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 32 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 33 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 34 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 35 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) #這裡有記錄，說明掛載成功了。 36 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ #看一下掛載目錄，果真是訪問到了資料 37 total 16 38 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 1.txt 39 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 2.txt 40 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 3.txt 41 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 4.txt 42 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 5.txt 43 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 12 04:31 lost+found 44 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 45 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ 9 total 0 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #檢視掛載資訊 12 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 13 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 14 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 15 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 16 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 17 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 18 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 19 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 21 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1 #先檢視裝置的UUID資訊 22 /dev/sdb1: LABEL="yinzhengjie" UUID="768fe361-9425-4928-b2d9-641064d1052a" TYPE="ext4" 23 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount UUID="768fe361-9425-4928-b2d9-641064d1052a" /yinzhengjie/ #將上面查閱到的UUID= 24 "768fe361-9425-4928-b2d9-641064d1052a"賦值下來，它就是“/dev/sdb1”這塊裝置，我們將它掛載到"/yinzhengjie"目錄下。 25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #檢視掛載資訊 27 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 28 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 29 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 30 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 31 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 32 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 33 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 34 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 35 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) 36 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /yinzhengjie/ #發現能夠成功範圍資料。 37 total 16 38 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 1.txt 39 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 2.txt 40 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 3.txt 41 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 4.txt 42 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 12 04:36 5.txt 43 drwx------. 2 root root 16384 May 12 04:31 lost+found 44 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 45 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #檢視掛載資訊 9 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 10 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 11 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 12 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 13 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 14 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 15 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 16 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 17 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) #發現這個裝置的掛載的許可權是"讀寫(rw)"模式 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount -o remount,ro /dev/sdb1 #我們對其進行重新掛載，並將掛載後許可權設定為只讀模式。 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount 21 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 22 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 23 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 24 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 25 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 26 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 27 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 28 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 29 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (ro) #過著，許可權變成了只讀(ro)了。 