PHP 8.1 現已推出,它附帶了新功能和效能改進——最令人興奮的是新的 JIT 編譯器。它最近於 2021 年 11 月 25 日釋出。
我將詳細演示 PHP 8.1 提供的 10 大特性,以便您可以開始在您的專案中使用它們,並改善您的 PHP 體驗。初學者和有經驗的開發人員可以從本文中受益。
- 列舉
- Fiber(纖維)
never
返回型別readonly
屬性final
類常量- 新的
array_is_list()
函式 - 新的
fsync()
和fdatasync()
函式 - 對字串鍵陣列解包的支援
$_FILES
新的用於目錄上傳的full_path
鍵- 新的
IntlDatePatternGenerator
類
PHP 8.1 新增了對列舉的支援,簡寫為 enum
。它是一種逐項型別,包含固定數量的可能值。請參閱以下程式碼片段以瞭解如何使用列舉。
<?php
/**
* Declare an enumeration.
* It can also contain an optional 'string' or 'int' value. This is called backed Enum.
* Backed enums (if used) should match the following criteria:
* - Declare the scalar type, whether string or int, in the Enum declaration.
* - All cases have values.
* - All cases contain the same scalar type, whether string or int.
* - Each case has a unique value.
*/
enum UserRole: string {
case ADMIN = '1';
case GUEST = '2';
case WRITER = '3';
case EDITOR = '4';
}
/**
* You can access a case by using
* the '::' scope resolution operator.
* And, to get the name of the enum case, you
* can use the '->' followed by the attribute 'name'.
*/
echo UserRole::WRITER->name;
/**
* To get the value of the enum case, you can
* use the '->' followed by the attribute 'value'.
*/
echo UserRole::WRITER->value;
?>
PHP 8.1 新增了對 Fiber
的支援,這是一個低階元件,允許在 PHP 中執行併發程式碼。Fiber 是一個程式碼塊,它包含自己的變數和狀態堆疊。這些 Fiber 可以被視為應用程式執行緒,可以從主程式啟動。一旦啟動,主程式將無法掛起或終止 Fiber。它只能從 Fiber 程式碼塊內部暫停或終止。在 Fiber 掛起後,控制權再次返回到主程式,它可以從掛起的點繼續執行 Fiber。
Fiber 本身不允許同時執行多個 Fiber 或主執行緒和一個 Fiber。但是,對於 PHP 框架來說,高效管理執行堆疊並允許非同步執行是一個巨大的優勢。
請參閱以下程式碼片段以瞭解如何使用 Fiber。
<?php
/**
* Initialize the Fiber.
*/
$fiber = new Fiber(function(): void {
/**
* Print some message from inside the Fiber.
* Before the Fiber gets suspended.
*/
echo "Welcome to Fiber!\n";
/**
* Suspend the Fiber.
*/
Fiber::suspend();
/**
* Print some message from inside the Fiber.
* After the Fiber gets resumed.
*/
echo "Welcome back to Fiber!\n";
});
/**
* Print a message before starting a Fiber.
*/
echo "Starting a Fiber\n";
/**
* Start the Fiber.
*/
$fiber->start();
/**
* Fiber has been suspened from the inside.
* Print some message, and then resume the Fiber.
*/
echo "Fiber has been suspended\n";
echo "Resuming the Fiber\n";
/**
* Resume the Fiber.
*/
$fiber->resume();
/**
* End of the example.
*/
echo "Fiber completed execution\n";
?>
PHP 8.1 新增了名為never
的返回型別。該never
型別可用於指示函式將在執行一組指定的任務後終止程式執行。這可以通過丟擲異常、呼叫exit()
或die()
函式來完成。
never
返回型別類似於void
返回型別。但是,void
返回型別在函式完成一組指定的任務後繼續執行。
請參閱以下程式碼片段以瞭解如何使用 never 返回型別。
<?php
/**
* Route Class
*/
class Route {
/**
* Constructor of the class
* @return void
*/
public function __construct() {
}
/**
* Redirect To a Page
* This function redirects to an URL specified by the user.
* @method redirect()
* @param string $url
* @param integer $httpCode
* @author Tara Prasad Routray <someemailaddress@example.com>
* @access public
* @return never
*/
public static function redirect($url, $httpCode = 301): never {
/**
* Redirect to the URL specified.
*/
header("Location: {$url}", true, $httpCode);
die;
}
}
Route::redirect('https://www.google.com');
?>
PHP 8.1 新增了名為readonly
的類屬性。已宣告為只讀的類屬性只能初始化一次。裡面設定的值不能改變。如果嘗試強行更新該值,應用程式將丟擲錯誤。請參閱以下程式碼片段以瞭解如何使用只讀屬性。
<?php
/**
* User Class
*/
class User {
/**
* Declare a variable with readonly property.
* @var $authUserID
* @access public
*/
public readonly int $authUserID;
/**
* Constructor of the class.
* @param integer $userID
* @return void
*/
public function __construct($userID) {
/**
* Change the value of the property as specified.
* Updating the value of readonly properties are
* allowed only through the constructor.
