Flask-SQLAlchemy
MySQL是免費開源軟體,大家可以自行搜尋其官網(https://www.MySQL.com/downloads/)
測試MySQL是否安裝成功
在所有程式中,找到MySQL→MySQL Server 5.6下面的命令列工具,然後單擊輸入密碼後回車,就可以知道MySQL資料庫是否連結成功。
右擊桌面上的“計算機”,在彈出的快捷鍵選單中選擇“屬性”|“高階系統設定”|“環境變數”,在path裡面新增MySQL bin目錄的路徑。選擇環境變數,在環境變數中的path路徑下輸入你的MySQL路徑就行了。預設安裝的路徑是C:\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.6\bin
安裝flask-sqlalchemy,安裝不了就更換豆瓣源
pip install flask-sqlalchemy
物件-關係對映實質
class Lib_card(db.Model): __tablename__ = 'lib_card' id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, comment='id號') card_id = db.Column(db.Integer, nullable=False, comment = '借書證') book_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('book.id')) books = db.relationship('Book', backref=db.backref('cards'),uselist=False)
在Flask-SQLAlchemy中,插入、修改、刪除操作均由資料庫會話管理
需要一個配置config.py
USERNAME= 'root' #設定登入賬號 PASSWORD= '930103' #設定登入密碼 HOST= '127.0.0.1' #設定主機地址 PORT= '3306' #設定埠號 DATABASE= 'demo1' #設定訪問的資料庫 SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI= f'mysql+pymysql://{USERNAME}:{PASSWORD}@{HOST}:{PORT}/{DATABASE}'#建立資料庫連線示例 #動態追蹤修改設定,如未設定只會提示警告 SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS=False #查詢時會顯示原始SQL語句 SQLALCHEMY_ECHO= True
例項
from datetime import datetime from flask import Flask #匯入Flask模組 from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy #匯入SQLAlchemy模組 import config #匯入配置檔案 app= Flask(__name__) #Flask初始化 app.config.from_object(config) #配置檔案例項化 #初始化一個物件 db=SQLAlchemy(app) class Book(db.Model): __tablename__ = 'book' id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key = True,comment='id號') title = db.Column(db.String(50), nullable=False,comment='書名') publishing_office = db.Column(db.String(100), nullable=False,comment='出版社') isbn = db.Column(db.String(100), nullable=False, comment='isbn號') storage_time = db.Column(db.DateTime, default=datetime.now(), comment='入庫時間') class Lib_card(db.Model): __tablename__ = 'lib_card' id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, comment='id號') card_id = db.Column(db.Integer, nullable=False, comment = '借書證') book_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('book.id')) books = db.relationship('Book', backref=db.backref('cards'),uselist=False) with app.app_context(): #測試資料庫連線是否成功 db.create_all() #建立資料庫 # book1= Book(id=9,title='智慧導論', publishing_office='高等教育出版社',isbn='9787040479844') # db.session.add(book1) # db.session.commit() # result = Book.query.filter(Book.id == 9).first() # print(result.title) # agine = Book.query.filter(Book.title == result.title).all() # for i in agine: # print(i.id) # db.session.delete(result) # db.session.commit() # card1=Lib_card(card_id='18001', book_id='8') # card2=Lib_card(card_id='18002', book_id='8') # db.session.add(card1) # db.session.add(card2) # db.session.commit() book_query = Book.query.filter(Book.id == 9).first() lib_card_query = book_query.cards for i in lib_card_query: print(i.card_id) @app.route('/') def index(): return 'index' # if __name__== '__main__': # app.run(debug=True)
注意:一個表(模型)的定義必須要定義一個主鍵,這個主鍵一般為id。在定義了Lib_card類後,申明瞭一個外來鍵,並且在relationship方法中使用uselist=False來約束其關係。book_id =db.Column(db.Integer,db.ForeignKey('book.id'))表示建立一個外來鍵,型別要跟主表一樣,透過db.ForeignKey("user.id")與主表繫結books =db.relationship('Book',backref=db.backref('cards');uselist=False)表示Book可以根據Lib_card中的借書證查詢到book表中的資訊,backref="cards"表示book表可以直接透過cards查詢到該書下的借書證號碼。
框架例項
建一個apps資料夾,新增一個admin包,admin包下建立三個py檔案
#__init__.py #預載入模組內容 #其他地方呼叫的時候 可以直接from apps.admin import bp as admin_bp不用找到views from .views import bp
#forms.py from flask_wtf import FlaskForm from wtforms import * from wtforms.validators import * class NameForm(FlaskForm): username = StringField('使用者名稱',validators=[DataRequired()]) password = PasswordField('密碼',validators=[DataRequired()]) submit = SubmitField('提交')
#models.py from exts import db class User(db.Model): __tablename__ = 'jq_user' uid = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True) username = db.Column(db.String(50), nullable=False, comment="使用者名稱") password = db.Column(db.String(100), nullable=False,comment="密碼") email = db.Column(db.String(50), nullable=False, unique=True, comment = "郵箱")
#views.py from flask import Blueprint, request, flash, render_template from apps.admin.forms import NameForm from apps.admin.models import User bp = Blueprint("admin",__name__) @bp.route("/admin",methods=['GET','POST']) def index(): form = NameForm() if request.method == 'POST': if form.validate_on_submit(): username = request.form.get('username') password = request.form.get('password') result = User.query.filter(User.username==username).first() if result and password == result.password: flash('登入成功') else: return render_template('login.html', form=form, errormsg="登陸失敗") return render_template('login.html', form=form)
建一個資料夾templates,專門放login.html檔案,透過render_template呼叫
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <h1>使用者註冊登入</h1> <form method="post" action="/test/admin"> {{ form.csrf_token()}} {{ form.username.label }}{{ form.username}} {{ form.password.label }}{{ form.password}} {{ form.submit }}{{errormsg}} {% for message in get_flashed_messages() %} {{ message }} {% endfor %} </form> </head> <body> </body> </html>
建一個app.py
from flask import Flask from apps.admin import bp as admin_bp from exts import db from apps.common import bp as common_bp from apps.front import bp as front_bp from apps.admin.models import User from apps.common.models import Book def create_app(): app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = '123321' #註冊藍圖,註冊時候可以設定字首 app.register_blueprint(admin_bp,url_prefix="/test") app.register_blueprint(common_bp) app.register_blueprint(front_bp) app.config.from_object('config') # db.app = app db.init_app(app) return app if __name__ == '__main__': app = create_app() with app.app_context(): db.create_all() app.run(host="127.0.0.1",port=1314,debug=True)
建一個config.py
DEBUG=True USERNAME= 'root' #設定登入賬號 PASSWORD= '930103' #設定登入密碼 HOST= '127.0.0.1' #設定主機地址 PORT= '3306' #設定埠號 DATABASE= 'demo1' #設定訪問的資料庫 SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI= f'mysql+pymysql://{USERNAME}:{PASSWORD}@{HOST}:{PORT}/{DATABASE}'#建立資料庫連線示例 #動態追蹤修改設定,如未設定只會提示警告 SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS=False #查詢時會顯示原始SQL語句 SQLALCHEMY_ECHO= True
建一個exts.py
#encoding:utf-8 from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy db=SQLAlchemy()