英語語法基礎

lhyvsxman發表於2009-03-18

如一定要同時用兩個動詞,後者的前面必須加“to”或者將後者加入“ing”

我愛游泳,因此有兩種正確的譯法:

I love to swim.

I love swimming.

在不定詞“to”的後面,必須用原形動詞

例如to goto drinkto have,都是正確的,*to went;*to drank;*to loved等等都是錯的。

有一個非常特殊的助動詞,那就是have,在這個助動詞的後面,動詞絕對不能用原形動詞,以下是用這個助動詞的例子:

I have been to England.

I have slept all day.

I have studied English since I was a child.

如果我們說

I am watching a movie.

那是指我現在正在看電影,這和

I watch movies.

意義上截然不同的,I watch movies是說我有看電影的習慣。

過去進行式和現在進行式有點類似,只是verb to be要用過去式的。可是有一點不同,過去進行式,很少單獨用的,而常和另一句子一齊用。舉例來說以下的中文句子:

我昨天去看你的時候,你正在打籃球,如譯成中文,就是

You were playing basketball when I went to see you yesterday.

以下是典型的過去進行式用法

I was taking a bath when you called.

1. 首先假設我們有一件事,發生在過去,而一直延續到現在,就要用現在完成式,這種句子後面常有sincefor。以下是這種情形的例子:

1)自從1963年,我一直在唸英文。
I have known him for a long time.

7)他練習網球已經四年了。

2.使用現在完成式的另一情況是強調已經完成的事,比方說,你說〝我已經寫了那封信〞,就可以用現在完成式,或者,你說〝他已經完成了工作〞。以下是這類的例子:

1)我已經寫了這封信。
I have already written the letter.

2)他已經完成了工作。
He has already completed the work.

3.現在完成式用來表示一種經驗,舉例來說,〝我曾經到過美國〞、〝我曾見過李總統〞、〝我有生以來沒有跳過舞〞,這些都應該用現在完成式,例如:

1 我曾經到過美國。
I have been to America.

2 我曾見過李總統。
I have seen President Lee.

3 我有生以來沒有跳過舞。
I have never danced in my life.

對讀者而言,最重要的是〝現在完成式〞和〝過去式〞不同究竟在那裡?最重要的不同在於,一旦在句子中講一件過去發生的事,而且指定特定的時間,就一定要用〝過去式〞,而不能用〝現在完成式〞。比方說,〝我曾經看過「鐵達尼號」〞,可以用現在完成式,因為這句話沒有指明任何特定的時間,假如說,〝我昨天晚上去看「鐵達尼號」〞,就一定用過去式,讀者不妨看看以下的比較:

aI went to America last year.
I have been to America.

bI saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.

現在完成式常和sinceforalreadyneverever等字一起使用

Never ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字,一般說來, never 有否定的意思,ever則只有在問句中才會出現。

在上一節,我們知道,如果有一個行動,從過去發生後,就一直延續到現在,我們可以用現在完成式。舉例來說,以下的例子都應該用現在完成式:

1 自從1974年,我就在學校學英文。
Since 1974, I have studied English at school.

2 自從我大學畢業以後,我就在這裡工作。
Since I graduated from college, I have worked here.

以第一句話為例,假如我們要強調我一直在練習游泳,而且沒有間斷,我們可以用現在完成進行式(present perfect progressive tense)。所謂現在完成進行式,形式如下:

verb to have + been + present participle

verb to have 是為了完成式,been present participle 都是為了進行式。

過去完成式是不能單獨用的。我們用的時候,必須有另一個事件。也就是說,假如我們有兩件事 A B,兩件事都發生在過去,但 A 發生在 B 以前,A 應該用過去完成式,B 則用過去式。以下是幾個例子:

1 他到臺灣以前,曾學過中文。
He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.

2 他念大學以前,曾前工作過。
He had worked before he decided to go to college.

如果我們要強調較早發生事件的連續性,我們可以用過去完成進行式。佔去完成進行式和現在進行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。以下是一些過去完成進行式的例子:

1. I had been watching TV before you called me.

2. I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college.

如果我們在句子中,有需要提到未來的事情,就可以使用未來式,舉例來說,以下的句子都用未來式。

I will go to America tomorrow.

He will dance tonight.

Peter will finish his work next month.

如果不用〝will〞,我們可以用〝verb to be +going to+ verb〞,如果我們如此做,以上的三個句子就變成了以下的句子

I am going to go to America tomorrow.

He is going to dance tonight.

Peter is going to finish his work next month.

有一個規則必須注意,就是will是一個助動詞,現在式第三人稱單數的主詞,仍不用在will後面加s

不僅如此,will後面的動詞必須用成原式,如果用verb to be +going to+ verb這裡面的verb也必須用原式。

因為這裡面的toinfinitiveinfinitive裡面永遠要用原型動詞。

未來式可以和進行式合起來用,以下是未來進行式的例子

I will be watching TV tomorrow at eight.

He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital.

未來式可以和完成式合在一起用,而成為未來完成式,這種句子都是在於強調未來要完成的事。舉例來說,我明天六點以前,我會完成這工作了,就可以用未來完成式:

I will have finished this work by six o’clock tomorrow.

以下是一些未來完成式的例子

By the time he arrives at the station, the train will have left.

要達成否定的意思,有時我們也可以用nonever這些字,no必須跟一個名詞,請看下面的例子:

1.I saw no students here.

以上這些例子也可以用not來表示否定的意思,如果用not,則以上的句子應該照下面的方式寫;

1.I did not see any student here.

除以上not之外,never也可以表達否定的意思,以下都是never的例子,請注意never常用在完成式的句子裡:

I have never gone there.

