Tensorflow學習筆記（8）——input_data.py解析

這裡學習一下前面用到的讀取mnist資料庫檔案的程式碼。其實並沒有用到Tensorlfow的東西，但是讀取資料庫檔案是使用Tensorflow程式設計實現功能的基礎，因此歸到Tensorflow的學習筆記中。
這裡需要注意的主要有以下幾點：
1.dense_to_one_hot函式
2.DataSet類中next_batch函式
3.read_data_sets函式
這裡有一個問題：
dense_to_one_hot函式裡

def dense_to_one_hot(labels_dense, num_classes=10):
  """Convert class labels from scalars to one-hot vectors."""
  num_labels = labels_dense.shape[0]
  index_offset = numpy.arange(num_labels) * num_classes
  labels_one_hot = numpy.zeros((num_labels, num_classes))
  #labels_dense.ravel()將整個陣列展成一個一維陣列
  #labels_dense.flat[i]即將labels_dense看成一個一維陣列，取其第i個變數
  labels_one_hot.flat[index_offset + labels_dense.ravel()] = 1#報錯？
  return labels_one_hot

註釋有報錯那一行，在整體程式執行的時候並沒有出錯，單獨拿出來就出錯，原因未知，還需要繼續學習。
具體程式碼如下所示，解析如程式碼中註釋所示：

#coding=utf-8

#input_data.py的詳解
#學習讀取資料檔案的方法，以便讀取自己需要的資料庫檔案（二進位制檔案）
"""Functions for downloading and reading MNIST data."""
from __future__ import print_function
import gzip
import os
import urllib
import numpy
SOURCE_URL = 'http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/'
def maybe_download(filename, work_directory):
  """Download the data from Yann's website, unless it's already here."""
  #判斷目錄檔案是否存在，不存在則建立該目錄
  if not os.path.exists(work_directory):
    os.mkdir(work_directory)
  #需要讀取的檔案路徑
  filepath = os.path.join(work_directory, filename)
  if not os.path.exists(filepath):
    filepath, _ = urllib.urlretrieve(SOURCE_URL + filename, filepath)
    statinfo = os.stat(filepath)
    print('Succesfully downloaded', filename, statinfo.st_size, 'bytes.')
  return filepath

def _read32(bytestream):
  dt = numpy.dtype(numpy.uint32).newbyteorder('>')
  return numpy.frombuffer(bytestream.read(4), dtype=dt)

def extract_images(filename):
  """Extract the images into a 4D uint8 numpy array [index, y, x, depth]."""
  print('Extracting', filename)
  with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
    magic = _read32(bytestream)
    if magic != 2051:
      raise ValueError(
          'Invalid magic number %d in MNIST image file: %s' %
          (magic, filename))
    num_images = _read32(bytestream)
    rows = _read32(bytestream)
    cols = _read32(bytestream)
    buf = bytestream.read(rows * cols * num_images)
    data = numpy.frombuffer(buf, dtype=numpy.uint8)
    data = data.reshape(num_images, rows, cols, 1)
    return data
#將稠密標籤向量變成稀疏的標籤矩陣
#eg：若原向量的第i行為3，則對應稀疏矩陣的第i行下標為3的值為1，其餘為0
def dense_to_one_hot(labels_dense, num_classes=10):
  """Convert class labels from scalars to one-hot vectors."""
  num_labels = labels_dense.shape[0]
  index_offset = numpy.arange(num_labels) * num_classes
  labels_one_hot = numpy.zeros((num_labels, num_classes))
  #labels_dense.ravel()將整個陣列展成一個一維陣列
  #labels_dense.flat[i]即將labels_dense看成一個一維陣列，取其第i個變數
  labels_one_hot.flat[index_offset + labels_dense.ravel()] = 1#報錯？
  return labels_one_hot

