手把手使用 SVG + CSS 實現漸變進度環效果

xachary發表於2024-08-02
SVGCSS

效果

image

軌道

使用 svg 畫個軌道

image

  <svg viewBox="0 0 100 100">
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke="#333"></circle>
  </svg>

簡單的說，就是使用 circle 畫個圓。需要注意的是，軌道實際是 circle 的 stroke，所以目標 svg 尺寸是 100，則圓的半徑是 40，而 stroke 為 10。

接著，按設計，軌道只需要 3/4 個圓即可：

image

<!-- 3/4 track before rotate -->

<!-- circumference = radius * 2 * PI = 40 * 2 * Math.PI = 251.3274 -->
<!-- stroke-dasharray left = circumference * percent = 251.3274 * 0.75 = 188.4955 -->
<!-- stroke-dasharray right = circumference * (1 - percent) = 251.3274 * (1 - 0.75) = 62.8318 -->
  <svg viewBox="0 0 100 100">
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="188.4955,62.8318" stroke="#333"></circle>
  </svg>

為了實現這軌道，這個時候需要用到 stroke-dasharray。

為了更好理解這裡 stroke-dasharray 的作用，先畫一個 line：

image

  <svg viewBox="0 0 300 10" style="display: block;">
    <line x1="0" y1="5" x2="300" y2="5" stroke-width="10" stroke="#333" stroke-dasharray="75,25"></line>
  </svg>

簡單的說，上面 line 長 300，每畫一段 75 的 stroke，接著留空一段 25，如此重複，正好重複 3 次，剛好鋪滿了 300 的長度。

應用到 circle 也是如此，只是它是繞著圓，逆時針的畫 stroke，類比的舉例：

image

stroke-dasharray 的是長度，這裡就需要透過計算周長，得出 A 與 E 分別是多長：

周長 = 半徑 * 2 * PI = 40 * 2 * Math.PI = 251.3274
A = 周長 * 3/4 = 251.3274 * 0.75 = 188.4955
E = 周長 * 1/4 = 251.3274 * 0.25 = 62.8318

現在還要使用 transform 旋轉 135 度以滿足需求：

image

<!-- 3/4 track after rotate 135deg -->
  <svg viewBox="0 0 100 100">
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="188.4955,62.8318" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="#333"></circle>
  </svg>

進度條

先畫一個純色的進度條：

image

body {
  background: black;
}

.gauge {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
}

.gauge > svg {
  width: 200px;
  height: 200px;
}

.gauge > span {
  color: #fff;
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  text-align: center;
  transform: translate(0, -50%);
  font-size: 2em;
}

<!-- stroke-dasharray left = circumference * 0.75 * percent = 188.4955 * 0.10 = 18.8495 -->
<!-- stroke-dasharray right = circumference * 0.75 * (1 - percent) + circumference * (1 - 0.75) = 188.4955 * (1 - 0.10) + 62.8318 = 232.4778 -->
<div class="gauge">
  <svg viewBox="0 0 100 100">
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="188.4955,62.8318" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="#333"></circle>
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="18.8495,232.4778" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="#ffff00"></circle>
  </svg>
  <span>10%</span>
</div>

<!-- stroke-dasharray left = circumference * 0.75 * percent = 188.4955 * 0.50 = 94.2477 -->
<!-- stroke-dasharray right = circumference * 0.75 * (1 - percent) + circumference * (1 - 0.75) = 188.4955 * (1 - 0.50) + 62.8318 = 157.0795 -->
<div class="gauge">
  <svg viewBox="0 0 100 100">
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="188.4955,62.8318" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="#333"></circle>
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="94.2477,157.0795" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="#ffff00"></circle>
  </svg>
  <span>50%</span>
</div>

<!-- stroke-dasharray left = circumference * 0.75 * percent = 188.4955 * 1.00 = 94.2477 -->
<!-- stroke-dasharray right = circumference * 0.75 * (1 - percent) + circumference * (1 - 0.75) = 188.4955 * (1 - 1.00) + 62.8318 = 157.0795 -->
<div class="gauge">
  <svg viewBox="0 0 100 100">
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="188.4955,62.8318" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="#333"></circle>
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="188.4955,62.8318" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="#ffff00"></circle>
  </svg>
  <span>100%</span>
</div>