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 31 32 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount 9 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 10 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 11 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 12 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 13 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 14 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 15 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 16 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 17 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (ro) #許可權是隻讀 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount -o remount,rw,acl /dev/sdb1 #啟用檔案訪問控制列表功能（acl） 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount 20 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 21 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 22 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 23 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 24 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 25 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 26 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 27 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 28 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw,acl) #發現真的有acl和rw許可權了。 29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 30 31 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -o acl /dev/sdb1 #給該分割槽新增ACL熟悉，讓其掛載的時候預設就支援ACL 9 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 | grep ^D #檢視該分割槽資訊 11 Default mount options: acl #我們發現是啟用了acl功能的，在mount的選項的時候它會自動支援該引數。 12 Desired extra isize: 28 13 Default directory hash: half_md4 14 Directory Hash Seed: 63cd7ef0-15f3-4e20-978a-82472a392459 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /yinzhengjie/ 17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount 18 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 19 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 20 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 21 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 22 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 23 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 24 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 25 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 26 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) #注意這裡儘管沒有acl顯示，但是它還是有acl屬性的，因為那個分割槽本身就支援acl，是我們們給配置的。 27 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 28 如果你想取消mount這個引數咋辦呢？很簡單，只要加一個“^”這個符號就好使了，如下： 29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -o ^acl /dev/sdb1 30 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) 31 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 | grep ^D 32 Default mount options: (none) #發現該屬性的確是沒有啦！為空！ 33 Desired extra isize: 28 34 Default directory hash: half_md4 35 Directory Hash Seed: 63cd7ef0-15f3-4e20-978a-82472a392459 36 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 37 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir -p /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom #建立掛載點 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls -l /dev/cdrom #檢視媒體檔案所對應的連結 10 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 12 02:38 /dev/cdrom -> sr0 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls -l /dev/sr0 12 brw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 11, 0 May 12 02:38 /dev/sr0 13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls -l /dev/dvd 14 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 12 02:38 /dev/dvd -> sr0 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount -o ro /dev/cdrom /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ #以只讀(ro)的方式掛載,等價於：mount -r /dev/cdrom /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ 17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount 18 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 19 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 20 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 21 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 22 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 23 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 24 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 25 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 26 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw) 27 /dev/sr0 on /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom type iso9660 (ro) 28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ 29 total 712 30 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 14 Oct 24 2014 CentOS_BuildTag 31 dr-xr-xr-x. 3 root root 2048 Oct 24 2014 EFI 32 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 212 Nov 27 2013 EULA 33 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 18009 Nov 27 2013 GPL 34 dr-xr-xr-x. 3 root root 2048 Oct 24 2014 images 35 dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 