概述
相信我們經常會遇到這樣的場景:想要了解雙十一天貓購買化妝品的人員中平均消費額度是多少(這可能有利於對商品價格區間的定位);或者不同年齡段的化妝品消費佔比是多少(這可能有助於對商品備貨量的預估)。
這個時候就要用到分組查詢,分組查詢的目的是為了把資料分成多個邏輯組(購買化妝品的人員是一個組,不同年齡段購買化妝品的人員也是組),並對每個組進行聚合計算的過程:。
分組查詢的語法格式如下:
1 select cname, group_fun,... from tname [where condition] 2 group by group_expression [having group_condition];
說明一下:
1、group_fun 代表聚合函式,是指對分組的資料進行聚合計算的函式。
2、group_expression 代表分組表示式,允許多個,多個之間使用逗號隔開。
3、group_condition 分組之後,再對分組後的資料進行條件過濾的過程。
4、分組語法中,select後面出現的欄位 要麼是group by後面的欄位,要麼是聚合函式的列,其他型別會報異常,我們下面的內容中會詳細說明。
說分組之前,先來看看聚合函式,聚合函式是分組查詢語法格式中重要的一部分。我們經常需要彙總資料而不用把它們實際檢索出來,所以MySQL提供了專門的函式。使用這些函式,可用於計算我們需要的資料,以便分析和生成報表。
聚合函式
聚合函式有以下幾種。
函式 | 說明 |
AVG() | 返回指定欄位的平均值 |
COUNT() | 返回查詢結果行數 |
MAX() | 返回指定欄位的最大值 |
MIN() | 返回指定欄位的最小值 |
SUM() | 返回指定欄位的求和值 |
AVG()函式
AVG()通過對錶中行數計數並計算特定列值之和,求得該列的平均值。 AVG()可用來返回所有列的平均值,也可以用來返回特定列或行的平均值。
下面示例返回使用者表中使用者的平均年齡:
1 mysql> select * from user2; 2 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 3 | id | name | age | address | sex | 4 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 5 | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | 6 | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | 7 | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | 8 | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | 9 | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | 10 | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | 11 | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | 12 | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | 13 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 14 8 rows in set 15 16 mysql> select avg(age) from user2; 17 +----------+ 18 | avg(age) | 19 +----------+ 20 | 23.8571 | 21 +----------+ 22 1 row in set
注意點:
1、AVG()只能用來確定特定數值列的平均值 。
2、AVG()函式忽略列值為NULL的行,所以上圖中age值累加之後是除以7,而不是除以8。
COUNT()函式
COUNT()函式進行計數。 可以用COUNT()確定表中符合條件的行的數目。
count 有 count(*)、count(具體欄位)、count(常量) 三種方式來體現 下面 演示了count(*) 和 count(cname)的用法。
1 mysql> select * from user2; 2 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 3 | id | name | age | address | sex | 4 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 5 | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | 6 | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | 7 | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | 8 | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | 9 | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | 10 | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | 11 | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | 12 | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | 13 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 14 8 rows in set 15 16 mysql> select count(*) from user2 where sex=0; 17 +----------+ 18 | count(*) | 19 +----------+ 20 | 5 | 21 +----------+ 22 1 row in set 23 24 mysql> select count(age) from user2 where sex=0; 25 +------------+ 26 | count(age) | 27 +------------+ 28 | 4 | 29 +------------+ 30 1 row in set
可以看到,都是取出女生的使用者數量,count(*) 比 count(age) 多一個,那是因為age中包含null值。
所以:如果指定列名,則指定列的值為空的行被COUNT()函式忽略,但如果COUNT()函式中用的是星號( *),則不忽略。
關於count 可以看我寫的另一篇,詳細分析了幾種count的使用和效能比較: SELECT COUNT 小結
MAX()和MIN()函式
MAX()返回指定列中的最大值,MIN()返回指定列中的最小值。
