ArXiv Weekly Radiostation:本週NLP、CV、ML精選論文30篇(3.8-3.14)

Radiostation發表於2020-03-14

ArXiv Weekly: 10 NLP Papers You May Want to Read

[NLP paper 1/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Simon Baker (Distinguished Engineer, nVidia Corporation).

Multi-SimLex: A Large-Scale Evaluation of Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Lexical Semantic Similarity.

Ivan Vulić, Simon Baker, Edoardo Maria Ponti, Ulla Petti, Ira Leviant, Kelly Wing, Olga Majewska, Eden Bar, Matt Malone, Thierry Poibeau, Roi Reichart, Anna Korhonen

We introduce Multi-SimLex, a large-scale lexical resource and evaluation benchmark covering datasets for 12 typologically diverse languages, including major languages (e.g., Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, Russian) as well as less-resourced ones (e.g., Welsh, Kiswahili). Each language dataset is annotated for the lexical relation of semantic similarity and contains 1,888 semantically aligned concept pairs, providing a representative coverage of word classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), frequency ranks, similarity intervals, lexical fields, and concreteness levels. Additionally, owing to the alignment of concepts across languages, we provide a suite of 66 cross-lingual semantic similarity datasets. Due to its extensive size and language coverage, Multi-SimLex provides entirely novel opportunities for experimental evaluation and analysis. On its monolingual and cross-lingual benchmarks, we evaluate and analyze a wide array of recent state-of-the-art monolingual and cross-lingual representation models, including static and contextualized word embeddings (such as fastText, M-BERT and XLM), externally informed lexical representations, as well as fully unsupervised and (weakly) supervised cross-lingual word embeddings. We also present a step-by-step dataset creation protocol for creating consistent, Multi-Simlex-style resources for additional languages. We make these contributions -- the public release of Multi-SimLex datasets, their creation protocol, strong baseline results, and in-depth analyses which can be be helpful in guiding future developments in multilingual lexical semantics and representation learning -- available via a website which will encourage community effort in further expansion of Multi-Simlex to many more languages. Such a large-scale semantic resource could inspire significant further advances in NLP across languages.


[NLP paper 2/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Tim Finin (Willard and Lillian Hackerman Chair in Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore …).

Improving Neural Named Entity Recognition with Gazetteers.

Chan Hee Song, Dawn Lawrie, Tim Finin, James Mayfield

The goal of this work is to improve the performance of a neural named entity recognition system by adding input features that indicate a word is part of a name included in a gazetteer. This article describes how to generate gazetteers from the Wikidata knowledge graph as well as how to integrate the information into a neural NER system. Experiments reveal that the approach yields performance gains in two distinct languages: a high-resource, word-based language, English and a high-resource, character-based language, Chinese. Experiments were also performed in a low-resource language, Russian on a newly annotated Russian NER corpus from Reddit tagged with four core types and twelve extended types. This article reports a baseline score. It is a longer version of a paper in the 33rd FLAIRS conference (Song et al. 2020).


[NLP paper 3/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Dan Jurafsky (Professor of Linguistics and Computer Science, Stanford University).

A Framework for the Computational Linguistic Analysis of Dehumanization.

Julia Mendelsohn, Yulia Tsvetkov, Dan Jurafsky

Dehumanization is a pernicious psychological process that often leads to extreme intergroup bias, hate speech, and violence aimed at targeted social groups. Despite these serious consequences and the wealth of available data, dehumanization has not yet been computationally studied on a large scale. Drawing upon social psychology research, we create a computational linguistic framework for analyzing dehumanizing language by identifying linguistic correlates of salient components of dehumanization. We then apply this framework to analyze discussions of LGBTQ people in the New York Times from 1986 to 2015. Overall, we find increasingly humanizing descriptions of LGBTQ people over time. However, we find that the label homosexual has emerged to be much more strongly associated with dehumanizing attitudes than other labels, such as gay. Our proposed techniques highlight processes of linguistic variation and change in discourses surrounding marginalized groups. Furthermore, the ability to analyze dehumanizing language at a large scale has implications for automatically detecting and understanding media bias as well as abusive language online.


[NLP paper 4/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Jia Li (Professor of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University).