2048 Oct 24 2014 isolinux 36 dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 686080 Oct 24 2014 Packages 37 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 1354 Oct 19 2014 RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html 38 dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Oct 24 2014 repodata 39 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 1706 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 40 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 1730 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6 41 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 1730 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6 42 -r--r--r--. 2 root root 1734 Nov 27 2013 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6 43 -r--r--r--. 1 root root 3380 Oct 24 2014 TRANS.TBL 44 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 45 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# umount /dev/sr0 #解除安裝給裝置報錯了 9 umount: /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom: device is busy. 10 (In some cases useful info about processes that use 11 the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1)) #說是用lsof和fuser命令可以找到這個裝置被誰使用 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fuser /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ #看一下是哪個程式再訪問這個裝置 14 /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/: 2420c 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fuser -v /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ #檢視詳細資訊，到底是哪個使用者和對應的程式在訪問該裝置。 17 USER PID ACCESS COMMAND 18 /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/: 19 root 2420 ..c.. bash 20 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# who #其實是我自己開了2個裝置在測試呢！ 21 root pts/0 2017-05-12 03:08 (172.16.3.210) 22 root pts/1 2017-05-12 05:42 (172.16.3.210) 23 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 24 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# fuser -km /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/ #將正在訪問的該裝置的使用者踢出去。 25 /media/yinzhengjie/cdrom/: 2420c 26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# who #執行了上個命令，哪個使用者就被提出終端了！ 27 root pts/1 2017-05-12 05:42 (172.16.3.210) 28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 29 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# umount /dev/sr0 #再一次執行解除安裝，發現沒有報錯 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #也成功解除安裝掉了 31 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 32 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 33 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 34 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 35 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 36 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 37 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 38 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 39 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 40 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 其實mount命令是通過“/proc/mounts[也是和核心相關的檔案喲]”這個檔案獲取到當前系統上正在掛載的相關資訊，只不過mount用了比較讓我們易 9 讀的方式輸出出來而已。 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/mounts 11 rootfs / rootfs rw 0 0 12 proc /proc proc rw,relatime 0 0 13 sysfs /sys sysfs rw,seclabel,relatime 0 0 14 devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs rw,seclabel,relatime,size=490820k,nr_inodes=122705,mode=755 0 0 15 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,seclabel,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000 0 0 16 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw,seclabel,relatime 0 0 17 /dev/sda2 / ext4 rw,seclabel,relatime,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 18 none /selinux selinuxfs rw,relatime 0 0 19 devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs rw,seclabel,relatime,size=490820k,nr_inodes=122705,mode=755 0 0 20 /proc/bus/usb /proc/bus/usb usbfs rw,relatime 0 0 21 /dev/sda1 /boot ext4 rw,seclabel,relatime,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 22 none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw,relatime 0 0 23 vmware-vmblock /var/run/vmblock-fuse fuse.vmware-vmblock rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other 0 0 24 /dev/sdb1 /yinzhengjie ext4 rw,seclabel,relatime,barrier=1,data=ordered 0 0 25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 26 我們知道mount命令可以讓我們用來掛載以及檢視相關相信，但是最終的資料存放在哪裡呢？當然是要有一個配置檔案了，其中“/etc/mtab ”就是一個用來存放 27 掛載資訊的。 