英語語法基礎
如一定要同時用兩個動詞,後者的前面必須加“to”或者將後者加入“ing”。
“我愛游泳”,因此有兩種正確的譯法:
I love to swim.
I love swimming.
在不定詞“to”的後面,必須用原形動詞
例如to go、to drink、to have,都是正確的,*to went;*to drank;*to loved等等都是錯的。
有一個非常特殊的助動詞,那就是have,在這個助動詞的後面,動詞絕對不能用原形動詞,以下是用這個助動詞的例子:
I have been to England.
I have slept all day.
I have studied English since I was a child.
如果我們說
I am watching a movie.
那是指我現在正在看電影,這和
I watch movies.
意義上截然不同的,I watch movies是說我有看電影的習慣。
過去進行式和現在進行式有點類似,只是verb to be要用過去式的。可是有一點不同,過去進行式,很少單獨用的,而常和另一句子一齊用。舉例來說以下的中文句子:
我昨天去看你的時候,你正在打籃球,如譯成中文,就是
You were playing basketball when I went to see you yesterday.
以下是典型的過去進行式用法
I was taking a bath when you called.
1. 首先假設我們有一件事,發生在過去,而一直延續到現在,就要用現在完成式,這種句子後面常有since或for。以下是這種情形的例子:
(1)自從1963年,我一直在唸英文。
I have known him for a long time.
(7)他練習網球已經四年了。
2.使用現在完成式的另一情況是強調已經完成的事,比方說,你說〝我已經寫了那封信〞,就可以用現在完成式,或者,你說〝他已經完成了工作〞。以下是這類的例子:
(1)我已經寫了這封信。
I have already written the letter.
(2)他已經完成了工作。
He has already completed the work.
3.現在完成式用來表示一種經驗,舉例來說,〝我曾經到過美國〞、〝我曾見過李總統〞、〝我有生以來沒有跳過舞〞,這些都應該用現在完成式,例如:
(1) 我曾經到過美國。
I have been to America.
(2) 我曾見過李總統。
I have seen President Lee.
(3) 我有生以來沒有跳過舞。
I have never danced in my life.
對讀者而言,最重要的是〝現在完成式〞和〝過去式〞不同究竟在那裡?最重要的不同在於,一旦在句子中講一件過去發生的事,而且指定特定的時間,就一定要用〝過去式〞,而不能用〝現在完成式〞。比方說,〝我曾經看過「鐵達尼號」〞,可以用現在完成式,因為這句話沒有指明任何特定的時間,假如說,〝我昨天晚上去看「鐵達尼號」〞,就一定用過去式,讀者不妨看看以下的比較:
(a)I went to America last year.
I have been to America.
(b)I saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.
現在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用
Never 和 ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字,一般說來, never 有否定的意思,ever則只有在問句中才會出現。
在上一節,我們知道,如果有一個行動,從過去發生後,就一直延續到現在,我們可以用現在完成式。舉例來說,以下的例子都應該用現在完成式:
(1) 自從1974年,我就在學校學英文。
Since 1974, I have studied English at school.
(2) 自從我大學畢業以後,我就在這裡工作。
Since I graduated from college, I have worked here.
以第一句話為例,假如我們要強調我一直在練習游泳,而且沒有間斷,我們可以用現在完成進行式(present perfect progressive tense)。所謂現在完成進行式,形式如下:
verb to have + been + present participle
verb to have 是為了完成式,been 和 present participle 都是為了進行式。
過去完成式是不能單獨用的。我們用的時候,必須有另一個事件。也就是說,假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B,兩件事都發生在過去,但 A 發生在 B 以前,A 應該用過去完成式,B 則用過去式。以下是幾個例子:
(1) 他到臺灣以前,曾學過中文。
He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
(2) 他念大學以前,曾前工作過。
He had worked before he decided to go to college.