Adv-BERT: BERT is not robust on misspellings! Generating nature adversarial samples on BERT.

Lichao Sun, Kazuma Hashimoto, Wenpeng Yin, Akari Asai, Jia Li, Philip Yu, Caiming Xiong

There is an increasing amount of literature that claims the brittleness of deep neural networks in dealing with adversarial examples that are created maliciously. It is unclear, however, how the models will perform in realistic scenarios where \textit{natural rather than malicious} adversarial instances often exist. This work systematically explores the robustness of BERT, the state-of-the-art Transformer-style model in NLP, in dealing with noisy data, particularly mistakes in typing the keyboard, that occur inadvertently. Intensive experiments on sentiment analysis and question answering benchmarks indicate that: (i) Typos in various words of a sentence do not influence equally. The typos in informative words make severer damages; (ii) Mistype is the most damaging factor, compared with inserting, deleting, etc.; (iii) Humans and machines have different focuses on recognizing adversarial attacks.


[NLP paper 5/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Young-Bum Kim (Amazon Alexa Brain).

Pseudo Labeling and Negative Feedback Learning for Large-scale Multi-label Domain Classification.

Joo-Kyung Kim, Young-Bum Kim

In large-scale domain classification, an utterance can be handled by multiple domains with overlapped capabilities. However, only a limited number of ground-truth domains are provided for each training utterance in practice while knowing as many as correct target labels is helpful for improving the model performance. In this paper, given one ground-truth domain for each training utterance, we regard domains consistently predicted with the highest confidences as additional pseudo labels for the training. In order to reduce prediction errors due to incorrect pseudo labels, we leverage utterances with negative system responses to decrease the confidences of the incorrectly predicted domains. Evaluating on user utterances from an intelligent conversational system, we show that the proposed approach significantly improves the performance of domain classification with hypothesis reranking.


 [NLP paper 6/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Michael Collins (Professor of Computer Science, Columbia University; Google NYC).

TyDi QA: A Benchmark for Information-Seeking Question Answering in Typologically Diverse Languages.

Jonathan H. Clark, Eunsol Choi, Michael Collins, Dan Garrette, Tom Kwiatkowski, Vitaly Nikolaev, Jennimaria Palomaki

Confidently making progress on multilingual modeling requires challenging, trustworthy evaluations. We present TyDi QA---a question answering dataset covering 11 typologically diverse languages with 204K question-answer pairs. The languages of TyDi QA are diverse with regard to their typology---the set of linguistic features each language expresses---such that we expect models performing well on this set to generalize across a large number of the world's languages. We present a quantitative analysis of the data quality and example-level qualitative linguistic analyses of observed language phenomena that would not be found in English-only corpora. To provide a realistic information-seeking task and avoid priming effects, questions are written by people who want to know the answer, but don't know the answer yet, and the data is collected directly in each language without the use of translation.


[NLP paper 7/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Li Liu (University of Sydney).

Learning to Respond with Stickers: A Framework of Unifying Multi-Modality in Multi-Turn Dialog.

Shen Gao, Xiuying Chen, Chang Liu, Li Liu, Dongyan Zhao, Rui Yan

Stickers with vivid and engaging expressions are becoming increasingly popular in online messaging apps, and some works are dedicated to automatically select sticker response by matching text labels of stickers with previous utterances. However, due to their large quantities, it is impractical to require text labels for the all stickers. Hence, in this paper, we propose to recommend an appropriate sticker to user based on multi-turn dialog context history without any external labels. Two main challenges are confronted in this task. One is to learn semantic meaning of stickers without corresponding text labels. Another challenge is to jointly model the candidate sticker with the multi-turn dialog context. To tackle these challenges, we propose a sticker response selector (SRS) model. Specifically, SRS first employs a convolutional based sticker image encoder and a self-attention based multi-turn dialog encoder to obtain the representation of stickers and utterances. Next, deep interaction network is proposed to conduct deep matching between the sticker with each utterance in the dialog history. SRS then learns the short-term and long-term dependency between all interaction results by a fusion network to output the the final matching score. To evaluate our proposed method, we collect a large-scale real-world dialog dataset with stickers from one of the most popular online chatting platform. Extensive experiments conducted on this dataset show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance for all commonly-used metrics. Experiments also verify the effectiveness of each component of SRS. To facilitate further research in sticker selection field, we release this dataset of 340K multi-turn dialog and sticker pairs.


