python之subprocess

wadeson發表於2017-08-22

官網介紹:https://docs.python.org/3/library/subprocess.html

Popen():
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_popen.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'],shell=True)
print(type(child))
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_popen.py 
<class 'subprocess.Popen'>
parent
stu_subprocess.py  sub_popen.py

如果將不新增shell,使用預設的:
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_popen.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'],shell=False)      shell引數預設為False
print(type(child))
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_popen.py 
<class 'subprocess.Popen'>
parent
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136 Aug 21 15:41 sub_popen.py

Popen不會阻塞父程式執行,Popen啟動新的程式與父程式並行執行,預設父程式不等待新程式結束。
[root@oracle scripts]# cat test_subprocess.py
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
 
def TestPopen():
import subprocess
p = subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'],shell=True)
for i in range(5):
print("other things")
 
print(TestPopen())
[root@oracle scripts]# python test_subprocess.py
other things
other things
other things
other things
other things
None
stu_subprocess.py sub_call.py sub_check_output.py sub_popen.py sub_run.py test_subprocess.py
 
[root@oracle scripts]# cat test_subprocess1.py
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
 
wait(): 阻塞父程式,等待子程式執行結束再繼續執行父程式
def TestWait():
import subprocess
import datetime
print(datetime.datetime.now())
p = subprocess.Popen('sleep 10',shell=True)
p.wait() wait()阻塞了父程式的執行,等待子程式執行完成後才繼續執行父程式
print(p.returncode)
print(datetime.datetime.now())
 
TestWait()
[root@oracle scripts]# python test_subprocess1.py
2017-08-21 16:49:15.061676
0 當子程式執行完成結束後,返回code為0
2017-08-21 16:49:25.066657
 
poll():判斷子程式是否結束
[root@oracle scripts]# cat test_subprocess2.py
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
 
def TestWait():
import subprocess
import datetime,time
print(datetime.datetime.now())
p = subprocess.Popen('sleep 10',shell=True) 子程式要睡眠10秒
t = 1
while (t <= 5):
time.sleep(1)
p.poll() 執行判斷子程式,這裡花了5秒
print(p.returncode)
t = t + 1
print(datetime.datetime.now())
 
TestWait()
[root@oracle scripts]# python test_subprocess2.py
2017-08-21 16:56:33.672417
None
None
None
None
None
2017-08-21 16:56:38.684795
 
kill()或者terminate(): 殺掉子程式
[root@oracle scripts]# cat test_subprocess3.py
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
 
def TestKillAndTerminate():
import subprocess
import datetime,time
print(datetime.datetime.now())
p = subprocess.Popen('sleep 10',shell=True)
t = 1
while (t <= 5):
time.sleep(1)
t = t + 1
p.kill()
print(datetime.datetime.now())
 
TestKillAndTerminate()
[root@oracle scripts]# python test_subprocess3.py
2017-08-21 17:03:16.315531
2017-08-21 17:03:21.329266
可以看見子程式只執行了5秒
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_popen.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'],shell=False)
child.wait()               阻塞父程式,直到子程式執行完成
print(type(child))
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_popen.py 
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 135 Aug 21 15:47 sub_call.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 149 Aug 21 15:47 sub_popen.py
<class 'subprocess.Popen'>
parent
可以看出先執行的子程式,最後才是父程式,等待子程式執行後,再執行父程式
除了wait()之外還有如下:
child.poll() # 檢查子程式狀態
child.kill() # 終止子程式
child.send_signal() # 向子程式傳送訊號
child.terminate() # 終止子程式
子程式的PID儲存在child.pid
子程式的標準輸入、標準輸出和標準錯誤如下屬性分別表示:
child.stdin
child.stdout
child.stderr
subprocess.PIPE實際上為文字流提供一個快取區。child的stdout將文字輸出到快取區,然後列印出快取區的內容:
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_popen.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'],shell=False,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
print(child.stdout.read().decode('utf-8'))      列印快取區內容,由於是bytes格式,所以轉碼
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_popen.py 
total 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148 Aug 21 15:53 sub_call.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 183 Aug 21 16:07 sub_popen.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 147 Aug 21 15:56 sub_run.py