*/
$this->authUserID = $userID;
}
/**
* Update Auth User ID
* This function tries to update the readonly property (which is not allowed).
* @method updateAuthUserID()
* @param integer $userID
* @author Tara Prasad Routray <someemailaddress@example.com>
* @access public
* @return void
*/
public function updateAuthUserID($userID) {
/**
* Change the value of the property as specified.
* Executing this function will throw the following error;
* PHP Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Cannot modify readonly property User::$authUserID
*/
$this->authUserID = $userID;
}
}
/**
* Initialize the class and update the value of the readonly property.
*/
$user = new User(30);
/**
* Print the readonly property value.
* This will print 30.
*/
echo $user->authUserID;
/**
* Call another function inside the class and try to update the class property.
*/
$user->updateAuthUserID(50);
/**
* Print the readonly property value.
*/
echo $user->authUserID;
?>
PHP 8.1 新增了對名為final
的類常量的支援。最終類常量不能被修改,即使是通過繼承,這意味著它們不能被子類擴充套件或覆蓋。
這個標誌不能用於私有常量,因為它不能在類之外被訪問。宣告 final 和 private 常量將導致致命錯誤。
請參閱以下程式碼片段以瞭解如何使用最終標誌。
<?php
/**
* UserRole Class
*/
class UserRole {
/**
* Declare a final class constant with a value.
*/
final public const ADMIN = '1';
}
/**
* User Class extending the UserRole Class
*/
class User extends UserRole {
/**
* Declare another constant with the same name
* as of the parent class to override the value.
*
* Note: Overriding the value will throw the following error:
* PHP Fatal error: User::ADMIN cannot override final constant UserRole::ADMIN
*/
public const ADMIN = '2';
}
?>
PHP 8.1 新增了名為array_is_list()
的陣列函式。它標識指定的陣列是否具有從 0 開始的所有連續整數。如果陣列是值的語義列表(一個陣列,其鍵從 0 開始,都是整數,並且之間沒有間隙),則此函式返回 true。對於空陣列,它也返回 true。請參閱以下程式碼片段以瞭解如何使用 array_is_list() 函式。
<?php
/**
* Returns true for empty array.
*/
array_is_list([]);
/**
* Returns true for sequential set of keys.
*/
array_is_list([1, 2, 3]);
/**
* Returns true as the first key is zero, and keys are in sequential order.
* It is same as [0 => 'apple', 1 => 2, 2 => 3]
*/
array_is_list(['apple', 2, 3]);
/**
* Returns true as the first key is zero, and keys are in sequential order.
* It is same as [0 => 'apple', 1 => 'scissor']
*/
array_is_list(['apple', 'orange']);
/**
* Returns true as the first key is zero, and keys are in sequential order.
* It is same as [0 => 'apple', 1 => 'scissor']
*/
array_is_list([0 => 'apple', 'orange']);
/**
* Returns true as the first key is zero, and keys are in sequential order.
*/
array_is_list([0 => 'rock', 1 => 'scissor']);
?>
鍵不是從 0 開始的陣列,或者鍵不是整數,或者鍵是整數但不按順序出現的陣列將評估為 false。
<?php
/**
* Returns false as the first key does not start from zero.
*/
array_is_list([1 => 'apple', 'orange']);
/**
* Returns false as the first key does not start from zero.
*/
array_is_list([1 => 'apple', 0 => 'orange']);
/**
* Returns false as all keys are not integer.
*/
array_is_list([0 => 'apple', 'fruit' => 'orange']);
/**
* Returns false as the keys are not in sequential order.
*/
array_is_list([0 => 'apple', 2 => 'orange']);
?>
PHP 8.1 新增了對fsync()
和fdatasync()
函式的支援。兩者都與現有fflush()
函式有相似之處,該函式當前用於將緩衝區重新整理到作業系統中。然而,fsync()
和fdatasync()
重新整理該緩衝區到物理儲存。它們之間的唯一區別是該fsync()
函式在同步檔案更改時包含後設資料,而該fdatasync()
函式不包含後設資料。
fsync()
函式將採用檔案指標並嘗試將更改提交到磁碟。成功時返回 true,失敗時返回 false,如果資源不是檔案,則會發出警告。fdatasync()
函式的工作方式相同,但速度稍快一些,因為 fsync() 將嘗試完全同步檔案的資料更改和有關檔案的後設資料(上次修改時間等),這在技術上是兩次磁碟寫入。
請參閱以下程式碼片段以瞭解如何使用 fsync() 和 fdatasync() 函式。
<?php
/**
* Declare a variable and assign a filename.
*/
$fileName = 'notes.txt';
/**
* Create the file with read and write permission.
*/
$file = fopen($fileName, 'w+');
/**
* Add some text into the file.
*/
fwrite($file, 'Paragraph 1');
/**
* Add a line break into the file.
*/
fwrite($file, "\r\n");
/**
* Add some more text into the file.
*/
fwrite($file, 'Paragraph 2');
/**
* You can use both the fsync() or fdatasync() functions
* to commit changs to disk.
*/
fsync($file); // or fdatasync($file).
