庫的管理
建立庫
create database [if not exists] 庫名;1
刪除庫
drop databases [if exists] 庫名;1
建庫通用的寫法
drop database if exists 舊庫名;create database 新庫名;12
示例
mysql> show databases like 'javacode2018';+-------------------------+| Database (javacode2018) |+-------------------------+| javacode2018 |+-------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> drop database if exists javacode2018;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> show databases like 'javacode2018';Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> create database javacode2018;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)12345678910111213141516
show databases like ‘javacode2018’;列出javacode2018庫資訊。
表管理
建立表
create table 表名(
欄位名1 型別[(寬度)] [約束條件] [comment '欄位說明'],
欄位名2 型別[(寬度)] [約束條件] [comment '欄位說明'],
欄位名3 型別[(寬度)] [約束條件] [comment '欄位說明'])[表的一些設定];12345
注意:
-
在同一張表中,欄位名不能相同
-
寬度和約束條件為可選引數,欄位名和型別是必須的
-
最後一個欄位後不能加逗號
-
型別是用來限制 欄位 必須以何種資料型別來儲存記錄
-
型別其實也是對欄位的約束(約束欄位下的記錄必須為XX型別)
-
型別後寫的 約束條件 是在型別之外的 額外新增的約束
約束說明
not null:標識該欄位不能為空
mysql> create table test1(a int not null comment '欄位a');Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into test1 values (null);ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'a' cannot be null
mysql> insert into test1 values (1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1;+---+| a |+---+| 1 |+---+1 row in set (0.00 sec)123456789101112131415
**default value:**為該欄位設定預設值,預設值為value
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test2;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> create table test2(
-> a int not null comment '欄位a',
-> b int not null default 0 comment '欄位b'
-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> insert into test2(a) values (1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select *from test2;+---+---+| a | b |+---+---+| 1 | 0 |+---+---+1 row in set (0.00 sec)12345678910111213141516171819
上面插入時未設定b的值,自動取預設值0
**primary key:**標識該欄位為該表的主鍵,可以唯一的標識記錄,插入重複的會報錯
兩種寫法,如下:
方式1:跟在列後,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test3;Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> create table test3(
-> a int not null comment '欄位a' primary key -> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into test3 (a) values (1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into test3 (a) values (1);ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'12345678910111213
方式2:在所有列定義之後定義,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test4;Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql> create table test4(
-> a int not null comment '欄位a',
-> b int not null default 0 comment '欄位b',
-> primary key(a)
-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> insert into test4(a,b) values (1,1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into test4(a,b) values (1,2);ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'123456789101112131415
插入重複的值,會報違法主鍵約束
方式2支援多欄位作為主鍵,多個之間用逗號隔開,語法:primary key(欄位1,欄位2,欄位n),示例:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test7;Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql>mysql> create table test7(
-> a int not null comment '欄位a',
-> b int not null comment '欄位b',
-> PRIMARY KEY (a,b)
-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql>mysql> insert into test7(a,b) VALUES (1,1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into test7(a,b) VALUES (1,1);ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1-1' for key 'PRIMARY'1234567891011121314151617
foreign key:為表中的欄位設定外來鍵
語法:foreign key(當前表的列名) references 引用的外來鍵表(外來鍵表中欄位名稱)
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test6;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test5;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql>mysql> create table test5(
-> a int not null comment '欄位a' primary key -> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql>mysql> create table test6(
-> b int not null comment '欄位b',
-> ts5_a int not null,
-> foreign key(ts5_a) references test5(a)
-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into test5 (a) values (1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into test6 (b,test6.ts5_a) values (1,1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into test6 (b,test6.ts5_a) values (2,2);ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`javacode2018`.`test6`, CONSTRAINT `test6_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`ts5_a`) REFERENCES `test5` (`a`))12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728
說明:表示test6中ts5_a欄位的值來源於表test5中的欄位a。
注意幾點:
unique key(uq):標識該欄位的值是唯一的
支援一個到多個欄位,插入重複的值會報違反唯一約束,會插入失敗。
定義有2種方式。
方式1:跟在欄位後,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test8;Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql>mysql> create table test8(
-> a int not null comment '欄位a' unique key -> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql>mysql> insert into test8(a) VALUES (1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into test8(a) VALUES (1);ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'a'123456789101112131415
方式2:所有列定義之後定義,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test9;Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql>mysql> create table test9(
-> a int not null comment '欄位a',
-> unique key(a)
-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql>mysql> insert into test9(a) VALUES (1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into test9(a) VALUES (1);ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'a'12345678910111213141516
方式2支援多欄位,多個之間用逗號隔開,語法:primary key(欄位1,欄位2,欄位n),示例:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test10;Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql>mysql> create table test10(
-> a int not null comment '欄位a',
-> b int not null comment '欄位b',
-> unique key(a,b)