def extract_labels(filename, one_hot=False):
  """Extract the labels into a 1D uint8 numpy array [index]."""
  print('Extracting', filename)
  with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
    magic = _read32(bytestream)
    if magic != 2049:
      raise ValueError(
          'Invalid magic number %d in MNIST label file: %s' %
          (magic, filename))
    num_items = _read32(bytestream)
    buf = bytestream.read(num_items)
    labels = numpy.frombuffer(buf, dtype=numpy.uint8)
    if one_hot:
      return dense_to_one_hot(labels)
    return labels
class DataSet(object):
  def __init__(self, images, labels, fake_data=False):
    if fake_data:
      self._num_examples = 10000
    else:
      assert images.shape[0] == labels.shape[0], (
          "images.shape: %s labels.shape: %s" % (images.shape,
                                                 labels.shape))
      self._num_examples = images.shape[0]
      # Convert shape from [num examples, rows, columns, depth]
      # to [num examples, rows*columns] (assuming depth == 1)

      assert images.shape[3] == 1
      images = images.reshape(images.shape[0],
                              images.shape[1] * images.shape[2])
      # Convert from [0, 255] -> [0.0, 1.0].
      images = images.astype(numpy.float32)
      images = numpy.multiply(images, 1.0 / 255.0)
    self._images = images
    self._labels = labels
    self._epochs_completed = 0
    self._index_in_epoch = 0
  @property
  def images(self):
    return self._images
  @property
  def labels(self):
    return self._labels
  @property
  def num_examples(self):
    return self._num_examples
  @property
  def epochs_completed(self):
    return self._epochs_completed
  def next_batch(self, batch_size, fake_data=False):
    """Return the next `batch_size` examples from this data set."""
    if fake_data:
      fake_image = [1.0 for _ in xrange(784)]
      fake_label = 0
      return [fake_image for _ in xrange(batch_size)], [fake_label for _ in xrange(batch_size)]
    start = self._index_in_epoch
    self._index_in_epoch += batch_size
    #若當前訓練讀取的index>總體的images數時，則讀取讀取開始的batch_size大小的資料
    if self._index_in_epoch > self._num_examples:
      # Finished epoch
      self._epochs_completed += 1
      # Shuffle the data
      perm = numpy.arange(self._num_examples)
      numpy.random.shuffle(perm)
      self._images = self._images[perm]
      self._labels = self._labels[perm]
      # Start next epoch
      start = 0
      self._index_in_epoch = batch_size
      assert batch_size <= self._num_examples
    end = self._index_in_epoch
    return self._images[start:end], self._labels[start:end]
def read_data_sets(train_dir, fake_data=False, one_hot=False):
  class DataSets(object):
    pass
  data_sets = DataSets()
  if fake_data:
    data_sets.train = DataSet([], [], fake_data=True)
    data_sets.validation = DataSet([], [], fake_data=True)
    data_sets.test = DataSet([], [], fake_data=True)
    return data_sets
  TRAIN_IMAGES = 'train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz'
  TRAIN_LABELS = 'train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz'
  TEST_IMAGES = 't10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz'
  TEST_LABELS = 't10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz'
  VALIDATION_SIZE = 5000
  local_file = maybe_download(TRAIN_IMAGES, train_dir)
  train_images = extract_images(local_file)
  local_file = maybe_download(TRAIN_LABELS, train_dir)
  train_labels = extract_labels(local_file, one_hot=one_hot)
  local_file = maybe_download(TEST_IMAGES, train_dir)
  test_images = extract_images(local_file)
  local_file = maybe_download(TEST_LABELS, train_dir)
  test_labels = extract_labels(local_file, one_hot=one_hot)
  validation_images = train_images[:VALIDATION_SIZE]
  validation_labels = train_labels[:VALIDATION_SIZE]
  train_images = train_images[VALIDATION_SIZE:]
  train_labels = train_labels[VALIDATION_SIZE:]
  data_sets.train = DataSet(train_images, train_labels)
  data_sets.validation = DataSet(validation_images, validation_labels)
  data_sets.test = DataSet(test_images, test_labels)
  return data_sets