[NLP paper 8/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Jürgen Jost (Director, Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences).

It Means More if It Sounds Good: Yet Another Hypotheses Concerning the Evolution of Polysemous Words.

Ivan P. Yamshchikov, Cyrille Merleau Nono Saha, Igor Samenko, Jürgen Jost

This position paper looks into the formation of language and shows ties between structural properties of the words in the English language and their polysemy. Using Ollivier-Ricci curvature over a large graph of synonyms to estimate polysemy it shows empirically that the words that arguably are easier to pronounce also tend to have multiple meanings.


[NLP paper 9/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Peter Sheridan Dodds (Professor, Computational Story Lab, Center for Complex Systems, Math/Stats, University of …).

The growing echo chamber of social media: Measuring temporal and social contagion dynamics for over 150 languages on Twitter for 2009--2020.

Thayer Alshaabi, David R. Dewhurst, Joshua R. Minot, Michael V. Arnold, Jane L. Adams, Christopher M. Danforth, Peter Sheridan Dodds

Working from a dataset of 118 billion messages running from the start of 2009 to the end of 2019, we identify and explore the relative daily use of over 150 languages on Twitter. We find that eight languages comprise 80% of all tweets, with English, Japanese, Spanish, and Portuguese being the most dominant. To quantify each language's level of being a Twitter `echo chamber' over time, we compute the `contagion ratio': the balance of retweets to organic messages. We find that for the most common languages on Twitter there is a growing tendency, though not universal, to retweet rather than share new content. By the end of 2019, the contagion ratios for half of the top 30 languages, including English and Spanish, had reached above 1---the naive contagion threshold. In 2019, the top 5 languages with the highest average daily ratios were, in order, Thai (7.3), Hindi, Tamil, Urdu, and Catalan, while the bottom 5 were Russian, Swedish, Esperanto, Cebuano, and Finnish (0.26). Further, we show that over time, the contagion ratios for most common languages are growing more strongly than those of rare languages.


[NLP paper 10/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Bonnie Webber (Professor, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh).

Shallow Discourse Annotation for Chinese TED Talks.

Wanqiu Long, Xinyi Cai, James E. M. Reid, Bonnie Webber, Deyi Xiong

Text corpora annotated with language-related properties are an important resource for the development of Language Technology. The current work contributes a new resource for Chinese Language Technology and for Chinese-English translation, in the form of a set of TED talks (some originally given in English, some in Chinese) that have been annotated with discourse relations in the style of the Penn Discourse TreeBank, adapted to properties of Chinese text that are not present in English. The resource is currently unique in annotating discourse-level properties of planned spoken monologues rather than of written text. An inter-annotator agreement study demonstrates that the annotation scheme is able to achieve highly reliable results.

ArXiv Weekly: 10 CV Papers You May Want to Read

[CV paper 1/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Phil Blunsom (DeepMind and Oxford University), Andrew Zisserman (University of Oxford).

Visual Grounding in Video for Unsupervised Word Translation.

Gunnar A. Sigurdsson, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Aida Nematzadeh, Lucas Smaira, Mateusz Malinowski, João Carreira, Phil Blunsom, Andrew Zisserman

There are thousands of actively spoken languages on Earth, but a single visual world. Grounding in this visual world has the potential to bridge the gap between all these languages. Our goal is to use visual grounding to improve unsupervised word mapping between languages. The key idea is to establish a common visual representation between two languages by learning embeddings from unpaired instructional videos narrated in the native language. Given this shared embedding we demonstrate that (i) we can map words between the languages, particularly the 'visual' words; (ii) that the shared embedding provides a good initialization for existing unsupervised text-based word translation techniques, forming the basis for our proposed hybrid visual-text mapping algorithm, MUVE; and (iii) our approach achieves superior performance by addressing the shortcomings of text-based methods -- it is more robust, handles datasets with less commonality, and is applicable to low-resource languages. We apply these methods to translate words from English to French, Korean, and Japanese -- all without any parallel corpora and simply by watching many videos of people speaking while doing things. 


