趁著三天假期,把
Java NIO
和Reactor
模式整理總結了下,文章特別細節的知識點沒有寫,如一些API
的具體實現。類似資料讀到Buffer
後再寫出時,為什麼需要復位操作,這些都屬於NIO
基礎知識,是學習Reactor
模式的前置條件。
1. 原始Ractor模式
相關元件的解釋
- Handle(控制程式碼或是描述符):本質上表示一種資源,是作業系統提供的;該資源用於表示一個個
事件
,比如檔案描述符,或者是針對於網路程式設計中的Socket
描述符。事件既可以來自於外部,也可以來自內部;外部事件比如說客戶端的連線請求,客戶端傳送過來資料等;內部事件比如說操縱系統產生的定時器事件等。它本質上就是一個檔案描述符。Handle
是事件產生的發源地。 - Synchronous Event Demultiplexer(同步事件分離器):它本身是一個系統呼叫,用於等待事件的發生(事件可能是一個,也可能是多個)。呼叫方在呼叫它的時候會被阻塞,一直阻塞到同步事件分離器上有事件產生為止。對於
Linux
來說,同步事件分離器指的就是常用的I/O
多路複用機制,比如說select
、poll
、epoll
等。在Java NIO
中,同步事件分離器對應的元件就是Selector
;對應的阻塞方法就是select
方法。 - Event Handler(事件處理器) 本身由多個回撥方法構成,這些回撥構成了與應用相關的對於某個事件的反饋機制。
Netty
相比於Java NIO
來說,在事件處理器這個角色上進行一個升級,它為我們開發者提供了大量的回撥方法,供我們在待定事件產生時實現相應的回撥方法進行業務邏輯的處理。 - Concrete Event Handler(具體事件處理器):它本身實現了事件處理所提供的各個回撥方法,從而實現了特定於業務的邏輯。它本質上就是我們所編寫的一個個的處理器實現。
- Initiation Dispatcher(初始分發器):實際上就是
Reactor
角色。它本身定義了一些規範,這些規範用於控制事件的排程方式,同時又提供了應用進行事件處理器的註冊、刪除等。Initiation Dispatcher
會通過同步事件分離器來等待事件的發生,一旦事件發生,Initiation Dispatcher
首先會分離出每一個事件,然後呼叫事件處理器,最後呼叫相關的回撥方法來處理事件。
執行流程分析
- 當應用像
Initiation Dispatcher
註冊具體的事件處理器時,應用會標識出事件處理器希望Initiation Dispatcher
在某個事件發生時向其通知該事件,該事件與Handle
關聯。 Initiation Dispatcher
會要求每個事件向其傳遞內部的Handle
。該Handle
向作業系統標識了事件處理器。- 當所有事件處理器註冊完畢後,應用會呼叫
handle_events
方法來啟動Initiation Dispatcher
的事件迴圈。這時,Initiation Dispatcher
會將每個註冊的事件管理器的Handle
合併起來,並使用同步事件分離器等待這些事件的發生。比如說,TCP
協議層使用select
同步事件分離器操作來等待客戶端傳送的資料到達連線的socker handle
上。 - 當與某個事件源對應的
Handle
變為ready
狀態時(比如說,TCP socker
變為等待讀狀態時),同步事件分離器就會通知Initiation Dispatcher
。 Initiation Dispatcher
會觸發事件處理器的回撥方法,從而響應這個處於ready
狀態的Handle
。Initiation Dispatcher
會回撥事件處理器的handle_events
回撥方法來執行特定於應用的功能(開發者自己所編寫的功能),從而響應這個事件。所發生的事件型別可以作為該方法引數並被該方法內部使用來執行額外的特定於服務的功能。
以上描述的內容似乎和本文的標題不大,其實不然,它正是下面介紹的內容的開端。
2. 通過一個例子拉近與Java NIO的距離
/**
* @Author CoderJiA
* @Description NIOServer
* @Date 13/2/19 下午4:59
**/
public class NIOServer {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
// 1.建立ServerSocketChannel
ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
serverSocketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
ServerSocket serverSocket = serverSocketChannel.socket();
serverSocket.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8899));
// 2.建立Selector,並ServerSocketChannel註冊OP_ACCEPT事件,接收連線。
Selector selector = Selector.open();
serverSocketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
// 3.開啟輪詢
while (selector.select() > 0) {
// 從selector所有事件就緒的key,並遍歷處理。
Set<SelectionKey> selectionKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
selectionKeys.forEach(selectionKey -> {
SocketChannel client;
try {
if (selectionKey.isAcceptable()) { // 接受事件就緒
// 獲取serverSocketChannel
ServerSocketChannel server = (ServerSocketChannel)selectionKey.channel();
// 接收連線
client = server.accept();
client.configureBlocking(false);
client.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
} else if (selectionKey.isReadable()) { // 讀事件就緒
// 獲取socketChannel
client = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
// 建立buffer,並將獲取socketChannel中的資料讀入到buffer中
ByteBuffer readBuf = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
int readCount = client.read(readBuf);
if (readCount <= 0) {
return;
}
Charset charset = Charset.forName(StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
readBuf.flip();
System.out.println(String.valueOf(charset.decode(readBuf).array()));
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
selectionKeys.remove(selectionKey);
});
}
}
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通過這個例子,與原始
Reactor
模式相對應的理解,比如同步事件分離器對應著Selector
的select()
方法,再比如ServerSocketChannel
註冊給Selector
的OP_ACCEPT
,還有SocketChannel
的OP_READ
與OP_WRITE
,這些事件儲存在作業系統上,其實就是原始Reactor
中的Handle
。
四個重要api
Channel
:Connections to files,sockets etc that support non-blocking reads.Buffer
:Array-like objects that can be directly read or written by Channels.Selector
:Tell which of a set of Channels have IO events.SelectionKeys
:Maintain IO event status and bingdings.
