前言
如前文所述,HikariCP為了提高效能不遺餘力,其中一個比較特別的優化是它沒有直接使用ArrayList,而是自己實現了FastList,因地制宜,讓陣列的讀寫效能都有了一定程度的提高。
構造方法
FastList:
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public FastList(Class<?> clazz)
{
this.elementData = (T[]) Array.newInstance(clazz, 32); // ArrayList
this.clazz = clazz;
}
/**
* Construct a FastList with a specified size.
* @param clazz the Class stored in the collection
* @param capacity the initial size of the FastList
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public FastList(Class<?> clazz, int capacity)
{
this.elementData = (T[]) Array.newInstance(clazz, capacity);
this.clazz = clazz;
}
ArrayList
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = new Object[0];
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = new Object[0];
transient Object[] elementData;
private int size;
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else {
if (initialCapacity != 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: " + initialCapacity);
}
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
Object[] a = c.toArray();
if ((this.size = a.length) != 0) {
if (c.getClass() == ArrayList.class) {
this.elementData = a;
} else {
this.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(a, this.size, Object[].class);
}
} else {
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}
在無參構造方法中,ArrayList初始化了一個空陣列,這是出於節省空間的考慮,但在HikariCP中,可以確認只要建立了FastList就一定會使用,所以直接初始化一個長度為32的陣列,以減少FastList的擴容次數。
還有一點不同是FastList的所有構造方法都傳入了陣列儲存的元素的類,這是為了之後的擴容過程中不必使用反射進行型別推導。
新增元素
FastList:
public boolean add(T element)
{
if (size < elementData.length) {
elementData[size++] = element;
}
else {
// overflow-conscious code
final int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
final int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
final T[] newElementData = (T[]) Array.newInstance(clazz, newCapacity);
System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, newElementData, 0, oldCapacity);
newElementData[size++] = element;
elementData = newElementData;
}
return true;
}
ArrayList:
private void add(E e, Object[] elementData, int s) {
if (s == elementData.length) {
elementData = this.grow();
}
elementData[s] = e;
this.size = s + 1;
}
public boolean add(E e) {
++this.modCount;
this.add(e, this.elementData, this.size);
return true;
}
public void add(int index, E element) {
this.rangeCheckForAdd(index);
++this.modCount;
int s;
Object[] elementData;
if ((s = this.size) == (elementData = this.elementData).length) {
elementData = this.grow();
}
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, s - index);
elementData[index] = element;
this.size = s + 1;
}
private Object[] grow(int minCapacity) {
return this.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(this.elementData, this.newCapacity(minCapacity));
}
private Object[] grow() {
return this.grow(this.size + 1);
}
首先可以注意到的是,ArrayList中除了預設的一個引數的add方法,還有一個帶有插入元素下標的整型引數的過載,用於插入到陣列的中間位置。但HikariCP中只需要向陣列的末尾新增元素,所以不必實現複雜的陣列後移操作。
這樣的設計帶來的另一個好處是可以省去陣列越界的判斷,因為只會插入到尾部,不會出現不受控制的插入行為。
另外,ArrayList中使用了一個整型變數modCount記錄修改的次數。這是一個簡單的CAS機制,避免在多執行緒訪問ArrayList(迭代器方式)時,陣列發生了結構變化,導致併發問題。
擴容
當新增過程中出現容量不夠時,ArrayList和FastList都會進行擴容。二者有如下兩點區別:
- ArrayList完全依靠泛型系統獲知元素的型別,而FastList在例項化陣列的時候就傳入了元素型別,因此FastList的插入效率要更高一些。
- ArrayList擴容的倍數的1.5倍,而FastList是2倍,可見FastList是為了減少擴容次數,降低時間複雜度,犧牲了一點空間複雜度。
刪除元素
FastList:
public T remove(int index)
{
if (size == 0) {
return null;
}
final T old = elementData[index];
final int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0) {
System.arraycopy(elementData, index + 1, elementData, index, numMoved);
}
elementData[--size] = null;
return old;
}
public boolean remove(Object element)
{
for (int index = size - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
if (element == elementData[index]) {
final int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0) {
System.arraycopy(elementData, index + 1, elementData, index, numMoved);
}
elementData[--size] = null;
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
ArrayList:
public E remove(int index) {
Objects.checkIndex(index, this.size);
Object[] es = this.elementData;
E oldValue = es[index];
this.fastRemove(es, index);
return oldValue;
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
Object[] es = this.elementData;
int size = this.size;
int i = 0;
if (o == null) {
while(true) {
if (i >= size) {
return false;
}
if (es[i] == null) {
break;
}
++i;
}
} else {
while(true) {
if (i >= size) {
return false;
}