[CV paper 2/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Xiangyu Zhang (Research Leader, Megvii Technology), Jian Sun (Chief Scientist | Managing Director of Research, Megvii (Face++)).

Learning Delicate Local Representations for Multi-Person Pose Estimation.

Yuanhao Cai, Zhicheng Wang, Zhengxiong Luo, Binyi Yin, Angang Du, Haoqian Wang, Xinyu Zhou, Erjin Zhou, Xiangyu Zhang, Jian Sun

In this paper, we propose a novel method called Residual Steps Network (RSN). RSN aggregates features with the same spatialsize (Intra-level features) efficiently to obtain delicate local representations, which retain rich low-level spatial information and result in pre-cise keypoint localization. In addition, we propose an efficient attention mechanism - Pose Refine Machine (PRM) to further refine the keypointlocations. Our approach won the 1st place of COCO Keypoint Challenge 2019 and achieves state-of-the-art results on both COCO and MPII benchmarks, without using extra training data and pretrained model. Our single model achieves 78.6 on COCO test-dev, 93.0 on MPII test dataset. Ensembled models achieve 79.2 on COCO test-dev, 77.1 on COCO test-challenge dataset. The source code is publicly available for further research at https://github.com/caiyuanhao1998/RSN


 [CV paper 3/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Abhinav Gupta (Associate Professor, Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University), Cordelia Schmid (Research director INRIA ).

Beyond the Camera: Neural Networks in World Coordinates.

Gunnar A. Sigurdsson, Abhinav Gupta, Cordelia Schmid, Karteek Alahari

Eye movement and strategic placement of the visual field onto the retina, gives animals increased resolution of the scene and suppresses distracting information. This fundamental system has been missing from video understanding with deep networks, typically limited to 224 by 224 pixel content locked to the camera frame. We propose a simple idea, WorldFeatures, where each feature at every layer has a spatial transformation, and the feature map is only transformed as needed. We show that a network built with these WorldFeatures, can be used to model eye movements, such as saccades, fixation, and smooth pursuit, even in a batch setting on pre-recorded video. That is, the network can for example use all 224 by 224 pixels to look at a small detail one moment, and the whole scene the next. We show that typical building blocks, such as convolutions and pooling, can be adapted to support WorldFeatures using available tools. Experiments are presented on the Charades, Olympic Sports, and Caltech-UCSD Birds-200-2011 datasets, exploring action recognition, fine-grained recognition, and video stabilization.


 [CV paper 4/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Trevor Darrell (Professor of Computer Science, UC Berkeley).

Rethinking Image Mixture for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning.

Zhiqiang Shen, Zechun Liu, Zhuang Liu, Marios Savvides, Trevor Darrell

In supervised learning, smoothing label/prediction distribution in neural network training has been proven useful in preventing the model from being over-confident, and is crucial for learning more robust visual representations. This observation motivates us to explore the way to make predictions flattened in unsupervised learning. Considering that human annotated labels are not adopted in unsupervised learning, we introduce a straightforward approach to perturb input image space in order to soften the output prediction space indirectly. Despite its conceptual simplicity, we show empirically that with the simple solution -- image mixture, we can learn more robust visual representations from the transformed input, and the benefits of representations learned from this space can be inherited by the linear classification and downstream tasks.


[CV paper 5/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Trevor Darrell (Professor of Computer Science, UC Berkeley).

A New Meta-Baseline for Few-Shot Learning.

Yinbo Chen, Xiaolong Wang, Zhuang Liu, Huijuan Xu, Trevor Darrell

Meta-learning has become a popular framework for few-shot learning in recent years, with the goal of learning a model from collections of few-shot classification tasks. While more and more novel meta-learning models are being proposed, our research has uncovered simple baselines that have been overlooked. We present a Meta-Baseline method, by pre-training a classifier on all base classes and meta-learning on a nearest-centroid based few-shot classification algorithm, it outperforms recent state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. Why does this simple method work so well? In the meta-learning stage, we observe that a model generalizing better on unseen tasks from base classes can have a decreasing performance on tasks from novel classes, indicating a potential objective discrepancy. We find both pre-training and inheriting a good few-shot classification metric from the pre-trained classifier are important for Meta-Baseline, which potentially helps the model better utilize the pre-trained representations with stronger transferability. Furthermore, we investigate when we need meta-learning in this Meta-Baseline. Our work sets up a new solid benchmark for this field and sheds light on further understanding the phenomenons in the meta-learning framework for few-shot learning.