28 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /etc/mtab 29 /dev/sda2 / ext4 rw 0 0 30 proc /proc proc rw 0 0 31 sysfs /sys sysfs rw 0 0 32 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0 33 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0" 0 0 34 /dev/sda1 /boot ext4 rw 0 0 35 none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw 0 0 36 vmware-vmblock /var/run/vmblock-fuse fuse.vmware-vmblock rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other 0 0 37 /dev/sdb1 /yinzhengjie ext4 rw 0 0 38 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 39 讓我們來做個測試，我們解除安裝一個掛載點，看這個配置檔案是否也發生變化。 40 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# umount /dev/sdb1 #我們解除安裝之前手動掛載的分割槽 41 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /etc/mtab #再次檢視該配置檔案，果不其然，隨著mount命令將掛載資訊刪除了。 42 /dev/sda2 / ext4 rw 0 0 43 proc /proc proc rw 0 0 44 sysfs /sys sysfs rw 0 0 45 devpts /dev/pts devpts rw,gid=5,mode=620 0 0 46 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0" 0 0 47 /dev/sda1 /boot ext4 rw 0 0 48 none /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc binfmt_misc rw 0 0 49 vmware-vmblock /var/run/vmblock-fuse fuse.vmware-vmblock rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other 0 0 50 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 51 '''
14.檢視磁碟資訊命令
a>.df 磁碟空間使用狀態報告
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df #預設是以KB為單位的 8 Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on 9 /dev/sda2 18208184 2504904 14771696 15% / 10 tmpfs 502172 72 502100 1% /dev/shm 11 /dev/sda1 289293 28473 245460 11% /boot 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -m #以MB為空間 13 Filesystem 1M-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on 14 /dev/sda2 17782 2447 14426 15% / 15 tmpfs 491 1 491 1% /dev/shm 16 /dev/sda1 283 28 240 11% /boot 17 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -h #將檔案大小顯示易讀格式 18 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on 19 /dev/sda2 18G 2.4G 15G 15% / 20 tmpfs 491M 72K 491M 1% /dev/shm 21 /dev/sda1 283M 28M 240M 11% /boot 22 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -i #顯示inode數量 23 Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on 24 /dev/sda2 1164592 98347 1066245 9% / 25 tmpfs 125543 3 125540 1% /dev/shm 26 /dev/sda1 76912 38 76874 1% /boot 27 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -ih #划算成一度單位，注意下面的M或者K表示的不是檔案的大小，而是表示的數字K=1000，M=1000000 28 Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on 29 /dev/sda2 1.2M 97K 1.1M 9% / 30 tmpfs 123K 3 123K 1% /dev/shm 31 /dev/sda1 76K 38 76K 1% /boot 32 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -P #全部顯示，就是當Filesystem名稱過長的時候，不會換行顯示。 33 Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Available Capacity Mounted on 34 /dev/sda2 18208184 2504908 14771692 15% / 35 tmpfs 502172 72 502100 1% /dev/shm 36 /dev/sda1 289293 28473 245460 11% /boot 37 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -Ph #將檔案大小顯示易讀格式且每行資訊不換行顯示。 38 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on 39 /dev/sda2 18G 2.4G 15G 15% / 40 tmpfs 491M 72K 491M 1% /dev/shm 41 /dev/sda1 283M 28M 240M 11% /boot 42 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -Ph /dev/sda1 #可以單獨檢視一個分割槽情況。 43 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on 44 /dev/sda1 283M 28M 240M 11% /boot 45 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 46 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# df -T #顯示時顯示檔案型別 47 Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on 48 /dev/sda2 ext4 18208184 2504920 14771680 15% / 49 tmpfs tmpfs 502172 72 502100 1% /dev/shm 50 /dev/sda1 ext4 289293 28473 245460 11% /boot 51 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 52 '''
b>.du 顯示檔案佔用磁碟的情況
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls -ldh /etc/ #檢視目錄大小，很明顯不準確！ 8 drwxr-xr-x. 102 root root 4.0K May 12 05:48 /etc/ 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# du -s /etc/ #用du檢視檔案大小，預設為K. 10 39788 /etc/ 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# du -sh /etc/ #用du檢視目錄大小，預設為M 12 39M /etc/ 13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# du -sh /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 #我們也可以檢視檔案的大小 14 4.0K /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 17 '''
15.開機自動掛載