1 mysql> select * from user2; 2 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 3 | id | name | age | address | sex | 4 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 5 | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | 6 | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | 7 | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | 8 | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | 9 | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | 10 | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | 11 | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | 12 | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | 13 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 14 8 rows in set 15 16 mysql> select max(age),min(age) from user2; 17 +----------+----------+ 18 | max(age) | min(age) | 19 +----------+----------+ 20 | 33 | 20 | 21 +----------+----------+ 22 1 row in set
注意:同樣的,MAX()、MIN()函式忽略列值為NULL的行。
SUM函式
SUM()用來返回指定列值的和(總計) ,下面返回了所有年齡的總和,同樣的,忽略了null的值
1 mysql> select * from user2; 2 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 3 | id | name | age | address | sex | 4 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 5 | 1 | brand | 21 | fuzhou | 1 | 6 | 2 | helen | 20 | quanzhou | 0 | 7 | 3 | sol | 21 | xiamen | 0 | 8 | 4 | weng | 33 | guizhou | 1 | 9 | 5 | selina | 25 | NULL | 0 | 10 | 6 | anny | 23 | shanghai | 0 | 11 | 7 | annd | 24 | shanghai | 1 | 12 | 8 | sunny | NULL | guizhou | 0 | 13 +----+--------+------+----------+-----+ 14 8 rows in set 15 16 mysql> select sum(age) from user2; 17 +----------+ 18 | sum(age) | 19 +----------+ 20 | 167 | 21 +----------+ 22 1 row in set
分組查詢
資料準備,假設我們有一個訂貨單表如下(記載使用者的訂單金額和下單時間):
1 mysql> select * from t_order; 2 +---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+ 3 | orderid | uid | uname | amount | time | year | 4 +---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+ 5 | 20 | 1 | brand | 91.23 | 2018-08-20 17:22:21 | 2018 | 6 | 21 | 1 | brand | 87.54 | 2019-07-16 09:21:30 | 2019 | 7 | 22 | 1 | brand | 166.88 | 2019-04-04 12:23:55 | 2019 | 8 | 23 | 2 | helyn | 93.73 | 2019-09-15 10:11:11 | 2019 | 9 | 24 | 2 | helyn | 102.32 | 2019-01-08 17:33:25 | 2019 | 10 | 25 | 2 | helyn | 106.06 | 2019-12-24 12:25:25 | 2019 | 11 | 26 | 2 | helyn | 73.42 | 2020-04-03 17:16:23 | 2020 | 12 | 27 | 3 | sol | 55.55 | 2019-08-05 19:16:23 | 2019 | 13 | 28 | 3 | sol | 69.96 | 2020-09-16 19:23:16 | 2020 | 14 | 29 | 4 | weng | 199.99 | 2020-06-08 19:55:06 | 2020 | 15 +---------+-----+-------+--------+---------------------+------+ 16 10 rows in set
單欄位分組
即對於某個欄位進行分組,比如針對使用者進行分組,輸出他們的使用者Id,訂單數量和總額:
1 mysql> select uid,count(uid),sum(amount) from t_order group by uid; 2 +-----+------------+-------------+ 3 | uid | count(uid) | sum(amount) | 4 +-----+------------+-------------+ 5 | 1 | 3 | 345.65 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 125.51 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 9 +-----+------------+-------------+ 10 4 rows in set
多欄位分組
即對於多個欄位進行分組,比如針對使用者進行分組,再對他們不同年份的訂單資料進行分組,輸出訂單數量和消費總額:
1 mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order group by uid,year; 2 +-----+------+-------------+------+ 3 | uid | nums | totalamount | year | 4 +-----+------+-------------+------+ 5 | 1 | 1 | 91.23 | 2018 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 254.42 | 2019 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 302.11 | 2019 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 73.42 | 2020 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 55.55 | 2019 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 69.96 | 2020 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 2020 | 12 +-----+------+-------------+------+ 13 7 rows in set
