Cisco IOS OSPF鄰居關係不能正常建立的原因和解決方法(轉)
(1)介面上沒有啟用ospf
就是在network語句的時候沒有匹配清楚，比如配置了錯誤的反掩碼不對，在show ip ospf interface的時候不會顯示你希望啟用的介面。使用show ip ospf interface來驗證。
這時候的鄰居表是空的
>R2#show ip ospf neighbor
R2#
(2)物理層或者是資料鏈路層協議down.
使用show ip int brief 或者是 show int type nomber會導致ospf packet 封裝失敗。
(3)建立鄰居的介面被passive掉
R2#show ip ospf interface Ethernet 0
Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 131.108.1.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 131.108.1.2, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 131.108.1.2, Interface address 131.108.1.2
No backup designated router on this network
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
No Hellos (Passive interface)
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
(4)OSPF的hello組播地址被ACL Block
R1#
interface Ethernet0
ip address 131.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip access-group 100 in
!
access-list 100 permit tcp any any
access-list 100 permit udp any any
access-list 101 permit ip 131.108.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 224.0.0.5
R2#
interface Ethernet0
ip address 131.108.1.2 255.255.255.0
ip access-group 100 in
!
access-list 100 permit tcp any any
access-list 100 permit udp any any
access-list 101 permit ip 131.108.1.0 0.0.0.255 host 224.0.0.5
R2#debug ip packet 101 detail
IP packet debugging is on (detailed) for access list 101
IP: s=131.108.1.2 (Ethernet0), d=224.0.0.5, len 68, access denied, proto=89
這時候的鄰居關係是INIT
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
131.108.2.1 1 INIT/- 00:00:33 131.108.1.1 Ethernet0
R1#show access-list 101
Extended IP access list 101
permit ip 131.108.1.0 0.0.0.3 host 224.0.0.5 (8 matches)
R1#debug ip packet 101 detail
IP packet debugging is on (detailed) for access list 101
R1#
IP: s=131.108.1.1 (local), d=224.0.0.5 (Ethernet0), len 60, sending broad/multicast,
proto
=89
IP: s=131.108.1.2 (Ethernet0), d=224.0.0.5, len 82, access denied, proto=89
IP: s=131.108.1.1 (local), d=224.0.0.5 (Ethernet0), len 60, sending broad/multicast,
proto
=89
IP: s=131.108.1.2 (Ethernet0), d=224.0.0.5, len 82,access denied, proto=89
(5)在broadcast鏈路上的子網掩碼不匹配
(6)Hello/dead 間隔不匹配
(7)認證方式或者是認證密碼不匹配
使用debug ip ospf adj 來檢視,可以自己使用不同的情況來驗證
(8)兩臺路由器處於不同的AREA
R1#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
R1#
OSPF: Rcv pkt from 131.108.1.2, Ethernet0, area 0.0.0.0
mismatch area 0.0.0.1 in the header
R2#show log
%OSPF-4-ERRRCV: Received invalid packet: mismatch area ID, from backbone area must be virtual-link but not found from 131.108.1.1, Ethernet0
(9)Stub/transit/NSSA 區域型別不匹配
這個是常常不小心會被忘記的。
R1#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
R1#
OSPF: Rcv hello from 131.108.0.1 area 1 from Ethernet0 131.108.1.2
OSPF: Hello from 131.108.1.2 with mismatched Stub/Transit area option bit
R1#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
R1#
OSPF: Rcv hello from 131.108.0.1 area 1 from Ethernet0 131.108.1.2
OSPF: Hello from 131.108.1.2 with mismatched NSSA option bit
(10)使用secondary IP來建立OSPF adjacencyR2#
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 131.108.1.2 255.255.255.0 secondary
ip address 131.108.4.2 255.255.255.0
R1#
interface Ethernet0
