在眾多的網站防爬措施中,有一種是根據ip的訪問頻率進行限制的,在某段時間內,當某個ip的訪問量達到一定的閥值時, 該ip會被拉黑、在一段時間內被禁止訪問這種時候,可以透過降低爬蟲的頻率,或者更改ip來應對。後者就需要有一個可 用的代理ip池,以供爬蟲工作時切換。這個就是更換IP軟體。
二、如何建立一個爬蟲代理ip池
思路:
1、找到一個免費的ip代理網站(如:西刺代理)
2、爬取ip(常規爬取requests+BeautifulSoup)
3、驗證ip有效性(攜帶爬取到的ip,去訪問指定的url,看返回的狀態碼是不是200)
4、記錄ip (寫到文件)
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests,threading,datetime
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import random
1、抓取西刺代理網站的代理ip
2、並根據指定的目標url,對抓取到ip的有效性進行驗證
3、最後存到指定的path
文件處理
def write(path,text):
with open(path,'a', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.writelines(text)
f.write('\n')
清空文件
def truncatefile(path):
with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.truncate()
讀取文件
def read(path):
with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
txt = []
for s in f.readlines():
txt.append(s.strip())
return txt
計算時間差,格式: 時分秒
def gettimediff(start,end):
seconds = (end - start).seconds
m, s = divmod(seconds, 60)
h, m = divmod(m, 60)
diff = ("%02d:%02d:%02d" % (h, m, s))
return diff
返回一個隨機的請求頭 headers
def getheaders():user_agent_list = [ \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1" \
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24", \
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
]
UserAgent=random.choice(user_agent_list)
headers = {'User-Agent': UserAgent}
return headers
檢查ip是否可用
def checkip(targeturl,ip):
headers =getheaders() # 定製請求頭
proxies = {"http": "} # 代理ip
try:
response=requests.get(url=targeturl,proxies=proxies,headers=headers,timeout=5).status_code
if response == 200 :
return True
else:
return False
except:
return False
獲取代理方法 免費代理 XiciDaili
def findip(type,pagenum,targeturl,path): # ip型別,頁碼,目標url,存放ip的路徑
list={'1': '國內普通代理
'2': '國內高匿代理
'3': '國內https代理
'4': '} # xicidaili國外http代理
url=list[str(type)]+str(pagenum) # 配置url
headers = getheaders() # 定製請求頭
html=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,timeout = 5).text
soup=BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')
all=soup.find_all('tr',class_='odd')
for i in all:
t=i.find_all('td')
ip=t[1].text+':'+t[2].text
is_avail = checkip(targeturl,ip)
if is_avail == True:
write(path=path,text=ip)
print(ip)
多執行緒抓取ip入口
def getip(targeturl,path):
truncatefile(path) # 爬取前清空文件
start = datetime.datetime.now() # 開始時間
threads=[]
for type in range(4): # 四種型別ip,每種型別取前三頁,共12條執行緒
for pagenum in range(3):
t=threading.Thread(target=findip,args=(type+1,pagenum+1,targeturl,path))
threads.append(t)
print('開始爬取代理ip')
for s in threads: # 開啟多執行緒爬取
s.start()
for e in threads: # 等待所有執行緒結束
e.join()
print('爬取完成')
end = datetime.datetime.now() # 結束時間
diff = gettimediff(start, end) # 計算耗時
ips = read(path) # 讀取爬到的ip數量
print('一共爬取代理ip: %s 個,共耗時: %s \n' % (len(ips), diff))
啟動
if __name__ == '__main__':
path = 'ip.txt' # 存放爬取ip的文件path
targeturl = 'http://www.cnblogs.com/TurboWay/' # 驗證ip有效性的指定url
getip(targeturl,path) http網頁線上代理