如果我們要強調較早發生事件的連續性,我們可以用過去完成進行式。佔去完成進行式和現在進行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。以下是一些過去完成進行式的例子:
1. I had been watching TV before you called me.
2. I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college.
如果我們在句子中,有需要提到未來的事情,就可以使用未來式,舉例來說,以下的句子都用未來式。
I will go to America tomorrow.
He will dance tonight.
Peter will finish his work next month.
如果不用〝will〞,我們可以用〝verb to be +going to+ verb〞,如果我們如此做,以上的三個句子就變成了以下的句子
I am going to go to America tomorrow.
He is going to dance tonight.
Peter is going to finish his work next month.
有一個規則必須注意,就是will是一個助動詞,現在式第三人稱單數的主詞,仍不用在will後面加s。
不僅如此,will後面的動詞必須用成原式,如果用verb to be +going to+ verb這裡面的verb也必須用原式。
因為這裡面的to式infinitive,infinitive裡面永遠要用原型動詞。
未來式可以和進行式合起來用,以下是未來進行式的例子
I will be watching TV tomorrow at eight.
He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital.
未來式可以和完成式合在一起用,而成為未來完成式,這種句子都是在於強調未來要完成的事。舉例來說,”我明天六點以前,我會完成這工作了”,就可以用未來完成式:
I will have finished this work by six o’clock tomorrow.
以下是一些未來完成式的例子
By the time he arrives at the station, the train will have left.
要達成否定的意思,有時我們也可以用no和never這些字,no必須跟一個名詞,請看下面的例子:
1.I saw no students here.
以上這些例子也可以用not來表示否定的意思,如果用not,則以上的句子應該照下面的方式寫;
1.I did not see any student here.
除以上not之外,never也可以表達否定的意思,以下都是never的例子,請注意never常用在完成式的句子裡:
I have never gone there.
在這以前,我們的句子都是主動語氣,這種句子的基本形式如下:
主詞+動詞+受詞
所謂的被動語氣,乃是將原來的受詞變成主詞。舉例來說,主動語氣中,我們說〝我看到一些狗〞,在被動語氣中,我們說〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中,將主動語氣改成被動語氣,必須做以下的動作:
(1) 原有受詞變成名詞
(2) 動詞變成verb to be+過去分詞(past participle)
(3) 原有主詞變成在動詞後面,但前面加by。
舉例來說,主動語氣的句子可以是
I saw a cat.被動語氣就成了
A cat was seen by me.
最重要的是,verb to be的時式必須和原句子的相同,以上的例子中,動詞是過去式,所以verb to be也是過去式。除此以外,verb to be也要配合新的主詞。請看以下的例子:
I saw two cats.
改成被動語氣以後,句子是:
Two cats were seen by me.
在上一節,我們所有的例子都只是肯定句子,句子中沒有助動詞,可是有些肯定句子還是有助動詞的,以下是一些例子:
| 主動語氣 | 被動語氣 |
現在進形式 | I am writing this letter. | The letter is being written by me. |
現在完程式 | I have written the letter. | The letter has been written by me. |
過去進形式 | I was writing the letter when you came. | The letter was being written by me when you came. |
過去完程式 | I had written the letter before you came. | The letter had been written by me before you came. |
未來式 | I will write the letter. | The letter will be written by me. |
未來完成式 | I will have written this letter. | This letter will have been written by me. |
未來式 | I am going to see you. | You are going to be seen by me. |
以下是更多的例子:
主動語氣 | 被動語氣 |
I have seen him. | He has been seen by me. |
He is going to help you. | You are going to be helped by him. |
He will teach English. | English will be taught by him. |
He has helped me all my life. | I have been helped by him all my life. |
He had called me before you came. | I had been called by him before you came. |
He was calling his mother when we went there. | His mother was being called by him when we went there. |
助動詞不一定和時式有關,can、should、has to等等都是助動詞,這些助動詞在改成被動語氣的時後,都應維持原狀,只需加入verb to be和過去分詞即可。以下是一些例子:
主動語氣 | 被動語氣 |
I can play the piano. | The piano can be played by me. |
I may use this room. | This room may be used by me. |
He must give the book to me. | The book must be given to me by him. |
You should help him. | He should be helped by you. |
You have to write this letter. | This letter has to be written by you. |
He ought to write this report. | This report ought to be written by him. |
將一個否定句子或一個問句改成被動語氣,其步驟如下:
(1) 將此句子改成肯定句子
(2) 將此肯定句子改成被動語氣
(3) 將此被動語氣的句子改成否定句子
現在舉一個否定的例子:
I did not take this picture.