if (o.equals(es[i])) {
break;
}
++i;
}
}
this.fastRemove(es, i);
return true;
}
private void fastRemove(Object[] es, int i) {
++this.modCount;
int newSize;
if ((newSize = this.size - 1) > i) {
System.arraycopy(es, i + 1, es, i, newSize - i);
}
es[this.size = newSize] = null;
}
FastList和ArrayList的刪除都分為兩種,一種是刪除指定位置的元素,另一種是刪除指定元素。
刪除指定位置的元素
刪除指定位置的元素比較簡單,二者都通過向前複製陣列實現,區別是ArrayList會對引數做校驗,FastList省略了這一步。
刪除指定元素
二者的實現也類似,但ArrayList首先進行了判空。
另外,ArrayList刪除元素也會修改modCount。
獲取元素
FastList:
public T get(int index) {
return elementData[index];
}
ArrayList:
public E get(int index) {
Objects.checkIndex(index, this.size);
this.checkForComodification();
return this.root.elementData(this.offset + index);
}
ArrayList會做陣列越界的校驗,FastList不會,其它的沒有區別,都是直接取陣列指定位置的元素。
迭代器
FastList:
public Iterator<T> iterator()
{
return new Iterator<T>() {
private int index;
@Override
public boolean hasNext()
{
return index < size;
}
@Override
public T next()
{
if (index < size) {
return elementData[index++];
}
throw new NoSuchElementException("No more elements in FastList");
}
};
}
ArrayList:
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return this.listIterator();
}
public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
this.checkForComodification();
this.rangeCheckForAdd(index);
return new ListIterator<E>() {
int cursor = index;
int lastRet = -1;
int expectedModCount;
{
this.expectedModCount = SubList.this.modCount;
}
public boolean hasNext() {
return this.cursor != SubList.this.size;
}
public E next() {
this.checkForComodification();
int i = this.cursor;
if (i >= SubList.this.size) {
throw new NoSuchElementException();
} else {
Object[] elementData = SubList.this.root.elementData;
if (SubList.this.offset + i >= elementData.length) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
} else {
this.cursor = i + 1;
return elementData[SubList.this.offset + (this.lastRet = i)];
}
}
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return this.cursor != 0;
}
public E previous() {
this.checkForComodification();
int i = this.cursor - 1;
if (i < 0) {
throw new NoSuchElementException();
} else {
Object[] elementData = SubList.this.root.elementData;
if (SubList.this.offset + i >= elementData.length) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
} else {
this.cursor = i;
return elementData[SubList.this.offset + (this.lastRet = i)];
}
}
}
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
Objects.requireNonNull(action);
int size = SubList.this.size;
int i = this.cursor;
if (i < size) {
Object[] es = SubList.this.root.elementData;
if (SubList.this.offset + i >= es.length) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
while(i < size && SubList.this.root.modCount == this.expectedModCount) {
action.accept(ArrayList.elementAt(es, SubList.this.offset + i));
++i;
}
this.cursor = i;
this.lastRet = i - 1;
this.checkForComodification();
}
}
public int nextIndex() {
return this.cursor;
}
public int previousIndex() {
return this.cursor - 1;
}
public void remove() {
if (this.lastRet < 0) {
throw new IllegalStateException();
} else {
this.checkForComodification();
try {
SubList.this.remove(this.lastRet);
this.cursor = this.lastRet;
this.lastRet = -1;
this.expectedModCount = SubList.this.modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException var2) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
}
public void set(E e) {
if (this.lastRet < 0) {
throw new IllegalStateException();
} else {
this.checkForComodification();
try {
SubList.this.root.set(SubList.this.offset + this.lastRet, e);
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException var3) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
}
public void add(E e) {
this.checkForComodification();
try {
int i = this.cursor;
SubList.this.add(i, e);
this.cursor = i + 1;
this.lastRet = -1;
this.expectedModCount = SubList.this.modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException var3) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
final void checkForComodification() {
if (SubList.this.root.modCount != this.expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
};
}
對比ArrayList,FastList的迭代器省去了以下幾步流程:
- ArrayList利用前文提到的modCount,實現了checkForComodification方法,進行併發安全性校驗。
- ArrayList在判斷陣列越界之外增加了一道校驗:
SubList.this.offset + i >= elementData.length
,這也是一道併發安全性校驗。 - ArrayList在匿名類中實現了方法forEachRemaining,用於lambda呼叫。
總結
另外,FastList省去了很多不需要的ArrayList的方法,減小了類的體積。
綜上,FastList是完全用於內部呼叫的類,不對外暴露,所以可以減少很多安全性的校驗和設計,以提高效能。