[CV paper 6/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Ross Girshick (Research Scientist, Facebook AI Research (FAIR)), Kaiming He (Research Scientist, Facebook AI Research (FAIR)).

Improved Baselines with Momentum Contrastive Learning.

Xinlei Chen, Haoqi Fan, Ross Girshick, Kaiming He

Contrastive unsupervised learning has recently shown encouraging progress, e.g., in Momentum Contrast (MoCo) and SimCLR. In this note, we verify the effectiveness of two of SimCLR's design improvements by implementing them in the MoCo framework. With simple modifications to MoCo---namely, using an MLP projection head and more data augmentation---we establish stronger baselines that outperform SimCLR and do not require large training batches. We hope this will make state-of-the-art unsupervised learning research more accessible. Code will be made public.


 [CV paper 7/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Wolfram Burgard (Professor of Computer Science, University of Freiburg).

HeatNet: Bridging the Day-Night Domain Gap in Semantic Segmentation with Thermal Images.

Johan Vertens, Jannik Zürn, Wolfram Burgard

The majority of learning-based semantic segmentation methods are optimized for daytime scenarios and favorable lighting conditions. Real-world driving scenarios, however, entail adverse environmental conditions such as nighttime illumination or glare which remain a challenge for existing approaches. In this work, we propose a multimodal semantic segmentation model that can be applied during daytime and nighttime. To this end, besides RGB images, we leverage thermal images, making our network significantly more robust. We avoid the expensive annotation of nighttime images by leveraging an existing daytime RGB-dataset and propose a teacher-student training approach that transfers the dataset's knowledge to the nighttime domain. We further employ a domain adaptation method to align the learned feature spaces across the domains and propose a novel two-stage training scheme. Furthermore, due to a lack of thermal data for autonomous driving, we present a new dataset comprising over 20,000 time-synchronized and aligned RGB-thermal image pairs. In this context, we also present a novel target-less calibration method that allows for automatic robust extrinsic and intrinsic thermal camera calibration. Among others, we employ our new dataset to show state-of-the-art results for nighttime semantic segmentation.


[CV paper 8/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Ming-Ming Cheng (Professor, CS, Nankai University), Shuicheng Yan (Yitu Tech, CTO;  National University of Singapore).

Highly Efficient Salient Object Detection with 100K Parameters.

Shang-Hua Gao, Yong-Qiang Tan, Ming-Ming Cheng, Chengze Lu, Yunpeng Chen, Shuicheng Yan

Salient object detection models often demand a considerable amount of computation cost to make precise prediction for each pixel, making them hardly applicable on low-power devices. In this paper, we aim to relieve the contradiction between computation cost and model performance by improving the network efficiency to a higher degree. We propose a flexible convolutional module, namely generalized OctConv (gOctConv), to efficiently utilize both in-stage and cross-stages multi-scale features, while reducing the representation redundancy by a novel dynamic weight decay scheme. The effective dynamic weight decay scheme stably boosts the sparsity of parameters during training, supports learnable number of channels for each scale in gOctConv, allowing 80% of parameters reduce with negligible performance drop. Utilizing gOctConv, we build an extremely light-weighted model, namely CSNet, which achieves comparable performance with about 0.2% parameters (100k) of large models on popular salient object detection benchmarks.


 [CV paper 9/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Shih-Fu Chang (Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Columbia University), Jiebo Luo (Professor of Computer Science, University of Rochester).

Unifying Specialist Image Embedding into Universal Image Embedding.