ip address 131.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
R2#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
R2#
OSPF: Rcv pkt from 131.108.1.1, FastEthernet0/0, area 0.0.0.1 : src not on the same network
(11)OSPF網路型別不匹配（P-TO-P 和P-TO-M網路型別在hello時間間隔相同的情況下可以建立full關係，但是會缺少一條路由可以做一下相關使用驗證
(12)NBMA (Frame Relay, X.25, SMDS, and so on)網路型別上沒有手動指定neighbor ip 地址 鄰居一直都是ATTEMPT狀態
(13)在Router 兩邊的frame-relay map/dialer map語句宣告中缺少了broadcast引數
(14)介面兩邊的MTU 不匹配
在cisco ios 12.0.3中加入了對mtu的檢測，而低於這個版本的ios會忽略mtu檢測，需要檢視router 的ios version，debug ip ospf adj的結果是發現有大量的dbd重傳，出現loading的原因就是一邊的router需要對mtu進行檢測，而一邊忽略。
R2#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
R2#
OSPF: Retransmitting request to 131.108.2.1 on Serial0
OSPF: Database request to 131.108.2.1
OSPF: sent LS REQ packet to 131.108.1.1, length 12
OSPF: Retransmitting request to 131.108.2.1 on Serial0
解決方法是介面命令：mtu 4470
而不是：ip mtu 4470
這時候的狀態是 loading 。
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
131.108.2.1 1 LOADING/- 00:00:37 131.108.1.1 Serial0
還有一種mtu不匹配的情況是鄰居關係是EXSTART，因為兩邊的mtu都需要檢測，而mtu大小又不匹配.
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
131.108.2.1 1 EXSTART/- 00:00:33 131.108.1.1 Serial0
R1#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF: Retransmitting DBD to 131.108.1.2 on Serial0.1
OSPF: Send DBD to 131.108.1.2 on Serial0.1 seq 0x1E55 opt 0x2 flag 0x7 len 32
OSPF: Rcv DBD from 131.108.1.2 on Serial0.1 seq 0x22AB opt 0x2 flag 0x7 len 32 mtu 1500
state EXSTART
OSPF: Nbr 131.108.1.2 has larger interface MTU
(15)在broadcast網路上需要選舉dr，而這時候兩邊的優先順序又都是0
(16)在Asynchronous Interfaces上的OSPF鄰居關係
R1#
interface Async1
description ASYNC LINE TO R2
ip address 131.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
async mode dedicated
dialer in-band
dialer map ip 131.108.1.2 name Router2 broadcast
dialer-group 1
ppp authentication chap
R2#
interface Async1
description ASYNC LINE TO R1
ip address 131.108.1.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
async mode dedicated
dialer in-band
dialer map ip 131.108.1.1 name Router2 broadcast
dialer-group 1
ppp authentication chap
解決方法是在兩個使用async default routing 或者asyn dynamic routing 介面命令
(15)兩個路由器的Router id相同，ospf的master和slave關係不能確定
R2#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF: Retransmitting DBD to 131.108.2.1 on Serial0
OSPF: Send DBD to 131.108.2.1 on Serial0 seq 0x793 opt 0x2 flag 0x7 len 32
OSPF: Rcv DBD from 131.108.2.1 on Serial0 seq 0x25F7 opt 0x2 flag 0x7 len 32 mtu 0 state
EXSTART
OSPF: First DBD and we are not SLAVE
(16)因為router介面的物理問題而導致的 ospf packet checksum錯誤，接著就重傳的問題。
R2#show log
%OSPF-4-ERRRCV: Received invalid packet: Bad Checksum from 131.108.1.1, Serial0
%OSPF-4-ERRRCV: Received invalid packet: Bad Checksum from 131.108.1.1, Serial0
R2#debug ip ospf adj
OSPF adjacency events debugging is on
R2#
OSPF: Retransmitting request to 131.108.2.1 on Serial0
OSPF: Database request to 131.108.2.1
OSPF: sent LS REQ packet to 131.108.1.1, length 12
OSPF: Retransmitting request to 131.108.2.1 on Serial0
來自 “ ITPUB部落格 ” ，連結：http://blog.itpub.net/10752019/viewspace-955273/，如需轉載，請註明出處，否則將追究法律責任。
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