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 開機自動掛載 8 /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit:系統初始化指令碼 9 其中一個功能：掛載/etc/fstab檔案中定義的檔案系統掛載點 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /etc/fstab 11 12 # 13 # /etc/fstab 14 # Created by anaconda on Tue Apr 11 05:43:15 2017 15 # 16 # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' 17 # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info 18 # 19 UUID=421dd611-48a1-4a71-9f06-60605f68ef0d / ext4 defaults 1 1 20 UUID=003bdf87-a068-4553-b506-f174b1f82ed6 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2 21 UUID=1020e7eb-2f17-4a4d-b8bf-36776dcbf547 swap swap defaults 0 0 22 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 23 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 24 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 25 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 26 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 27 我們看以下掛載的格式，從左往右一次又6列引數，那麼這6列引數是啥意思呢？請看以下分析： 28 1>.要掛載的裝置：裝置檔案、LABEL=”ladel” UUID 29 2>.掛載點：有的檔案系統沒有掛載點 swap沒有掛載點，掛載點為swap 30 3>.檔案系統型別： 31 4>.掛載選項：多個選項間使用逗號分隔 32 5>.轉儲頻率： 33 0：從不備份 34 1：每日備份 35 2：每隔一天備份 36 6>.自檢次序 37 1：首先自檢，通常只能被/使用 38 2-9：順序 39 0：從不自檢 40 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# vim + /etc/fstab #編輯mount配置檔案，並將游標移動在最後一行，“+”參數列示最後一行 8 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /etc/fstab #在最後一行新增你需要開機掛載的裝置和目錄。 9 10 # 11 # /etc/fstab 12 # Created by anaconda on Tue Apr 11 05:43:15 2017 13 # 14 # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' 15 # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info 16 # 17 UUID=421dd611-48a1-4a71-9f06-60605f68ef0d / ext4 defaults 1 1 18 UUID=003bdf87-a068-4553-b506-f174b1f82ed6 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2 19 UUID=1020e7eb-2f17-4a4d-b8bf-36776dcbf547 swap swap defaults 0 0 20 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 21 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 22 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 23 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 24 /dev/sdb1 /yinzhengjie ext4 defaults,acl 0 0 #這就是我們新加的一行。 25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #檢視當前掛載項。 26 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 27 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 28 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 29 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 30 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 31 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 32 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 33 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 34 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount -a #重新載入“ /etc/fstab”把fstab裡面沒有掛載的資訊進行掛載，其功效等同於重做作業系統時進行的自動掛載。或者執行“init 6”再檢視配置檔案是否生效。 35 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount #再次檢視當前掛載項。 36 /dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw) 37 proc on /proc type proc (rw) 38 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) 39 devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620) 40 tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0") 41 /dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) 42 none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) 43 vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other) 44 /dev/sdb1 on /yinzhengjie type ext4 (rw,acl) #發現最後一行多出了一行掛載資訊。說明你操作成功了。 45 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 46 47 '''
16.檢視記憶體空間使用狀態
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /proc/meminfo #檢視記憶體資訊 8 MemTotal: 1004348 kB 9 MemFree: 671056 kB 10 Buffers: 18764 kB 11 Cached: 126240 kB 12 SwapCached: 0 kB 13 Active: 108700 kB 14 Inactive: 110672 kB 15 Active(anon): 74616 kB 16 Inactive(anon): 1184 kB 17 Active(file): 34084 kB 18 Inactive(file): 109488 kB 19 Unevictable: 0 kB 20 Mlocked: 0 kB 21 SwapTotal: 4136088 kB 22 SwapFree: 4136088 kB 23 Dirty: 164 kB 24 Writeback: 0 kB 25 AnonPages: 74376 kB 26 Mapped: 42396 kB 27 Shmem: 1440 kB 28 Slab: 75132 kB 29 SReclaimable: 15608 kB 30 SUnreclaim: 59524 kB 31 KernelStack: 1560 kB 32 PageTables: 10916 kB 33 NFS_Unstable: 0 kB 34 Bounce: 0 kB 35 WritebackTmp: 0 kB 36 CommitLimit: 4638260 kB 37 Committed_AS: 336672 kB 38 VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB 39 VmallocUsed: 156112 kB 40 VmallocChunk: 34359567284 kB 41 HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB 42 AnonHugePages: 12288 kB 43 HugePages_Total: 0 44 HugePages_Free: 0 45 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 46 HugePages_Surp: 0 47 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB 48 DirectMap4k: 6144 kB 49 DirectMap2M: 1042432 kB 50 DirectMap1G: 0 kB 51 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# free -m #其實free命令的資料時取自“/proc/meminfo”檔案的，知識為了易讀性可以用free -m引數檢視記憶體使用情況 52 total used free shared buffers cached 53 Mem: 980 325 655 1 18 123 54 -/+ buffers/cache: 183 797 #這一行才是正點，其他的都是虛的，實際使用記憶體為183，實際空餘記憶體為797 55 Swap: 4039 0 4039 56 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# free -g #這個引數是以GB為單位，列出磁碟中記憶體資訊，空餘檢視記憶體比較大的時候用，如果你的記憶體不深就很少的話就會跟我一樣出現下面的尷尬引數了。 57 total used free shared buffers cached 58 Mem: 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 -/+ buffers/cache: 0 0 60 Swap: 3 0 3 61 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 62 63 '''