Yang Feng, Futang Peng, Xu Zhang, Wei Zhu, Shanfeng Zhang, Howard Zhou, Zhen Li, Tom Duerig, Shih-Fu Chang, Jiebo Luo

Deep image embedding provides a way to measure the semantic similarity of two images. It plays a central role in many applications such as image search, face verification, and zero-shot learning. It is desirable to have a universal deep embedding model applicable to various domains of images. However, existing methods mainly rely on training specialist embedding models each of which is applicable to images from a single domain. In this paper, we study an important but unexplored task: how to train a single universal image embedding model to match the performance of several specialists on each specialist's domain. Simply fusing the training data from multiple domains cannot solve this problem because some domains become overfitted sooner when trained together using existing methods. Therefore, we propose to distill the knowledge in multiple specialists into a universal embedding to solve this problem. In contrast to existing embedding distillation methods that distill the absolute distances between images, we transform the absolute distances between images into a probabilistic distribution and minimize the KL-divergence between the distributions of the specialists and the universal embedding. Using several public datasets, we validate that our proposed method accomplishes the goal of universal image embedding.


[CV paper 10/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Sander Dieleman (Research Scientist, DeepMind), Karen Simonyan (Google DeepMind).

Transformation-based Adversarial Video Prediction on Large-Scale Data.

Pauline Luc, Aidan Clark, Sander Dieleman, Diego de Las Casas, Yotam Doron, Albin Cassirer, Karen Simonyan

Recent breakthroughs in adversarial generative modeling have led to models capable of producing video samples of high quality, even on large and complex datasets of real-world video. In this work, we focus on the task of video prediction, where given a sequence of frames extracted from a video, the goal is to generate a plausible future sequence. We first improve the state of the art by performing a systematic empirical study of discriminator decompositions and proposing an architecture that yields faster convergence and higher performance than previous approaches. We then analyze recurrent units in the generator, and propose a novel recurrent unit which transforms its past hidden state according to predicted motion-like features, and refines it to to handle dis-occlusions, scene changes and other complex behavior. We show that this recurrent unit consistently outperforms previous designs. Our final model leads to a leap in the state-of-the-art performance, obtaining a test set Frechet Video Distance of 25.7, down from 69.2, on the large-scale Kinetics-600 dataset.

ArXiv Weekly: 10 ML Papers You May Want to Read

[ML paper 1/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Michael I. Jordan (Professor of EECS and Professor of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley).

Robustness Guarantees for Mode Estimation with an Application to Bandits.

Aldo Pacchiano, Heinrich Jiang, Michael I. Jordan

Mode estimation is a classical problem in statistics with a wide range of applications in machine learning. Despite this, there is little understanding in its robustness properties under possibly adversarial data contamination. In this paper, we give precise robustness guarantees as well as privacy guarantees under simple randomization. We then introduce a theory for multi-armed bandits where the values are the modes of the reward distributions instead of the mean. We prove regret guarantees for the problems of top arm identification, top m-arms identification, contextual modal bandits, and infinite continuous arms top arm recovery. We show in simulations that our algorithms are robust to perturbation of the arms by adversarial noise sequences, thus rendering modal bandits an attractive choice in situations where the rewards may have outliers or adversarial corruptions.


[ML paper 2/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Wolfram Burgard (Professor of Computer Science, University of Freiburg).

Efficiency and Equity are Both Essential: A Generalized Traffic Signal Controller with Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Shengchao Yan, Jingwei Zhang, Daniel Buescher, Wolfram Burgard

Traffic signal controllers play an essential role in the traffic system, while the current majority of them are not sufficiently flexible or adaptive to make optimal traffic schedules. In this paper we present an approach to learn policies for the signal controllers using deep reinforcement learning. Our method uses a novel formulation of the reward function that simultaneously considers efficiency and equity. We furthermore present a general approach to find the bound for the proposed equity factor. Moreover, we introduce the adaptive discounting approach that greatly stabilizes learning, which helps to keep high flexibility of green light duration. The experimental evaluations on both simulated and real-world data demonstrate that our proposed algorithm achieves state-of-the-art performance (previously held by traditional non-learning methods) on a wide range of traffic situations. A video of our experimental results can be found at: https://youtu.be/3rc5-ac3XX0


[ML paper 3/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Klaus-Robert Mueller (Professor for Machine Learning, TU Berlin, Germany and Korea University, Seoul, Korea …).

Towards CRISP-ML(Q): A Machine Learning Process Model with Quality Assurance Methodology.