3.用Java NIO對Reactor模式的應用。
3.1 Single threaded version
/**
* @Author CoderJiA
* @Description Reactor
* @Date 5/4/19 下午2:25
**/
public abstract class Reactor implements Runnable{
protected final Selector selector;
protected final ServerSocketChannel serverSocket;
protected final long port;
protected final long timeout;
public Reactor(int port, long timeout) throws IOException {
this.port = port;
this.timeout = timeout;
selector = Selector.open();
serverSocket = ServerSocketChannel.open();
serverSocket
.socket()
.bind(new InetSocketAddress(port));
serverSocket.configureBlocking(false);
SelectionKey sk = serverSocket.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
sk.attach(newAcceptor(selector));
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
while (!Thread.interrupted()) {
if (selector.select(timeout) > 0) {
Set<SelectionKey> selected = selector.selectedKeys();
selected.forEach(sk -> {
dispatch(sk);
selected.remove(sk);
});
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private void dispatch(SelectionKey sk) {
Runnable r = (Runnable)(sk.attachment());
if (Objects.nonNull(r)) {
r.run();
}
}
public abstract Acceptor newAcceptor(Selector selector);
}
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/**
* @Author CoderJiA
* @Description Acceptor
* @Date 5/4/19 下午2:58
**/
public class Acceptor implements Runnable {
private final Selector selector;
private final ServerSocketChannel serverSocket;
public Acceptor(Selector selector, ServerSocketChannel serverSocket) {
this.selector = selector;
this.serverSocket = serverSocket;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
SocketChannel socket = serverSocket.accept();
if (Objects.nonNull(socket)) {
new Handler(selector, socket);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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/**
* @Author CoderJiA
* @Description Handler
* @Date 5/4/19 下午4:25
**/
public class Handler implements Runnable {
private static final int MB = 1024 * 1024;
protected final SocketChannel socket;
protected final SelectionKey sk;
protected final ByteBuffer input = ByteBuffer.allocate(MB);
protected final ByteBuffer output = ByteBuffer.allocate(MB);
private static final int READING = 0, SENDING = 1;
private int state = READING;
public Handler(Selector selector, SocketChannel socket) throws IOException {
this.socket = socket;
socket.configureBlocking(false);
sk = socket.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
sk.attach(this);
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
if (state == READING) read();
else if (state == SENDING) send();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private void read() throws IOException {
socket.read(input);
if (inputIsComplete()) {
state = SENDING;
sk.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
}
input.clear();
}
private void send() throws IOException {
socket.write(output);
if (outputIsComplete()) {
sk.cancel();
}
}
private boolean inputIsComplete() {
return input.position() > 0;
}
private boolean outputIsComplete() {
return !output.hasRemaining();
}
}
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/**
* @Author CoderJiA
* @Description EchoReactor
* @Date 5/4/19 下午5:01
**/
public class EchoReactor extends Reactor {
private static final int PORT = 9999;
private static final long TIME_OUT = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toMillis(10);
public EchoReactor(int port, long timeout) throws IOException {
super(port, timeout);
}
@Override
public Acceptor newAcceptor(Selector selector) {
return new Acceptor(selector, this.serverSocket);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
new EchoReactor(PORT, TIME_OUT).run();
}
}
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核心元件元件分析
Reactor
等同於原始Reactor模式
的Initiation Dispatcher
,它負責所有就緒事件統一分發到事件處理器,如Acceptor
和Hanlder
。Acceptor
用於將接收到的SocketChannel
交給Handler處理。Handler
處理讀寫操作。
這是
Reactor
的單執行緒版本,這個版本一個執行緒處理客戶端的接收
和資料處理
以及讀寫操作
,資料處理往往就是我們實際開發中的業務處理,是比較耗時的。如果一個處理過程處於阻塞
,那麼這個模型所表現出的就處於阻塞
,所以一個資料處理的阻塞會導致不能處理客戶端連線的接收。因此衍生出來下面的多工作執行緒版本來優化Handler
。
3.2 Worker Threads version
調整下Handler
package cn.coderjia.nio.douglea.reactor2;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
import java.nio.channels.Selector;
import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
/**
* @Author CoderJiA
* @Description Handler
* @Date 5/4/19 下午4:25
**/
public class Handler implements Runnable {
private static final int MB = 1024 * 1024;
protected final SocketChannel socket;
protected final SelectionKey sk;
protected final ByteBuffer input = ByteBuffer.allocate(MB);
protected final ByteBuffer output = ByteBuffer.allocate(MB);
private static final int READING = 0, SENDING = 1, PROCESSING = 3;
private int state = READING;