17.dd命令常用引數展示：
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 dd命令： 9 bs：一次讀多大的資料量 10 count：讀取次數 11 if：輸入檔案 12 of：輸出檔案 13 dd if=input_file of=output_file 14 dd if=input_file of=output_file bs=#[b|k|m|g] count=# 15 cat /dev/cdrom > /tmp/linux.iso #製作光碟 16 /dev/zero：吐01的 17 '''
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /etc/issue 8 CentOS release 6.6 (Final) 9 Kernel \r on an \m 10 11 12 This is Yin Zhengjie's server 13 14 15 16 17 18 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/etc/issue of=/tmp/issue.dd 20 0+1 records in #讀了多少個 21 0+1 records out #輸出了多少個 22 84 bytes (84 B) copied, 0.00011992 s, 700 kB/s #多少位元組被複制，一共花了多長時間，每秒鐘傳輸資料的平局速度。 23 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /tmp/issue.dd #檢視內容的確被複制 24 CentOS release 6.6 (Final) 25 Kernel \r on an \m 26 27 28 This is Yin Zhengjie's server 29 30 31 32 33 34 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 35 36 37 '''
其實dd相比cp是一個更低階的命令，跟語言一樣，語言越高階越接近使用者，處理速度就越慢，語言越低階就越接近機器，處理速度就越快，那麼為什麼dd命令處理速度要相比cp更快呢？其實很簡單，cp命令才拷貝檔案的時候，先通過VFS系統（即虛擬檔案系統）將源資料通通的讀取出來，然後在將這些資料傳給VFS，並通過檔案系統在重新生成一份一模一樣的資料才完成了拷貝功能，但是dd命令就不一樣了，他繞過了VFS系統，直接找到源資料的inode所對應的blocks,直接將這些blocks記憶體中拷貝一份，這就是兩者的差距。
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 ''' 7 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/yinzhengjie.swapfile bs=1M count=100 #建立一個100M的檔案 8 100+0 records in 9 100+0 records out 10 104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 0.145994 s, 718 MB/s 11 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll -h / | grep yinzhengjie #驗證檔案是否建立成功 13 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4.0K May 12 04:36 yinzhengjie 14 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100M May 12 10:46 yinzhengjie.swapfile #發現有這個100M的檔案 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 16 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkswap -f /yinzhengjie.swapfile #強制將這個檔案格式化成交換分割槽 17 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 102396 KiB 18 no label, UUID=f5896342-dd1f-4980-8806-2086ae3fec90 19 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# free -m #先檢視記憶體資訊 20 total used free shared buffers cached 21 Mem: 980 890 90 1 451 227 22 -/+ buffers/cache: 212 768 23 Swap: 4039 0 4039 #我們發現現在的total=4039 24 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# swapon /yinzhengjie.swapfile #開啟這個檔案的交換分割槽 25 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# free -m #發現果然多了100M的swap分割槽 26 total used free shared buffers cached 27 Mem: 980 890 90 1 451 227 28 -/+ buffers/cache: 212 768 29 Swap: 4139 0 4139 #我們發現現在的total=4139 30 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# 31 '''
以下是dd生產環節中常用的幾個案例：
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 ''' 8 linux製作光碟的2種方式： 9 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/cdrom of=/yinzhengjie/linux.iso #利用dd命令製作光碟，方法一 10 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /dev/cdrom > /yinzhengjie/linux.iso #利用cat命令製作光碟，方法二 11 linux中的磁碟對拷貝： 12 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb #即將/dev/sda裝置的資訊拷貝一份到/dev/sdb上去。 13 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/myfile bs=512 count=1 #講/dev/sda的MBR分割槽進行備份，當分割槽表破壞時，可以用/tmp/myfile進行還原。 14 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=512 count=1 #刪除/dev/sdb的分割槽資訊，當然裡面的資料還是可以找回來的，可以通過專業的資料恢復工具。 15 [root@yinzhengjie ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/yinzhengjie.swapfile bs=1M count=100 #建立一個100M的本地迴環裝置，可以用來做分割槽格式化的（當然得需要一些額外的操作） 16 ''' 17 18 #這裡只是dd命令的冰山一角，想要了解dd命令更多的用法，請參考man幫助，在哪裡或許你能找到你感興趣的引數。
18.巧記歸檔命令
1 #！/usr/bin/env python 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 #@author :yinzhengjie 4 #blog:http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/tag/python%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/ 5 #EMAIL:y1053419035@qq.com 6 7 8 ''' 9 檔案連結 10 ln 原始檔 目標檔案 11 硬連結： 12 不能跨分割槽， 13 指向同一個indone的兩個位置 14 不能對目錄建立硬連結 15 硬連結會改變檔案被連結的次數 16 符號連結： 17 ln -s 18 符號連結可以跨分割槽 19 符號連結檔案跟原始檔不同一個inode 20 可以對目錄建立符號連結 21 符號連結不會改變原始檔被連結的次數 22 23 24 dev 第一個表示主裝置號 第二個表示次裝置號 25 26 壓縮工具 27 zip： 28 gzip：gunzip= gzip -d，zcat 29 字尾：.gz 30 -c 指定要壓縮的檔案 31 bzip2，bunzip2 32 -k 保留原始檔 33 字尾 .bz 34 xz 35 字尾.xz 36 -#：指定壓縮比 1-9，預設的為6 37 38 39 歸檔工具： 40 tar [options] file.tar file1.... 41 -c:建立歸檔 42 -x：展開歸檔 43 -t：不展開而直接檢視被歸檔的檔案 44 -z：使用gzip壓縮 45 -j：使用bz2壓縮 46 -J：使用xz壓縮 47 48 49 '''