-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql>mysql> insert into test10(a,b) VALUES (1,1);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into test10(a,b) VALUES (1,1);ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1-1' for key 'a'1234567891011121314151617
auto_increment:標識該欄位的值自動增長(整數型別,而且為主鍵)
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test11;Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql>mysql> create table test11(
-> a int not null AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY comment '欄位a',
-> b int not null comment '欄位b'
-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql>mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (10);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (20);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test11;+---+----+| a | b |+---+----+| 1 | 10 || 2 | 20 |+---+----+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)12345678910111213141516171819202122232425
欄位a為自動增長,預設值從1開始,每次+1
關於自動增長欄位的初始值、步長可以在mysql中進行設定,比如設定初始值為1萬,每次增長10
注意:
自增長列當前值儲存在記憶體中,資料庫每次重啟之後,會查詢當前表中自增列的最大值作為當前值,如果表資料被清空之後,資料庫重啟了,自增列的值將從初始值開始
我們來演示一下:
mysql> delete from test11;Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (10);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test11;+---+----+| a | b |+---+----+| 3 | 10 |+---+----+1 row in set (0.00 sec)12345678910111213
上面刪除了test11資料,然後插入了一條,a的值為3,執行下面操作:
刪除test11資料,重啟mysql,插入資料,然後看a的值是不是被初始化了?如下:
mysql> delete from test11;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test11;Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> exit
Bye
C:\Windows\system32>net stop mysql
mysql 服務正在停止..mysql 服務已成功停止。
C:\Windows\system32>net start mysql
mysql 服務正在啟動 .mysql 服務已經啟動成功。
C:\Windows\system32>mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: *******Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.Your MySQL connection id is 2Server version: 5.7.25-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.mysql> use javacode2018;Database changed
mysql> select * from test11;Empty set (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into test11 (b) value (100);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test11;+---+-----+| a | b |+---+-----+| 1 | 100 |+---+-----+1 row in set (0.00 sec)123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748
刪除表
drop table [if exists] 表名;1
修改表名
alter table 表名 rename [to] 新表名;1
表設定備註
alter table 表名 comment '備註資訊';1
複製表
create table 表名 like 被複制的表名;1
如:
mysql> create table test12 like test11;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from test12;Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> show create table test12;+--------+-------+| Table | Create Table
+--------+-------+| test12 | CREATE TABLE `test12` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '欄位a',
`b` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '欄位b',
PRIMARY KEY (`a`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |+--------+-------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)1234567891011121314151617
複製表結構+資料
create table 表名 [as] select 欄位,... from 被複制的表 [where 條件];1
如:
mysql> create table test13 as select * from test11;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> select * from test13;+---+-----+| a | b |+---+-----+| 1 | 100 |+---+-----+1 row in set (0.00 sec)1234567891011
表結構和資料都過來了。
表中列的管理
新增列
alter table 表名 add column 列名 型別 [列約束];1
示例:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test14;Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql>mysql> create table test14(
-> a int not null AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY comment '欄位a'
-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> alter table test14 add column b int not null default 0 comment '欄位b';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> alter table test14 add column c int not null default 0 comment '欄位c';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> insert into test14(b) values (10);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test14; c+---+----+---+| a | b | c |+---+----+---+| 1 | 10 | 0 |+---+----+---+1 row in set (0.00 sec)12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728
修改列
alter table 表名 modify column 列名 新型別 [約束];或者
alter table 表名 change column 列名 新列名 新型別 [約束];123
2種方式區別:modify不能修改列名,change可以修改列名
我們看一下test14的表結構:
mysql> show create table test14;+--------+--------+| Table | Create Table |+--------+--------+| test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '欄位a',
`b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '欄位b',
`c` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '欄位c',
PRIMARY KEY (`a`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |+--------+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)123456789101112
我們將欄位c名字及型別修改一下,如下:
mysql> alter table test14 change column c d varchar(10) not null default '' comment '欄位d';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> show create table test14; ;;+--------+--------+| Table | Create Table |+--------+--------+| test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '欄位a',
`b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '欄位b',
`d` varchar(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '欄位d',
PRIMARY KEY (`a`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |+--------+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)12345678910111213141516
刪除列
alter table 表名 drop column 列名;1
示例:
mysql> alter table test14 drop column d;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> show create table test14;+--------+--------+| Table | Create Table |+--------+--------+| test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '欄位a',
`b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '欄位b',
PRIMARY KEY (`a`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |+--------+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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