最近確實是有些忙，剛過了年，積攢了很多事情需要處理，所以每日一函式只能是每兩天更新一篇，在這裡和大家致歉。
今天我們來看一個非常重要的函式：dir()
中文說明：不帶引數時，返回當前範圍內的變數、方法和定義的型別列表；帶引數時，返回引數的屬性、方法列表。如果引數包含方法__dir__()，該方法將被呼叫。如果引數不包含__dir__()，該方法將最大限度地收集引數資訊。
引數object： 物件、變數、型別。
版本：該函式在python各個版本中都有，但是每個版本中顯示的屬性細節有所不同。使用時注意區別。
英文說明：
dir([object])
Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to return a list of valid attributes for that object.
If the object has a method named __dir__(), this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. This allows objects that implement a custom __getattr__() or __getattribute__() function to customize the way dir() reports their attributes.
If the object does not provide __dir__(), the function tries its best to gather information from the object’s __dict__ attribute, if defined, and from its type object. The resulting list is not necessarily complete, and may be inaccurate when the object has a custom __getattr__().
The default dir() mechanism behaves differently with different types of objects, as it attempts to produce the most relevant, rather than complete, information:
If the object is a module object, the list contains the names of the module’s attributes.
If the object is a type or class object, the list contains the names of its attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its bases.
Otherwise, the list contains the object’s attributes’ names, the names of its class’s attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its class’s base classes.
The resulting list is sorted alphabetically. For example:
>>> import struct
>>> dir() # show the names in the module namespace
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', 'struct']
>>> dir(struct) # show the names in the struct module
['Struct', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__',
'__package__', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into',
'unpack', 'unpack_from']
>>> class Shape(object):
def __dir__(self):
return ['area', 'perimeter', 'location']
>>> s = Shape()
>>> dir(s)['area', 'perimeter', 'location']
Note Because dir() is supplied primarily as a convenience for use at an interactive prompt, it tries to supply an interesting set of names more than it tries to supply a rigorously or consistently defined set of names, and its detailed behavior may change across releases. For example, metaclass attributes are not in the result list when the argument is a class.
特別說明：改系列文章所有程式碼例項沒有特殊說明則都是基於python2.7
程式碼例項：
>>> dir() ['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__'] >>> import struct >>> dir() ['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__', 'struct'] >>> dir(struct) ['Struct', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into', 'unpack', 'unpack_from'] >>> class Person(object): ... def __dir__(self): ... return ["name", "age", "country"] ... >>> dir(Person) ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__','__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__'] >>> tom = Person() >>> dir(tom) ['age', 'country', 'name']