Stefan Studer, Thanh Binh Bui, Christian Drescher, Alexander Hanuschkin, Ludwig Winkler, Steven Peters, Klaus-Robert Mueller

We propose a process model for the development of machine learning applications. It guides machine learning practitioners and project organizations from industry and academia with a checklist of tasks that spans the complete project life-cycle, ranging from the very first idea to the continuous maintenance of any machine learning application. With each task, we propose quality assurance methodology that is drawn from practical experience and scientific literature and that has proven to be general and stable enough to include them in best practices. We expand on CRISP-DM, a data mining process model that enjoys strong industry support but lacks to address machine learning specific tasks.


[ML paper 4/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Klaus-Robert Müller (Professor for Machine Learning, TU Berlin, Germany and Korea University, Seoul, Korea …).

Building and Interpreting Deep Similarity Models.

Oliver Eberle, Jochen Büttner, Florian Kräutli, Klaus-Robert Müller, Matteo Valleriani, Grégoire Montavon

Many learning algorithms such as kernel machines, nearest neighbors, clustering, or anomaly detection, are based on the concept of 'distance' or 'similarity'. Before similarities are used for training an actual machine learning model, we would like to verify that they are bound to meaningful patterns in the data. In this paper, we propose to make similarities interpretable by augmenting them with an explanation in terms of input features. We develop BiLRP, a scalable and theoretically founded method to systematically decompose similarity scores on pairs of input features. Our method can be expressed as a composition of LRP explanations, which were shown in previous works to scale to highly nonlinear functions. Through an extensive set of experiments, we demonstrate that BiLRP robustly explains complex similarity models, e.g. built on VGG-16 deep neural network features. Additionally, we apply our method to an open problem in digital humanities: detailed assessment of similarity between historical documents such as astronomical tables. Here again, BiLRP provides insight and brings verifiability into a highly engineered and problem-specific similarity model.


[ML paper 5/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Oriol Vinyals (Research Scientist at Google DeepMind).

The MineRL Competition on Sample-Efficient Reinforcement Learning Using Human Priors: A Retrospective.

Stephanie Milani, Nicholay Topin, Brandon Houghton, William H. Guss, Sharada P. Mohanty, Oriol Vinyals, Noboru Sean Kuno,  (2) OpenA,  (3) AIcrow,  (4) DeepMin,  (5) Microsoft Research

To facilitate research in the direction of sample-efficient reinforcement learning, we held the MineRL Competition on Sample-Efficient Reinforcement Learning Using Human Priors at the Thirty-fourth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2019). The primary goal of this competition was to promote the development of algorithms that use human demonstrations alongside reinforcement learning to reduce the number of samples needed to solve complex, hierarchical, and sparse environments. We describe the competition and provide an overview of the top solutions, each of which uses deep reinforcement learning and/or imitation learning. We also discuss the impact of our organizational decisions on the competition as well as future directions for improvement.


[ML paper 6/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Liang Chen (Professor of Computer Science, University of Northern British Columbia).

A Survey of Adversarial Learning on Graphs.

Liang Chen, Jintang Li, Jiaying Peng, Tao Xie, Zengxu Cao, Kun Xu, Xiangnan He, Zibin Zheng

Deep learning models on graphs have achieved remarkable performance in various graph analysis tasks, e.g., node classification, link prediction and graph clustering. However, they expose uncertainty and unreliability against the well-designed inputs, i.e., adversarial examples. Accordingly, various studies have emerged for both attack and defense addressed in different graph analysis tasks, leading to the arms race in graph adversarial learning. For instance, the attacker has poisoning and evasion attack, and the defense group correspondingly has preprocessing- and adversarial- based methods. Despite the booming works, there still lacks a unified problem definition and a comprehensive review. To bridge this gap, we investigate and summarize the existing works on graph adversarial learning tasks systemically. Specifically, we survey and unify the existing works w.r.t. attack and defense in graph analysis tasks, and give proper definitions and taxonomies at the same time. Besides, we emphasize the importance of related evaluation metrics, and investigate and summarize them comprehensively. Hopefully, our works can serve as a reference for the relevant researchers, thus providing assistance for their studies. More details of our works are available at https://github.com/gitgiter/Graph-Adversarial-Learning.


[ML paper 7/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Thomas Wiegand (Professor, TU Berlin and Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin, Germany).