private static final ExecutorService EXECUTOR_SERVICE = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors());
public Handler(Selector selector, SocketChannel socket) throws IOException {
this.socket = socket;
socket.configureBlocking(false);
sk = socket.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
sk.attach(this);
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
if (state == READING) read();
else if (state == SENDING) send();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private void read() throws IOException {
socket.read(input);
if (inputIsComplete()) {
state = PROCESSING;
EXECUTOR_SERVICE.execute(new Processer());
}
input.clear();
}
private void send() throws IOException {
socket.write(output);
if (outputIsComplete()) {
sk.cancel();
}
}
private void process() {
System.out.println("Handler.process()...");
}
private boolean inputIsComplete() {
return input.position() > 0;
}
private boolean outputIsComplete() {
return !output.hasRemaining();
}
class Processer implements Runnable {
public void run() {
processAndHandOff();
}
}
synchronized void processAndHandOff() {
process();
state = SENDING;
sk.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
}
}
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Handler
多工作執行緒版本將耗時的process()
,建立執行緒去處理。這個版本Reactor
既負責客戶端的接收事件,又負責讀寫事件,因為對於高併發場景連線數巨大,Reactor
可能有時候會力不從心。因此衍生出下面的主從Reactor
模型。
3.3 Multiple Reactors Version
調整Acceptor/**
* @Author CoderJiA
* @Description Acceptor3
* @Date 6/4/19 下午6:51
**/
public class Acceptor3 implements Runnable {
private final ServerSocketChannel serverSocket;
public Acceptor3(ServerSocketChannel serverSocket) {
this.serverSocket = serverSocket;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
SocketChannel socket = serverSocket.accept();
if (Objects.nonNull(socket)) {
new Handler(EchoReactor.nextSubReactor().selector, socket);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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調整Reactor
/**
* @Author CoderJiA
* @Description Reactor3
* @Date 6/4/19 下午6:51
**/
public abstract class Reactor3 implements Runnable {
protected Selector selector;
protected ServerSocketChannel serverSocket;
protected final int port;
protected final long timeout;
protected final boolean isMainReactor;
public Reactor3(int port, long timeout, boolean isMainReactor) {
this.port = port;
this.timeout = timeout;
this.isMainReactor = isMainReactor;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
init();
while (!Thread.interrupted()) {
if (selector.select(timeout) > 0) {
System.out.println("isMainReactor:" + isMainReactor);
Set<SelectionKey> selected = selector.selectedKeys();
selected.forEach(sk -> {
dispatch(sk);
selected.remove(sk);
});
selected.clear();
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
private void init() throws IOException {
selector = Selector.open();
if (isMainReactor) {
serverSocket = ServerSocketChannel.open();
serverSocket
.socket()
.bind(new InetSocketAddress(port));
serverSocket.configureBlocking(false);
SelectionKey sk = serverSocket.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
sk.attach(newAcceptor());
}
}
private void dispatch(SelectionKey sk) {
Runnable r = (Runnable)(sk.attachment());
if (Objects.nonNull(r)) {
r.run();
}
}
public abstract Acceptor3 newAcceptor();
}
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/**
* @Author CoderJiA
* @Description EchoReactor
* @Date 6/4/19 下午5:35
**/
public class EchoReactor extends Reactor3 {
private static final int PORT = 9999;
private static final long TIME_OUT = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toMillis(10);
private static final int SUB_REACTORS_SIZE = 2;
private static final Reactor3[] SUB_REACTORS = new Reactor3[SUB_REACTORS_SIZE];
private static final AtomicInteger NEXT_INDEX = new AtomicInteger(0);
static {
// 初始化子Reactor
IntStream.range(0, SUB_REACTORS_SIZE).forEach(i -> SUB_REACTORS[i] = new EchoReactor(PORT, TIME_OUT, false));
}
public static Reactor3 nextSubReactor(){
int curIdx = NEXT_INDEX.getAndIncrement();
if(curIdx >= SUB_REACTORS_SIZE){
NEXT_INDEX.set(0);
curIdx = 0;
}
return SUB_REACTORS[(curIdx % SUB_REACTORS_SIZE)];
}
public EchoReactor(int port, long timeout, boolean isMainReactor) {
super(port, timeout, isMainReactor);
}
@Override
public Acceptor3 newAcceptor() {
return new Acceptor3(this.serverSocket);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Reactor3 mainReactor = new EchoReactor(PORT, TIME_OUT, true);
// 啟動主Reactor
new Thread(mainReactor).start();
// 啟動子Reactor
IntStream.range(0, SUB_REACTORS_SIZE).forEach(i -> new Thread(SUB_REACTORS[i]).start());
}
}
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主從
Reactor
模型,主Reactor
用於處理客戶端連線的接收轉發給Acceptor
處理,子Reactor
處理讀寫事件的接收轉發給Handler
處理。
參考文章
Scalable IO in Java