英語語法(5) 形容詞和副詞之二

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形容詞和副詞的特殊表達法

一、形容詞與副詞的同級比較： 由“as(so)…as”引出，其否定式為“not so…”或“not as…as”,此外還應注意下列含有“as”結構或短語的句子

1. as such：表示上文所指明的事或人

He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是個孩子，必須被當作孩子對待。

2. as much：表示“與…同量”

Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。

I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是價格再貴一倍，我也會願意把它買下的。

He as much as admitted the whole story. 他幾乎全部承認了。

3. as many：表示“與…一樣多”

I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中發現了六個錯。

二、表示“幾倍於”的比較級：用twice (兩倍)，four times (四倍)，ten times (十倍)加上as … as 結構

This one is four times as big as that one. 這個是那個的四倍大。(這個比那個大三倍。) Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我們的校園比你們的大兩倍。

He has books twice as many as she does. 他的書比她多一倍。

三、“the same ＋名詞＋as”表示同等比較

四、比較級前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等詞語表示不定量，far, completely,still表示程度或更進一步

五、與比較級有關的特殊詞用法

1. no more than …表示“只不過”，“並不比…”(等於not any more than)

Man cannot live without food any more than plants can grow without sunshine.

人沒有食物不能生存，植物沒有陽光也不能生長。

There is no difficulty with this task any more than with that one.

這項任務沒有困難，那項任務也沒有困難。

2. no less than 表示“不亞於”

There are no less than five hundred people present at the New Year party.

出席新年晚會的有五百人之多。(出席的人較多)

3. not less than 表示“不少於”

There are not less than five hundred people present at the New Year party.

出席新年晚會的只有五百人。(出席的人較不多)

4. more often than not 表示“多數情況下”

On Friday mornings, he comes late more often than not.

多數情況下，他星期五來得晚。

5. all the more 因而更加

We really admired him all the more for his frankness. 我們更加欽佩他的坦率。

6. (be) better off 較富裕，環境較好

7. had better 最好……

Come, you had much better have the thing out at once. 來，你最好把這東西弄出去。

8. less than 不到

The first steam locomotive could have a top speed of only thirteen mph(miles per hour) and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less than half that speed.第一列蒸汽火車最快每小時只有13英里，那時的大船還不到這個速度的一半。

9. little more than 差不多

The grain in their barn is little more than that of ours.

他們倉的糧食跟我們倉的糧食差不多。

10. more than 超過，不止

I have waited for your for more than two hours. 我等了你兩個多小時。

11. more or less 大體上，或多或少

The work is more or less finished. 工作大體算完成了。

Most of them came here to near money, more or less Mr.Wang worked for his cause.他們大都來掙錢的，但王先生有點像為事業而工作。

12. other than 除了

They imposed no pre conditions other than that the meeting should be held in their capital. 除了會議要在他們的首都開之外，他們沒有提出任何先決條件。

13. rather than 而不是，與其…寧願(rather than表示“與其…寧願”時，如果位於句首引導句子，有虛擬的成分，相當於“… would rathe than，”所以rather than後面跟動詞原形)

Read what interests you; read what you have time for magazines and newspapers rather than novels.

讀你感興趣的東西，讀你有時間讀的東西，如雜誌和報紙而不是小說。

Rather than allow the potatoes to go bad, she sold them at half price.

她以半價把土豆給賣了，而沒有讓它們爛掉。

Rather than cause trouble, he left.

為了不惹事，他還是走了。

14. so much the better 就更好了

If she will help us, so much the better.

如果他能幫我們，那就更好了。

15. so much the worse 就更糟了

So much the worse for you if you still are absent from class.