在這以前,我們的句子都是主動語氣,這種句子的基本形式如下:

主詞+動詞+受詞

所謂的被動語氣,乃是將原來的受詞變成主詞。舉例來說,主動語氣中,我們說〝我看到一些狗〞,在被動語氣中,我們說〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中,將主動語氣改成被動語氣,必須做以下的動作:

1 原有受詞變成名詞

2 動詞變成verb to be+過去分詞(past participle

3 原有主詞變成在動詞後面,但前面加by

舉例來說,主動語氣的句子可以是

I saw a cat.被動語氣就成了
A cat was seen by me.

最重要的是,verb to be的時式必須和原句子的相同,以上的例子中,動詞是過去式,所以verb to be也是過去式。除此以外,verb to be也要配合新的主詞。請看以下的例子:

I saw two cats.

改成被動語氣以後,句子是:

Two cats were seen by me.

在上一節,我們所有的例子都只是肯定句子,句子中沒有助動詞,可是有些肯定句子還是有助動詞的,以下是一些例子:

主動語氣

被動語氣

現在進形式

I am writing this letter.

The letter is being written by me.

現在完程式

I have written the letter.

The letter has been written by me.

過去進形式

I was writing the letter when you came.

The letter was being written by me when you came.

過去完程式

I had written the letter before you came.

The letter had been written by me before you came.

未來式

I will write the letter.

The letter will be written by me.

未來完成式

I will have written this letter.

This letter will have been written by me.

未來式

I am going to see you.

You are going to be seen by me.

以下是更多的例子:

主動語氣

被動語氣

I have seen him.

He has been seen by me.

He is going to help you.

You are going to be helped by him.

He will teach English.

English will be taught by him.

He has helped me all my life.

I have been helped by him all my life.

He had called me before you came.

I had been called by him before you came.

He was calling his mother when we went there.

His mother was being called by him when we went there.

助動詞不一定和時式有關,canshouldhas to等等都是助動詞,這些助動詞在改成被動語氣的時後,都應維持原狀,只需加入verb to be和過去分詞即可。以下是一些例子:

主動語氣

被動語氣

I can play the piano.

The piano can be played by me.

I may use this room.

This room may be used by me.

He must give the book to me.

The book must be given to me by him.

You should help him.

He should be helped by you.

You have to write this letter.

This letter has to be written by you.

He ought to write this report.

This report ought to be written by him.

將一個否定句子或一個問句改成被動語氣,其步驟如下:

1 將此句子改成肯定句子

2 將此肯定句子改成被動語氣

3 將此被動語氣的句子改成否定句子

現在舉一個否定的例子:

I did not take this picture.

對應的肯定句子是:

I took this picture.

改成被動語氣:

This picture was taken by me.

再改成否定句子:

This picture was not taken by me.

將問句改成被動語氣,步驟類似上一節的步驟,我們先將問句變成肯定句子,然後將這個定句子變成被動語氣,最後在將這個被動語氣的句子變回,成為問句。

例如:

Do young kids enjoy classical music?

先改成肯定句子

Young kids enjoy classical music.

再改成被動語氣

Music is enjoyed by young kids.

最後改成問句

Is music enjoyed by young kids?

所謂動名詞,乃是將一個動詞,字尾加上ing,一夜之間,這個動詞就可以當作名詞用了。請看以下的例子:

I like singing.

Playing basketball is good for you.

不定詞=to+動詞的原式。例如to go, to love, to eat等等,都是不定詞,不定詞和動名詞的用法相似,以下全是用不定詞用作名詞的例子:

To love is to forgive.

To forgive your enemies will make you happy.

I like to eat chicken.

也許讀者發現了不定詞和動名詞不同的地方:不定詞不能用在介係詞的後面,以下的句子都是錯的:

I am interested in to play piano.

He is worried about to go abroad.

1.不定詞可以用作主詞:如

To play tennis is great fun.

To play safe in the stock market is necessary.

2.不家詞可以用成很多動詞的受詞:

I like to swim.

He loves to listen to jokes.

3.不定詞可以跟在代名詞的後面,形式如下:

動詞(verb)+代名詞(pronoun)+不定詞(infinitive

例如:

I told him to work hard.

I asked my brother to come back home.

4.不定詞常用在上述句子的被動語氣中,例如:

He was told to work hard.

My brother was asked to come back home.

讀者一定會問,是不是動名詞可以和不定詞互調,答案是否定的,有些動詞後面可以跟動名詞和不定詞,但也有些動詞,後面只能跟動名詞,有些動詞後面只能跟不定詞。

有些動詞後面可以跟動名詞或不定詞:love, like, hate, start, begin,以下的動詞,後面只能跟動名詞:

Enjoy

I enjoy eating good food.

Appreciate

I appreciate your being kind to others.

Avoid

You should avoid making mistakes.

keep on

Keep on working hard.

keep

Keep singing.

consider

He considered leaving home.

finish

He finished writing this book.

suggest

May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee?

discuss

We discussed traveling to New Zealand.

以下的動詞正好相反,只能跟不定詞

agree

I agree to sign this letter.

plan

He plans to go away.

want

They want to rent a car.

decide

He decided to work hard.

seem

He seems to be very happy.

appear

He appears to be very sad.

一個字非常特殊,必須討論一下,那就是stop

stop smoking 指不再抽菸了

stop to smoke 指停下來,開始抽菸

將動詞改成名詞的時候,也可以有被動語氣和否定語氣,以下是一些例子:

Everyone likes to be loved.

This cup needs to be washed.

Being trusted is important.

I told him not to leave this house.

He asked me not to cry.

I was told not to fall asleep in class.

To be given a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy.

Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.

我們中文裡,一個字有時是動詞,有時卻又可以用作形容詞,最著名的例子是〝微笑老蕭〞(蕭萬長院長的外號)〝微笑〞應該是動詞,

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