/**
* Close the open file pointer.
*/
fclose($file);
?>
PHP 8.1 新增了對字串鍵陣列解包的支援。為了解壓陣列,PHP 使用展開(…)
運算子。PHP 7.4 中引入了這個運算子來合併兩個或多個陣列,但語法更簡潔。但在 PHP 8.1 之前,展開運算子僅支援帶數字鍵的陣列。請參閱以下程式碼片段以瞭解如何將展開運算子用於字串鍵控陣列。
<?php
/**
* Declare an array
*/
$fruits1 = ['Jonathan Apples', 'Sapote'];
/**
* Declare another array
*/
$fruits2 = ['Pomelo', 'Jackfruit'];
/**
* Merge above two arrays using array unpacking.
*/
$unpackedFruits = [...$fruits1, ...$fruits2, ...['Red Delicious']];
/**
* Print the above unpacked array.
* This will print:
* array(5) {
* [0]=>
* string(15) "Jonathan Apples"
* [1]=>
* string(6) "Sapote"
* [2]=>
* string(6) "Pomelo"
* [3]=>
* string(9) "Jackfruit"
* [4]=>
* string(13) "Red Delicious"
* }
*/
var_dump($unpackedFruits);
?>
PHP 8.1 新增了對$_FILES
全域性變數中full_path
新鍵的支援。在 PHP 8.1 之前,$_FILES
沒有儲存到伺服器的相對路徑或確切目錄。因此,您無法使用 HTML 檔案上傳表單上傳整個目錄。新full_path
鍵解決了這個問題。它儲存相對路徑並在伺服器上重建確切的目錄結構,使目錄上傳成為可能。請參閱以下程式碼片段以瞭解如何將full_path
鍵與$_FILES
全域性變數一起使用。
<?php
/**
* Check if the user has submitted the form.
*/
if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST') {
/**
* Print the $_FILES global variable. This will display the following:
* array(1) {
* ["myfiles"]=> array(6) {
* ["name"]=> array(2) {
* [0]=> string(9) "image.png"
* [1]=> string(9) "image.png"
* }
* ["full_path"]=> array(2) {
* [0]=> string(25) "folder1/folder2/image.png"
* [1]=> string(25) "folder3/folder4/image.png"
* }
* ["tmp_name"]=> array(2) {
* [0]=> string(14) "/tmp/phpV1J3EM"
* [1]=> string(14) "/tmp/phpzBmAkT"
* }
* // ... + error, type, size
* }
* }
*/
var_dump($_FILES);
}
?>
<form action="" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input name="myfiles[]" type="file" webkitdirectory multiple />
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
PHP 8.1 新增了對新IntlDatePatternGenerator
類的支援。在 PHP 8.1 之前,只能使用IntlDateFormatter
。雖然它支援昨天、今天和明天使用的八種預定義格式,但是這些格式和IntlDatePatternGenerator
不太一樣。這個類允許指定日期、月份和時間的格式,並且順序將由類自動處理。請參閱以下程式碼片段以瞭解如何使用 IntlDatePatternGenerator 類。
<?php
/**
* Define a default date format.
*/
$skeleton = "YYYY-MM-dd";
/**
* Parse a time string (for today) according to a specified format.
*/
$today = \DateTimeImmutable::createFromFormat('Y-m-d', date('Y-m-d'));
/**
* ===========================
* PRINTING DATE IN USA FORMAT
* ===========================
* Initiate an instance for the IntlDatePatternGenerator class
* and provide the locale information.
* In the below example, I've used locale: en_US.
*/
$intlDatePatternGenerator = new \IntlDatePatternGenerator("en_US");
/**
* Get the correct date format for the locale: en_US.
* Following function "getBestPattern" will return:
* MM/dd/YYYY
*/
$enUSDatePattern = $intlDatePatternGenerator->getBestPattern($skeleton);
/**
* Use the "formatObject" function of IntlDateFormatter to print as per specified pattern.
* This will print the following:
* Date in en-US: 12/03/2021
*/
echo "Date in en-US: ". \IntlDateFormatter::formatObject($today, $enUSDatePattern, "en_US"). "\n";
/**
* =============================
* PRINTING DATE IN INDIA FORMAT
* =============================
* Initiate an instance for the IntlDatePatternGenerator class
* and provide the locale information.
* In the below example, I've used locale: en_IN.
*/
$intlDatePatternGenerator = new \IntlDatePatternGenerator("en_IN");
/**
* Get the correct date format for the locale: en_IN.
* Following function "getBestPattern" will return:
* dd/MM/YYYY
*/
$enINDatePattern = $intlDatePatternGenerator->getBestPattern($skeleton);
/**
* Use the "formatObject" function of IntlDateFormatter to print as per specified pattern.
* This will print the following:
* Date in en-IN: 03/12/2021
*/
echo "Date in en-IN: ". \IntlDateFormatter::formatObject($today, $enINDatePattern, "en_IN"). "\n";
?>
點贊!您已經完成了 PHP 8.1 提供的功能的學習。現在您可以繼續並開始在您當前或即將進行的專案中實現上述功能。
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