如果你繼續逃課的話，就對你更不利了。

16. the more…the more(less)“越是……，就越……”

六、比較中的省略

1. 在as…as中，as從句可省略整個謂語部分，保留主語

She sings as well as her sister. 她跟她的姐姐唱得一樣好(省去了does)。

2. 可以省去謂語部分，保留主語和be、have等助動詞

Susan has done as much housework as you have. (省去了done。)

3. 可以省去主語和謂語，只剩下狀語

It is not as cold in Beijing as in Datong. 北京的天氣沒有大同冷。

4. than從句也可以省去整個謂語部分，保留主語

They say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others. 他們說血濃於水，親屬對我們來說比其他人更重要。

5. than從句省去部分謂語，保留主語和be,have或助動詞

The white collar workers earn more than the blue workers do.

白領工人比藍領工人掙得多。

這時 我們可以進行倒裝，即將than後從句中的be,have或助動詞移到該從句的前邊

After all, big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones.

相對來說，大變動比小變動畢竟容易些。

The fact is that some drug addicts are much better able to cure addiction in each other than are psychiatrists; some convicts can run better rehabilitation programs for convicts than do correctional officers; some patients in mental hospitals are better for each other than is the staff.

事實上，有些吸毒成癮者與吸毒成癮者之間戒癮比精神病醫生的作用還好；有些罪犯在改造其他罪犯方面比教改人員強；醫院裡的病人與病人之間的溝通比醫務人員與病人間的溝通還強。

6. than從句可以省去主語和部分謂語，保留賓語

Grandma gives more candies to her grandson than her granddaughter. 奶奶給孫子的糖比給孫女的多。(省去了she gives candies to)

7. than從句可以省去主語和謂語，保留狀語

There are more books in this library than in that library. 這個圖書館的書比那個多。(省去了there are many books)

She is much better than yesterday. 她比昨天好多了。(省去了she was)

Signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past. 近些年來在學校、商業和政府中欺詐的跡象比以前更多。

8. than從句可以省去主語，保留謂語部分

His speed of doing the work was much faster than had expected. 他幹此事的速度遠比想象的快。(省去了he或we)

9. 有時可以省去整個than從句

He is much healthier and happier. 她比以往任何時侯都健康幸福。(省去了than he was ever before)

10. 為了避免重複，我們經常用that代替不可數名詞, those代替複數名詞,one代替可數名詞單數

七、隱含比較級

有時比較級並不一定出現than，這時透過上下文可喑示出，如：—Of the two oranges, which do you choose? —I like the larger one.這裡的larger one是指前邊提到的兩個當中的較大的一個。而且有些形容詞在表示比較的時候，跟“to”而不用“than”

1. prior to 較早的，較重要的

The task is prior to all others. 這項任務比其他所有的任務都重要。

I called on him prior to my departure. 動身前我去看了他一趟。

2. superior to優越，高於

In math he felt superior to John. 他覺得自己數學比約翰強。

They were resolved to rise superior to every obstacle. 他們決心戰勝一切困難。

3. inferior to 下等的，次的

These apples are inferior in flavour to those. 這些蘋果的味道不如那些。

4. senior to 年長的，地位高的；junior年幼的，地位低的，遲的

He is two years senior to me. 他比我大兩歲。

Her appointment is junior to mine by six weeks. 她的任命比我遲六星期。

5. preferable to 更好的

Health without riches is preferable to riches without health.

貧窮但健康要比富有卻多病更可取。

6. prefer…to 更傾向於…

I prefer this to that. 我喜歡這個而不喜歡那個。

八、最高階在特殊短語中的使用：在有下列短語的句子中，往往使用最高階

1. one of…

3. in the world(或群體名詞)

九、其他有關比較的習慣表達法

1. “as ＋形容詞(副詞)＋as possible”結構，表示“最…，儘可能…”：“as quickly as possible”(儘量快)

2. “ sooner or later”是成語，表示“遲早、早晚”

3. “would rather ＋動詞原形＋than …”是慣用句型，表示“寧願…而不願…”，由於連詞than 要求前後所比較的成分要一致

十、most表示“非常”： 有時most並不表示“最……”，而是作副詞表示“非常”之意。其實它是much的最高階，作形容詞用是“大多數”之意，前邊不加the。另外much與to構成介詞片語，表示“在很大程度上使……”that也可以作副詞用，表示“如此，那麼”相當於so