parent
communicate()
Popen.communicate(input=None):與子程式進行互動。向stdin傳送資料,或從stdout和stderr中讀取資料。可選引數input指定傳送到子程式的引數。Communicate()返回一個元組:(stdoutdata, stderrdata)。注意:如果希望通過程式的stdin向其傳送資料,在建立Popen物件的時候,引數stdin必須被設定為PIPE。同樣,如果希望從stdout和stderr獲取資料,必須將stdout和stderr設定為PIPE。
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_popen.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.Popen(['ls','-l'],shell=False,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
#print(child.stdout.read().decode('utf-8'))
print(child.communicate())          返回的是標準輸出,標準錯誤輸出的tuple
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_popen.py 
(b'total 16\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148 Aug 21 15:53 sub_call.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 211 Aug 21 16:11 sub_popen.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 147 Aug 21 15:56 sub_run.py\n', None)    NONE就是標準錯誤輸出結果
parent
可以看見先輸出的子程式內容,然後才是父程式,communicate()是Popen物件的一個方法,該方法會阻塞父程式,直到子程式完成
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_popen.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child1 = subprocess.Popen(['cat','/etc/passwd'],shell=False,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
child2 = subprocess.Popen(['grep','0:0'],stdin=child1.stdout, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
#  subprocess.PIPE實際上為文字流提供一個快取區。child1的stdout將文字輸出到快取區,隨後child2的stdin從該PIPE中將文字讀取走。child2的輸出文字也被存放在PIPE中,直到communicate()方法從PIPE中讀取出PIPE中的文字。
out,err = child2.communicate()   因為communicate()返回的是一個元祖
print(out)     紙列印出標準輸出內容
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_popen.py 
b'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n'
parent

child1.stdout-->subprocess.PIPE
child2.stdin<--subprocess.PIPE
child2.stdout-->subprocess.PIPE

利用communicate()實現互動:
[root@oracle scripts]# cat stu_subprocess.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child1 = subprocess.Popen(['python'],stdin=subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
out,err = child1.communicate(b'print("hello")\nexit()')       繼續給子程式輸入資訊
# 啟動一個子程式,然後控制其輸入和輸出
print(out.decode('utf-8'))
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python stu_subprocess.py 
hello

parent
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_popen2.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8

import subprocess
 
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write(b'print("hello")\n')         stdin.write和communicate兩者交換使用
obj.stdin.write(b'print("world")')
 
out,err = obj.communicate()
print(out)
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_popen2.py 
b'hello\nworld\n'
call():
subprocess.call()
父程式等待子程式完成
返回退出資訊(returncode,相當於Linux exit code)
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_call.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.call(['ls','-l'],shell=False)
print(type(child))
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_call.py 
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 135 Aug 21 15:45 sub_call.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136 Aug 21 15:41 sub_popen.py
<class 'int'>                call函式返回的是int
parent
呼叫call函式可以明顯看出子程式阻塞了主程式的執行,先執行子程式,最後才是主程式
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_call.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.call(['ls','-l'],shell=False)
print(type(child))
print(child)                  ----->returncode
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_call.py        
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148 Aug 21 15:53 sub_call.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 149 Aug 21 15:47 sub_popen.py
<class 'int'>
0
parent
subprocess.call(*popenargs, **kwargs):執行命令。該函式將一直等待到子程式執行結束,並返回程式的returncode。如果子程式不需要進行互動,就可以使用該函式來建立。
call函式返回的是returncode,也就是int型別