對應的肯定句子是:
I took this picture.
改成被動語氣:
This picture was taken by me.
再改成否定句子:
This picture was not taken by me.
將問句改成被動語氣,步驟類似上一節的步驟,我們先將問句變成肯定句子,然後將這個定句子變成被動語氣,最後在將這個被動語氣的句子變回,成為問句。
例如:
Do young kids enjoy classical music?
先改成肯定句子
Young kids enjoy classical music.
再改成被動語氣
Music is enjoyed by young kids.
最後改成問句
Is music enjoyed by young kids?
所謂動名詞,乃是將一個動詞,字尾加上ing,一夜之間,這個動詞就可以當作名詞用了。請看以下的例子:
I like singing.
Playing basketball is good for you.
不定詞=to+動詞的原式。例如to go, to love, to eat等等,都是不定詞,不定詞和動名詞的用法相似,以下全是用不定詞用作名詞的例子:
To love is to forgive.
To forgive your enemies will make you happy.
I like to eat chicken.
也許讀者發現了不定詞和動名詞不同的地方:不定詞不能用在介係詞的後面,以下的句子都是錯的:
*I am interested in to play piano.
*He is worried about to go abroad.
1.不定詞可以用作主詞:如
To play tennis is great fun.
To play safe in the stock market is necessary.
2.不家詞可以用成很多動詞的受詞:
I like to swim.
He loves to listen to jokes.
3.不定詞可以跟在代名詞的後面,形式如下:
動詞(verb)+代名詞(pronoun)+不定詞(infinitive)
例如:
I told him to work hard.
I asked my brother to come back home.
4.不定詞常用在上述句子的被動語氣中,例如:
He was told to work hard.
My brother was asked to come back home.
讀者一定會問,是不是動名詞可以和不定詞互調,答案是否定的,有些動詞後面可以跟動名詞和不定詞,但也有些動詞,後面只能跟動名詞,有些動詞後面只能跟不定詞。
有些動詞後面可以跟動名詞或不定詞:love, like, hate, start, begin,以下的動詞,後面只能跟動名詞:
Enjoy | I enjoy eating good food. |
Appreciate | I appreciate your being kind to others. |
Avoid | You should avoid making mistakes. |
keep on | Keep on working hard. |
keep | Keep singing. |
consider | He considered leaving home. |
finish | He finished writing this book. |
suggest | May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee? |
discuss | We discussed traveling to New Zealand. |
以下的動詞正好相反,只能跟不定詞
agree | I agree to sign this letter. |
plan | He plans to go away. |
want | They want to rent a car. |
decide | He decided to work hard. |
seem | He seems to be very happy. |
appear | He appears to be very sad. |
一個字非常特殊,必須討論一下,那就是stop:
stop smoking 指不再抽菸了
stop to smoke 指停下來,開始抽菸
將動詞改成名詞的時候,也可以有被動語氣和否定語氣,以下是一些例子:
Everyone likes to be loved.
This cup needs to be washed.
Being trusted is important.
I told him not to leave this house.
He asked me not to cry.
I was told not to fall asleep in class.
To be given a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy.
Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.
我們中文裡,一個字有時是動詞,有時卻又可以用作形容詞,最著名的例子是〝微笑老蕭〞(蕭萬長院長的外號)〝微笑〞應該是動詞,
來自 “ ITPUB部落格 ” ,連結:http://blog.itpub.net/12180666/viewspace-1018946/,如需轉載,請註明出處,否則將追究法律責任。
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