十一、形容詞與副詞的修飾關係： 一般來說，形容詞用來作表語(與系動詞連用，注意taste, feel, become等詞作系動詞用時，它們後的表示應該是形容詞，包括?ed分詞)或作定語修飾名詞，而形容詞不能修飾形容詞包括?ED分詞；但副詞可以修飾形容詞(包括?ED分詞)，副詞還可以修飾副詞、動詞或短語

十二、形容詞與副詞的位置

1. 當幾個形容詞共同修飾同一名詞時，它們的先後順序是：限定詞→數詞→描述性形容詞→大小、長短、形狀的形容詞→色彩形容詞→類屬形容詞→表材料形容詞+被修飾的名詞；或只記住限定詞像a, the, my, their等詞在最前邊，其他詞根據它們與被修飾名詞關係的遠近進行安排

2. 一般來說，單個副詞修飾形容詞時，副詞放在形容詞前；但enough修飾形容詞時要放在形容詞之後

good enough, mysterious enough

3. so修飾的是副詞，而such修飾的是名詞

4. 形容詞修飾名詞時放在前邊，但修飾複合不定代詞(something, someone, somebody; anything, anyone, anybody; nothing, no?one, nobody)時，則放在這些詞之後

something important, anything possible

十三、關於hardly, rarely, scarcely與seldom的用法

hardly“剛剛，不完全”，表示程度：I hardly know him. “我幾乎認不出他了”，表示還是能認出或者說“我剛剛能認出他”；hardly與any連用表示“幾乎沒有”，與ever連用表示“幾乎從來不”； scarcely的意思與hardly更接近。rarely“不經常”，表示事物發生的頻率：He rarely goes there. 他很少(不經常)去那裡。seldom“很少，不經常”，它與rarely更接近。

同步練習

1) The five?year deal obligates ［A］ the country to buy nine million tons ［B］ of grain a year ［C］ ， three million more as ［D］ the old pact’s minimum.

解析：D錯。 改為than。

2) The lens of a camera performs the lens of the eye.

［A］ in the same function ［B］ the same function as

［C］ the function is the same as ［D］ and has the same function

解析：B對。本句的漢語意思是“照相機的鏡頭和眼睛的水晶體所起的作用相同”。

3) The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would

have as the amount of money borrowed.

［A］ as the same value ［B］ the same value

［C］ value as the same ［D］ the value is the same

解析：B對。本句的漢語意思是“消除通貨膨漲會保證還的錢與借時的錢同值”。

4) There are now methods for studying color vision in infants than there once were.

［A］ more sophisticated than

［B］ much more sophisticated

［C］ much sophisticated

［D］ sophisticated

解析：B為正確答案。

5) The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are than those taken from the Earth.

［A］ clearest

［B］ the clearest

［C］ much clearer

［D］ more clearer

解析：C為正確答案。

6) Common porpoises(海豚) are usually not considered ［A］ migratory， although ［B］ some do move ［C］ to more warmer ［D］ waters in winter.

解析：D錯。 改為warmer。

7) During observations made over a fifty?year period， the power output of the Sun has than a few tenths of one percent.

［A］ varied by no more ［B］ varied no more by

［C］ not varied more by ［D］ more varied by not

解析：A為正確答案。

8) Few of the people who live on the cooperatives than they were as laborers.

［A］ is well off financial

［B］ financially well off

［C］ are better off finanically

［D］ financial better off

解析：C為正確答案。

9) He came all the way to China for promoting friendship for making money.

［A］ other than ［B］ better than ［C］ more than ［D］ rather than

解析：D為正確答案。

10) He preferred to write the letter by hand .

［A］ to typing it

［B］ than type it

［C］ to type it

［D］ rather than type it

解析： D為正確答案。

11) The harder he tried， ［A］ the worst ［B］ he danced ［C］ before the large ［D］ audience.