Trends and Advancements in Deep Neural Network Communication.

Felix Sattler, Thomas Wiegand, Wojciech Samek

Due to their great performance and scalability properties neural networks have become ubiquitous building blocks of many applications. With the rise of mobile and IoT, these models now are also being increasingly applied in distributed settings, where the owners of the data are separated by limited communication channels and privacy constraints. To address the challenges of these distributed environments, a wide range of training and evaluation schemes have been developed, which require the communication of neural network parametrizations. These novel approaches, which bring the "intelligence to the data" have many advantages over traditional cloud solutions such as privacy-preservation, increased security and device autonomy, communication efficiency and high training speed. This paper gives an overview over the recent advancements and challenges in this new field of research at the intersection of machine learning and communications.


[ML paper 8/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Huan Liu (Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, Arizona State University).

Causal Interpretability for Machine Learning -- Problems, Methods and Evaluation.

Raha Moraffah, Mansooreh Karami, Ruocheng Guo, Adrienne Ragliny, Huan Liu

Machine learning models have had discernible achievements in a myriad of applications. However, most of these models are black-boxes, and it is obscure how the decisions are made by them. This makes the models unreliable and untrustworthy. To provide insights into the decision making processes of these models, a variety of traditional interpretable models have been proposed. Moreover, to generate more human-friendly explanations, recent work on interpretability tries to answer questions related to causality such as \Why does this model makes such decisions?" or \Was it a specific feature that caused the decision made by the model?". In this work, models that aim to answer causal questions are referred to as causal interpretable models. The existing surveys have covered concepts and methodologies of traditional interpretability. In this work, we present a comprehensive survey on causal interpretable models from the aspects of the problems and methods. In addition, this survey provides in-depth insights into the existing evaluation metrics for measuring interpretability, which can help practitioners understand for what scenarios each evaluation metric is suitable.


[ML paper 9/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Noga Alon (Princeton University and Tel Aviv University).

Closure Properties for Private Classification and Online Prediction.

Noga Alon, Amos Beimel, Shay Moran, Uri Stemmer

Let H be a class of boolean functions and consider acomposed class H' that is derived from H using some arbitrary aggregation rule (for example, H' may be the class of all 3-wise majority votes of functions in H). We upper bound the Littlestone dimension of H' in terms of that of H. The bounds are proved using combinatorial arguments that exploit a connection between the Littlestone dimension and Thresholds. As a corollary, we derive closure properties for online learning and private PAC learning.

The derived bounds on the Littlestone dimension exhibit an undesirable super-exponential dependence. For private learning, we prove close to optimal bounds that circumvents this suboptimal dependency. The improved bounds on the sample complexity of private learning are derived algorithmically via transforming a private learner for the original class H to a private learner for the composed class H'. Using the same ideas we show that any (proper or improper) private algorithm that learns a class of functions H in the realizable case (i.e., when the examples are labeled by some function in the class) can be transformed to a private algorithm that learns the class H in the agnostic case.


[ML paper 10/10]

Why you may want to read this: Newest paper from Yan Zhang (University of  South Carolina).

Transfer Reinforcement Learning under Unobserved Contextual Information.

Yan Zhang, Michael M. Zavlanos

In this paper, we study a transfer reinforcement learning problem where the state transitions and rewards are affected by the environmental context. Specifically, we consider a demonstrator agent that has access to a context-aware policy and can generate transition and reward data based on that policy. These data constitute the experience of the demonstrator. Then, the goal is to transfer this experience, excluding the underlying contextual information, to a learner agent that does not have access to the environmental context, so that they can learn a control policy using fewer samples. It is well known that, disregarding the causal effect of the contextual information, can introduce bias in the transition and reward models estimated by the learner, resulting in a learned suboptimal policy. To address this challenge, in this paper, we develop a method to obtain causal bounds on the transition and reward functions using the demonstrator's data, which we then use to obtain causal bounds on the value functions. Using these value function bounds, we propose new Q learning and UCB-Q learning algorithms that converge to the true value function without bias. We provide numerical experiments for robot motion planning problems that validate the proposed value function bounds and demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can effectively make use of the data from the demonstrator to accelerate the learning process of the learner.

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