分組前的條件過濾:where
這個很簡單,就是再分組(group by)之前通過where關鍵字進行條件過濾,取出我們需要的資料,假設我們只要列出2019年8月之後的資料,源資料只有6條合格的,有兩條年份一樣被分組的:
1 mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid,year; 2 +-----+------+-------------+------+ 3 | uid | nums | totalamount | year | 4 +-----+------+-------------+------+ 5 | 2 | 2 | 199.79 | 2019 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 73.42 | 2020 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 55.55 | 2019 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 69.96 | 2020 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 2020 | 10 +-----+------+-------------+------+ 11 5 rows in set
分組後的條件過濾:having
有時候我們需要再分組之後再對資料進行過濾,這時候就需要使用having關鍵字進行資料過濾,再上述條件下,我們需要取出消費次數超過一次的資料:
1 mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount,year from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid,year having nums>1; 2 +-----+------+-------------+------+ 3 | uid | nums | totalamount | year | 4 +-----+------+-------------+------+ 5 | 2 | 2 | 199.79 | 2019 | 6 +-----+------+-------------+------+ 7 1 row in set
這邊需要注意區分where和having:
where是在分組(聚合)前對記錄進行篩選,而having是在分組結束後的結果裡篩選,最後返回過濾後的結果。
可以把having理解為兩級查詢,即含having的查詢操作先獲得不含having子句時的sql查詢結果表,然後在這個結果表上使用having條件篩選出符合的記錄,最後返回這些記錄,因此,having後是可以跟聚合函式的,並且這個聚集函式不必與select後面的聚集函式相同。
分組後的排序處理
order條件接在group by後面,也就是統計出每個使用者的消費總額和消費次數後,對使用者的消費總額進行降序排序的過程。
1 mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid; 2 +-----+------+-------------+ 3 | uid | nums | totalamount | 4 +-----+------+-------------+ 5 | 1 | 3 | 345.65 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 125.51 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 9 +-----+------+-------------+ 10 4 rows in set 11 12 mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid order by totalamount desc; 13 +-----+------+-------------+ 14 | uid | nums | totalamount | 15 +-----+------+-------------+ 16 | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | 17 | 1 | 3 | 345.65 | 18 | 4 | 1 | 199.99 | 19 | 3 | 2 | 125.51 | 20 +-----+------+-------------+ 21 4 rows in set
分組後的limit 限制
limit限制關鍵字一般放在語句的最末尾,比如基於我們上面的搜尋,我們再limit 1,只取出消費額最高的那條,其他跳過。
1 mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order group by uid order by totalamount desc limit 1; 2 +-----+------+-------------+ 3 | uid | nums | totalamount | 4 +-----+------+-------------+ 5 | 2 | 4 | 375.53 | 6 +-----+------+-------------+ 7 1 row in set
關鍵字的執行順序
我們看到上面那我們用了 where、group by、having、order by、limit這些關鍵字,如果一起使用,他們是有先後順序,順序錯了會導致異常,語法格式如下:
1 select cname from tname 2 where [原表查詢條件] 3 group by [分組表示式] 4 having [分組過濾條件] 5 order by [排序條件] 6 limit [offset,] count;
1 mysql> select uid,count(uid) as nums,sum(amount) as totalamount from t_order where time > '2019-08-01' group by uid having totalamount>100 order by totalamount desc limit 1; 2 +-----+------+-------------+ 3 | uid | nums | totalamount | 4 +-----+------+-------------+ 5 | 2 | 3 | 273.21 | 6 +-----+------+-------------+ 7 1 row in set
總結
1、分組語法中,select後面出現的欄位 要麼是group by後面的欄位,要麼是聚合函式的列,其他型別會報異常:可以自己試試。
2、分組關鍵字的執行順序:where、group by、having、order by、limit,順序不能調換,否則會報異常:可以自己試試。