根據shell型別不同,可以更改傳入call函式的args型別:
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_call.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.call("ls -l",shell=True)       
print(type(child))
print(child)
print('parent')
shell=True引數會讓subprocess.call接受字串型別的變數作為命令,並呼叫shell去執行這個字串,當shell=False是,subprocess.call只接受陣列變數作為命令,並將陣列的第一個元素作為命令,剩下的全部作為該命令的引數。
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_call.py 
total 40
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 143 Aug 21 17:22 sub_call.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 143 Aug 21 16:33 sub_check_output.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 162 Aug 21 17:17 sub_getoutput.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 279 Aug 21 16:17 sub_popen.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148 Aug 21 16:29 sub_run.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 257 Aug 21 16:53 test_subprocess1.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 340 Aug 21 16:52 test_subprocess2.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 332 Aug 21 17:03 test_subprocess3.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 183 Aug 21 16:44 test_subprocess.py
<class 'int'>
0
parent
所以當shell預設為False時,args傳入的值必須是列表,而不能是str
from subprocess import call  
import shlex  
cmd = "cat test.txt; rm test.txt"  
call(cmd, shell=True)
shell介紹:
https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/651286079254739125.html
3.5新增的run():
class subprocess.CompletedProcess
The return value from run(), representing a process that has finished.
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_run.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.run(['ls','-l'],shell=False)
print(type(child))
print(child)
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_run.py 
total 16
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148 Aug 21 15:53 sub_call.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 149 Aug 21 15:47 sub_popen.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 147 Aug 21 15:56 sub_run.py
<class 'subprocess.CompletedProcess'>
CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l'], returncode=0)
parent
check_output():
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_check_output.py
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.check_output(['ls','-l'],shell=False)
print(type(child))
print(child)
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_check_output.py
<class 'bytes'>
b'total 20\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148 Aug 21 15:53 sub_call.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 156 Aug 21 16:26 sub_check_output.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 279 Aug 21 16:17 sub_popen.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 147 Aug 21 15:56 sub_run.py\n'
parent
 
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_check_output.py
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8
import subprocess
child = subprocess.check_output(['ls','-l'],shell=False)
print(type(child))
print('parent')
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_check_output.py
<class 'bytes'>
parent
並沒有列印出子程式執行後的內容
subprocess.getoutput(cmd),返回的是一個字串
Return output (stdout and stderr) of executing cmd in a shell.
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_getoutput.py 
<class 'str'>
stu_subprocess.py
sub_call.py
sub_check_output.py
sub_getoutput.py
sub_popen.py
sub_run.py
test_subprocess1.py
test_subprocess2.py
test_subprocess3.py
test_subprocess.py
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_getoutput.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8

import subprocess

def TestGetOutput():
  outp = subprocess.getoutput(["ls" ,"-l"])      列表
  print(type(outp))
  print(outp)

TestGetOutput()
[root@oracle scripts]# cat sub_getoutput.py 
#!/usr/bin/python
#coding=utf8

import subprocess

def TestGetOutput():
  outp = subprocess.getoutput("ls -l")        字串
  print(type(outp))
  print(outp)

TestGetOutput()
[root@oracle scripts]# python sub_getoutput.py 
<class 'str'>
total 40
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148 Aug 21 15:53 sub_call.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 143 Aug 21 16:33 sub_check_output.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 162 Aug 21 17:17 sub_getoutput.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 279 Aug 21 16:17 sub_popen.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148 Aug 21 16:29 sub_run.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 257 Aug 21 16:53 test_subprocess1.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 340 Aug 21 16:52 test_subprocess2.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 332 Aug 21 17:03 test_subprocess3.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 183 Aug 21 16:44 test_subprocess.py
#接收字串格式命令,返回元組形式,第1個元素是執行狀態,第2個是命令結果 
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls -l')     
(0, 'total 40\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Aug 21 15:26 stu_subprocess.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 143 Aug 21 17:22 sub_call.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 143 Aug 21 16:33 sub_check_output.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 162 Aug 21 17:17 sub_getoutput.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 279 Aug 21 16:17 sub_popen.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148 Aug 21 16:29 sub_run.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 257 Aug 21 16:53 test_subprocess1.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 340 Aug 21 16:52 test_subprocess2.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 332 Aug 21 17:03 test_subprocess3.py\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 183 Aug 21 16:44 test_subprocess.py')

 

 

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