django 分頁器 中介軟體

weixin_34389926發表於2017-11-03

django-進階

Django的分頁器(paginator)

views

from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse

# Create your views here.
from app01.models import *
from django.core.paginator import Paginator, EmptyPage, PageNotAnInteger

def index(request):

    '''
    批量匯入資料:

    Booklist=[]
    for i in range(100):
        Booklist.append(Book(title="book"+str(i),price=30+i*i))
    Book.objects.bulk_create(Booklist)
    '''

    '''
分頁器的使用:

    book_list=Book.objects.all()

    paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10)

    print("count:",paginator.count)           #資料總數
    print("num_pages",paginator.num_pages)    #總頁數
    print("page_range",paginator.page_range)  #頁碼的列表



    page1=paginator.page(1) #第1頁的page物件
    for i in page1:         #遍歷第1頁的所有資料物件
        print(i)

    print(page1.object_list) #第1頁的所有資料


    page2=paginator.page(2)

    print(page2.has_next())            #是否有下一頁
    print(page2.next_page_number())    #下一頁的頁碼
    print(page2.has_previous())        #是否有上一頁
    print(page2.previous_page_number()) #上一頁的頁碼



    # 拋錯
    #page=paginator.page(12)   # error:EmptyPage

    #page=paginator.page("z")   # error:PageNotAnInteger

    '''


    book_list=Book.objects.all()

    paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10)
    page = request.GET.get('page',1)
    currentPage=int(page)


    try:
        print(page)
        book_list = paginator.page(page)
    except PageNotAnInteger:
        book_list = paginator.page(1)
    except EmptyPage:
        book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages)


    return render(request,"index.html",{"book_list":book_list,"paginator":paginator,"currentPage":currentPage})

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" 
    integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>

<div class="container">

    <h4>分頁器</h4>
    <ul>

        {% for book in book_list %}
             <li>{{ book.title }} -----{{ book.price }}</li>
        {% endfor %}

     </ul>


    <ul class="pagination" id="pager">

                 {% if book_list.has_previous %}
                    <li class="previous"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.previous_page_number }}">上一頁</a></li>
                 {% else %}
                    <li class="previous disabled"><a href="#">上一頁</a></li>
                 {% endif %}


                 {% for num in paginator.page_range %}

                     {% if num == currentPage %}
                       <li class="item active"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li>
                     {% else %}
                       <li class="item"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li>

                     {% endif %}
                 {% endfor %}



                 {% if book_list.has_next %}
                    <li class="next"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.next_page_number }}">下一頁</a></li>
                 {% else %}
                    <li class="next disabled"><a href="#">下一頁</a></li>
                 {% endif %}

            </ul>
</div>



</body>
</html>

擴充套件

def index(request):
    book_list=Book.objects.all()
    paginator = Paginator(book_list, 15)
    page = request.GET.get('page',1)
    currentPage=int(page)

    #  如果頁數十分多時,換另外一種顯示方式
    if paginator.num_pages>30:
        if currentPage-5<1:
            pageRange=range(1,11)
        elif currentPage+5>paginator.num_pages:
            pageRange=range(currentPage-5,paginator.num_pages+1)
        else:
            pageRange=range(currentPage-5,currentPage+5)
    else:
        pageRange=paginator.page_range

    try:
        print(page)
        book_list = paginator.page(page)
    except PageNotAnInteger:
        book_list = paginator.page(1)
    except EmptyPage:
        book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages)
    return render(request,"index.html",locals())

中介軟體

3027050-c772934148318c41.png
img

中介軟體的概念

中介軟體顧名思義,是介於request與response處理之間的一道處理過程,相對比較輕量級,並且在全域性上改變django的輸入與輸出。因為改變的是全域性,所以需要謹慎實用,用不好會影響到效能。

Django的中介軟體的定義:

Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django’s request/response processing. 
It’s a light, low-level “plugin” system for globally altering Django’s input or output.

如果你想修改請求,例如被傳送到view中的HttpRequest物件。 或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse物件,這些都可以通過中介軟體來實現。

可能你還想在view執行之前做一些操作,這種情況就可以用 middleware來實現。

大家可能頻繁在view使用request.user吧。 Django想在每個view執行之前把user設定為request的屬性,於是就用了一箇中介軟體來實現這個目標。所以Django提供了可以修改request 物件的中介軟體 AuthenticationMiddleware

Django預設的Middleware

每一箇中介軟體都有具體的功能。

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

自定義中介軟體

中介軟體中一共有四個方法:

process_request

process_view

process_exception

process_response

process_request,process_response

當使用者發起請求的時候會依次經過所有的的中介軟體,這個時候的請求時process_request,最後到達views的函式中,views函式處理後,在依次穿過中介軟體,這個時候是process_response,最後返回給請求者。

3027050-b88d11c166e8012c.png
img

上述截圖中的中介軟體都是django中的,我們也可以自己定義一箇中介軟體,我們可以自己寫一個類,但是必須繼承MiddlewareMixin

需要匯入

from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
3027050-2b58583a4e901116.png
img

in views:

def index(request):

    print("view函式...")
    return HttpResponse("OK")

in Mymiddlewares.py:

from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse

class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1請求")
 
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md2請求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md2中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md2返回")
        return response

結果:

Md1請求
Md2請求
view函式...
Md2返回
Md1返回

注意:如果當請求到達請求2的時候直接不符合條件返回,即return HttpResponse("Md2中斷"),程式將把請求直接發給中介軟體2返回,然後依次返回到請求者,結果如下:

返回Md2中斷的頁面,後臺列印如下:

Md1請求
Md2請求
Md2返回
Md1返回

流程圖如下:

3027050-d2252f8df715d06b.png
img

process_view

process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)

Mymiddlewares.py修改如下

from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse

class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1請求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md1中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        print("Md1view")

class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md2請求")
        return HttpResponse("Md2中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md2返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        print("Md2view")

結果如下:

Md1請求
Md2請求
Md1view
Md2view
view函式...
Md2返回
Md1返回

下圖進行分析上面的過程:

3027050-f01f7583fab1dde5.png
img

當最後一箇中間的process_request到達路由關係對映之後,返回到中介軟體1的process_view,然後依次往下,到達views函式,最後通過process_response依次返回到達使用者。

process_view可以用來呼叫檢視函式:

class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1請求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md1中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):

        # return HttpResponse("hello")

        response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs)
        return response

結果如下:

Md1請求
Md2請求
view函式...
Md2返回
Md1返回

注意:process_view如果有返回值,會越過其他的process_view以及檢視函式,但是所有的process_response都還會執行。

process_exception

process_exception(self, request, exception)

示例修改如下:

class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1請求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md1中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):

        # return HttpResponse("hello")

        # response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs)
        # return response
        print("md1 process_view...")

    def process_exception(self):
        print("md1 process_exception...")



class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md2請求")
        # return HttpResponse("Md2中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md2返回")
        return response
    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        print("md2 process_view...")

    def process_exception(self):
        print("md1 process_exception...")

結果如下:

Md1請求
Md2請求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函式...

Md2返回
Md1返回

流程圖如下:

當views出現錯誤時:

3027050-fe780a4362ca3ee0.png
img

將md2的process_exception修改如下:

  def process_exception(self,request,exception):

        print("md2 process_exception...")
        return HttpResponse("error")

結果如下:

Md1請求
Md2請求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函式...
md2 process_exception...
Md2返回
Md1返回

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