一、int的範圍
2.7：
32位：-2^31~2^31-1 64位：-2^63~2^63-1
3.5:
在3.5中init長度理論上是無限的
二、python記憶體機制
在一般情況下當變數被賦值後，記憶體和變數的關係如下：
#方式一
n1 = 123
n2 = 123
#方式二
n1 = 123
n2 = n1
python內的優化機制（不論是2.7還是3.5都有）：
在-5~257之間的數，如果使用第一種賦值方式，那麼他們依然屬於同一塊記憶體
print(id(n1)) #檢視變數的記憶體地址二、進位制轉換
bin() #把變數轉換為2進位制
oct() #把變數轉換為8進位制
int() #把變數轉換為10進位制
hex() #把變數轉換為16進位制三、原始碼
class int(object):
"""
int(x=0) -> integer
int(x, base=10) -> integer
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
numbers, this truncates towards zero.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
"""
def bit_length(self): ; restored from __doc__
"""
int.bit_length() -> int
Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()
6
"""
return 0
def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
pass
@classmethod # known case
def from_bytes(cls, bytes, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): ; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
"""
int.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> int
Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.
The bytes argument must be a bytes-like object (e.g. bytes or bytearray).
The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
integer. If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is 'little', the most
significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native
byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.
The signed keyword-only argument indicates whether two's complement is
used to represent the integer.
"""
pass
def to_bytes(self, length, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): ; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
"""
int.to_bytes(length, byteorder, *, signed=False) -> bytes
Return an array of bytes representing an integer.
The integer is represented using length bytes. An OverflowError is
raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of
bytes.
The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the
integer. If byteorder is 'big', the most significant byte is at the
beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is 'little', the most
significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native
byte order of the host system, use `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.
The signed keyword-only argument determines whether two's complement is
used to represent the integer. If signed is False and a negative integer
is given, an OverflowError is raised.
"""
pass
def __abs__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" abs(self) """
pass
def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self+value. """
pass
def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self&value. """
pass
def __bool__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" self != 0 """
pass
def __ceil__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Ceiling of an Integral returns itself. """
pass
def __divmod__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return divmod(self, value). """
pass
def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self==value. """
pass
def __float__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" float(self) """
pass
def __floordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self//value. """
pass
def __floor__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Flooring an Integral returns itself. """
pass
def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return getattr(self, name). """
pass
def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self>=value. """
pass
def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self>value. """
pass
def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return hash(self). """
pass
def __index__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list. """
pass
def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
"""
int(x=0) -> integer
int(x, base=10) -> integer
Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
numbers, this truncates towards zero.
If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __int__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" int(self) """
pass
def __invert__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" ~self """
pass
def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self<=value. """
pass
def __lshift__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self<<value. """
pass
def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self<value. """
pass
def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self%value. """
pass
def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self*value. """
pass
def __neg__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" -self """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs):
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self!=value. """
pass
def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self|value. """
pass
def __pos__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" +self """
pass
def __pow__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return pow(self, value, mod). """
pass
def __radd__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value+self. """
pass
def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value&self. """
pass
def __rdivmod__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return divmod(value, self). """
pass
def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return repr(self). """
pass
def __rfloordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value//self. """
pass
def __rlshift__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value<<self. """
pass
def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value%self. """
pass
def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value*self. """
pass
def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value|self. """
pass
def __round__(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Rounding an Integral returns itself.
Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
"""
pass
def __rpow__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return pow(value, self, mod). """
pass
def __rrshift__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value>>self. """
pass
def __rshift__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self>>value. """
pass
def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value-self. """
pass
def __rtruediv__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value/self. """
pass
def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return value^self. """
pass
def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Returns size in memory, in bytes """
pass
def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return str(self). """
pass
def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self-value. """
pass
def __truediv__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self/value. """
pass
def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
pass
def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Return self^value. """
pass
denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the imaginary part of a complex number"""
numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""the real part of a complex number"""