解析：B錯。 改為worse。

12) The quicker a loan ［A］ is repaid ［B］ ， the least ［C］ it will ［D］ cost.

解析： C錯。 改為less。

13) Hot objects emit do cold objects.

［A］ rays more than infrared(紅外線) ［B］ rays are more infrared than

［C］ more than infrared rays ［D］ more infrared rays than

解析：D對。本句中的比較級為形容詞more (much 的比較級)，被比較的兩個事物為“hot objects”和“cold objects”，在所釋放(emit)的紅外線(infrared rays)的量上，前者多於後者。其中more修飾infrared rays，它們不能被分開，故只有D在詞序上正確。空白後面為倒裝語序，其中的do代替動詞emit，本句空白後也可用正常語序，即“cold objects do”。

14) Last year the country had ［A］ fewer imports as ［B］ did the year before last ［C］ due to ［D］ the energy crisis.

解析： B錯。 改為than。

15) Long Island， an ［A］ island that forms the ［B］ southeastern part of New York， has a ［C］ greater population than which ［D］ of forty?two of thefifty states.

解析： D錯。 改為that，代替population。

16) The grain of rye is longer ［A］ and slenderer ［B］ than ［C］ those of ［D］ wheat.

解析：D錯。 改為that。這裡比較的“The grain”不是複數，不能用複數代詞those。

17) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than .

［A］ the domestic marketer has ［B］ the domestic marketer does

［C］ those of the domestic marketer ［D］ that which has the domestic marketer

解析：C為正確答案。比較句中，連詞than前後，即所比較的成分要一致，應該在同種事物間進行比較。本句所比較的是兩種 activities ，故C正確，代詞those 代替“the activities”。

18） The grape is cultivated plants.

［A］ one of the oldest ［B］ the oldest one

［C］ one which the oldest ［D］ the one is the oldest of

解析：A對。“one of the oldest…”表示“(歷史)最長的栽種植物之一”，C和D均不合語法，而B選項中的one多餘。

19) ， William Shakespeare is the most widely known.

［A］ With all writers in English

［B］ All writers in English

［C］ All of the writers in English

［D］ Of all writers in English

解析：D為正確答案。

20) The crane is of the wading birds.

［A］ the tallest

［B］ the tallest that is

［C］ which is the tallest

［D］ which the tallest is

解析：A為正確答案。

21) The Appalachians Trail， extending ［A］ approximately 2，020 miles ［B］ from Maine to Georgia， is the longer ［C］ continuous ［D］ marked footpath in the world.

解析：C錯。只有在兩者相比較時才使用比較級，而本句出現了狀語in the world，明顯表示不止兩者相比，故應改用最高階 (the) longest 。

22) La Paz， Bolivia is the higher ［A］ capital city in ［B］ the western hemisphere and ［C］ the second?highest ［D］ in the world.

解析：A錯。 改為the highest。

23) The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as .

［A］ possibly little nourishment ［B］ nourishment possibly little

［C］ little as possible nourishment ［D］ little nourishment as possible

解析：D 為正確答案，“as little nourishment as possible ”意為“儘可能少的養料”。

24) Earlier ［A］ or later， all lakes are influenced ［B］ by eutrophication， a process in which lake sediment(沉積物) lowers the depth ［C］ of the water and drains(除去) oxygen from it ［D］ .

解析： A錯。改為sooner。

25) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf of the telephone.

［A］ than inventing ［B］ than as the inventor

［C］ the invention ［D］ as the inventor

解析：B 為正確答案，兩個短語“as a teacher of the deaf”和“ as the inventor of the telephone”相比。

26) Wool is characteristic on which to classify breeds of sheep.

［A］ most obviously

［B］ obvious the most

［C］ the most obvious

［D］ the most obvious that is

解析：C為正確答案。注意： 空檔後的“characteristic

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