有個很重要的前提，例如圖中的 10%、50%、100% 的百分比，是基於那 3/4 軌道的，不是整個圓，所以計算 stroke-dasharray 的時候，實際考慮的是 3 個部分：

image

10%

A = s1 = 周長 * 3/4 * progress = 251.3274 * 0.75 * 0.10 = 18.8495
E = s2 + s3 = 周長 * 3/4 * (1 - progress) + 周長 * 1/4 = 251.3274 * 0.75 * (1 - 0.10) + 251.3274 * 0.25 = 232.4778

50%

A = s1 = 周長 * 3/4 * progress = 251.3274 * 0.75 * 0.50 = 94.2477
E = s2 + s3 = 周長 * 3/4 * (1 - progress) + 周長 * 1/4 = 251.3274 * 0.75 * (1 - 0.50) + 251.3274 * 0.25 = 157.0796

100%

A = s1 = 周長 * 3/4 * progress = 251.3274 * 0.75 * 1.00 = 188.4955
E = s2 + s3 = 周長 * 3/4 * (1 - progress) + 周長 * 1/4 = 251.3274 * 0.75 * (1 - 1.00) + 251.3274 * 0.25 = 62.8318

漸變

image

漸變由最初的從左到右，跟隨軌道的 rotate，最後變成從右上到左下，也就意味著，此處的漸變並不是跟隨軌道從 0 到 100%，僅實現了類似的感覺的模擬。

image

<!-- progress bar with gradient -->

<!-- stroke-dasharray left = circumference * 0.75 * percent = 188.4955 * 0.30 = 94.2477 -->
<!-- stroke-dasharray right = circumference * 0.75 * (1 - percent) + circumference * (1 - 0.75) = 188.4955 * (1 - 0.30) + 62.8318 = 157.0795 -->
<div class="gauge">
  <svg viewBox="0 0 100 100">
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="188.4955,62.8318" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="#333"></circle>
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="56.5486,194.7786" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="url(#gauge-gradient)"></circle>
  </svg>
  <span>30%</span>
</div>

<!-- stroke-dasharray left = circumference * 0.75 * percent = 188.4955 * 0.80 = 94.2477 -->
<!-- stroke-dasharray right = circumference * 0.75 * (1 - percent) + circumference * (1 - 0.75) = 188.4955 * (1 - 0.80) + 62.8318 = 157.0795 -->
<div class="gauge">
  <svg viewBox="0 0 100 100">
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="188.4955,62.8318" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="#333"></circle>
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="150.7964,100.5308" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="url(#gauge-gradient)"></circle>
  </svg>
  <span>80%</span>
</div>

動畫

最後，為了實現“效果”中的動畫，需要 CSS 配合 JS 實現：

<!-- with animation -->

<div class="gauge">
  <svg viewBox="0 0 100 100">
    <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="188.4955,62.8318" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="#333"></circle>
    <circle id="circle" cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="none" stroke-width="10" stroke-dasharray="0,251.3274" transform="rotate(135, 50, 50)" stroke="url(#gauge-gradient3)"></circle>
  </svg>
  <span>100%</span>
</div>

#circle {
  transition: all 1s linear;
}

(function() {
  const radius = 40;
  const trackPercent = 0.75
  const circumference = 40 * 2 * Math.PI;
  const percent = 1.00;

  const strokeDasharrayLeft = circumference * trackPercent * percent
  const strokeDasharrayRight = circumference * trackPercent * (1 - percent) + circumference * (1 - trackPercent)

  const circle = document.querySelector('#circle');

  function change() {
    const strokeDasharray = circle.getAttribute('stroke-dasharray').split(',')
    const left = parseFloat(strokeDasharray[0])
    const right = parseFloat(strokeDasharray[1])

    if (left === 0) {
      circle.setAttribute('stroke-dasharray', `${strokeDasharrayLeft},${strokeDasharrayRight}`)
    } else {
      circle.setAttribute('stroke-dasharray', `0,251.3274`)
    }
  }

  setTimeout(function() {

    setInterval(function() {
      change()
    }, 1000)

    change()
  }, 0)
})();

JS 的主要作用就是動態的計算 stroke-dasharray，並配合 CSS 的 transition all 即可實現。

Done!

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