getopt() 所設定的全域性變數(在unistd.h中)包括:
optarg——指向當前選項引數(如果有)的指標。
optind—— getopt() 即將處理的下一個引數 argv 指標的索引。
optopt——最後一個已知選項。
下面是一個使用getopt簡單例子:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main( int argc, char **argv)
{
int opt
= 0;
int i
= 0;
const char *optstring
= ":vV:h:" ; //
for(i
= 0; i < argc; i++)
printf ("%d:%s\n" ,
i, argv[i]);
//分別處理選項引數中的各個引數
while((opt
= getopt (argc, argv, optstring)) !=
-1){
switch (opt){
case 'v' :
printf ("verbose\n" );
break ;
case 'V' :
printf ("option
%c:the Version is %s\n" , opt, optarg);
break ;
case 'h' :
printf ("The
option %c is %s...\n" , opt, optarg);
break ;
case '?' :
printf ("Unknown
option %c\n" ,optopt);
break ;
}
}
//option index 最終會指向非選項引數
printf( "After getopt the optind =
%d \n" , optind);
//在執行完getopt之後重新列印 argv陣列
for(i
= 0; i < argc; i++)
printf ("%d:%s\n" ,
i, argv[i]);
return 0;
}
結果:
X:\1.KEEP MOVING\3.C\MyCodes\GetOpt\Debug\GetOpt.exe: invalid option -- x
0:X:\1.KEEP MOVING\3.C\MyCodes\GetOpt\Debug\GetOpt.exe
1:arg1
2:-v
3:-V
4:2.1
5:-h
6:help
7:-x
8:arg2
verbose
option V:the Version is 2.1
The option h is help...
Unknown option x
After getopt the optind = 7
0:X:\1.KEEP MOVING\3.C\MyCodes\GetOpt\Debug\GetOpt.exe
1:-v
2:-V
3:2.1
4:-h
5:help
6:-x
7:arg1
8:arg2
可以看到getopt執行完後非選項引數都移到了後面,由optind指向。
getopt_long():長選項處理
函式原型 : int getopt_long (int argc, char *const *argv, const char *shortopts, const struct option *longopts, int *indexptr)
貼一段對這個函式比較清晰的說明:
Decode options from the vector argv (whose length is argc). The argument shortopts describes the short options to accept, just as it does in getopt
. The argument longopts describes
the long options to accept (see above).
When getopt_long
encounters a short option, it does the same thing that getopt
would do: it returns the character code for the option, and stores the options argument (if it has
one) inoptarg
.
When getopt_long
encounters a long option, it takes actions based on the flag
and val
fields of the definition of that option.
If flag
is a null pointer, then getopt_long
returns the contents of val
to indicate which option it found. You should arrange distinct values in the val
field
for options with different meanings, so you can decode these values after getopt_long
returns. If the long option is equivalent to a short option, you can use the short option's character code in val
.
If flag
is not a null pointer, that means this option should just set a flag in the program. The flag is a variable of type int
that you define. Put the address of the flag in the flag
field.
Put in the val
field the value you would like this option to store in the flag. In this case, getopt_long
returns 0
.
For any long option, getopt_long
tells you the index in the array longopts of the options definition, by storing it into *
indexptr. You can get the name of the option withlongopts[*
indexptr].name
.
So you can distinguish among long options either by the values in their val
fields or by their indices. You can also distinguish in this way among long options that set flags.
When a long option has an argument, getopt_long
puts the argument value in the variable optarg
before returning. When the option has no argument, the value in optarg
is a null pointer. This is
how you can tell whether an optional argument was supplied.
When getopt_long
has no more options to handle, it returns -1
, and leaves in the variable optind
the index in argv of the next remaining argument.
getopt_long的選項用結構體option定義:
struct option {
char *name; //長選項的名字
int has_arg; // 0/1,標誌是否有選項
int *flag; //上面有詳細說明,通常為NULL
int val;
};
This structure describes a single long option name for the sake of getopt_long. The argument longopts must be an array of these structures, one for each long option. Terminate the array with an element
containing all zeros.
The struct option structure has these fields:
name - This field is the name of the option. It is a string.
has_arg - This field says whether the option takes an argument. It is an integer, and there are three legitimate values: no_argument, required_argument
and optional_argument.
flag ,val - These fields control how to report or act on the option when it occurs.
If flag is a null pointer, then the val is a value which identifies this option. Often these values are chosen to uniquely identify particular long options.
If flag is not a null pointer, it should be the address of an int variable which is the flag for this option. The value in val is the value to store in the flag to indicate that the option was seen.
上面的英文解釋非常清晰,下面是一個使用getopt_long簡單例子:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <getopt.h>
int main( int argc, char **argv){
const char *short_options
= "vhVo:" ;
const struct option
long_options[] = {
{ "verbose" , optional_argument ,
NULL, 'v' },
{ "help" , no_argument ,
NULL, 'h' },
{ "version" , no_argument ,
NULL, 'V' },
{ "output" , required_argument ,
NULL, 'o' },
{NULL, 0, NULL, 0} , /* Required at
end of array. */
};
for (;;)
{
int c;
c = getopt_long (argc,
argv, short_options, long_options, NULL);//
if (c
== -1) {
break ;
}
switch (c)
{
case 'h' :
printf ("The
usage of this program...\n" );
break ;
case 'v' :
printf ("set
the program's log verbose...\n");
break ;
case 'V' :
printf ("The
version is 0.1 ...\n" );
break ;
case 'o' :
printf ("The
output file is %s.\n" ,optarg);
break ;
case '?' :
printf ("Invalid
option , abort the program.");
exit (-1);
default : //
unexpected
abort ();
}
}
return 0;
}
引數是:
結果:
The usage of this program...
set the program's log verbose...
The version is 0.1 ...
The output file is outputfile.
應用場景分析
在openvswitch的原始碼中,每個元件的啟動過程都會牽扯到命令列引數的解析,處理思路都是類似的。下面是我對ovsdb-client中程式碼的這部分程式碼的抽離,明確這個過程做了哪些事情。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <limits.h>
void out_of_memory( void ){
printf( "virtual
memory exhausted\n" );
abort();
}
// xmalloc最終還是呼叫標準C的 malloc,只不過進行了包裝,
//保證記憶體會分配成功,否則就因此執行終止應用程式。
void *xmalloc( size_t size){
void *p
= malloc (size ? size : 1);
if (p
== NULL) {
out_of_memory();
}
return p;
}
char *xmemdup0( const char *p_, size_t length){
char *p
= xmalloc(length + 1);
memcpy(p,
p_, length);
p[length] = '\0';
return p;
}
//Duplicates a character string without fail, using xmalloc to obtain
memory.
char *xstrdup( const char *s){
return xmemdup0(s, strlen (s));
}
/* Given the GNU-style long options in 'options', returns a string that may be
* passed to getopt() with the corresponding short options. The
caller is
* responsible for freeing the string. */
char *long_options_to_short_options( const struct option
options[]){
char short_options[UCHAR_MAX
* 3 + 1];
char *p
= short_options;
for (;
options-> name; options++) {
const struct option
*o = options;
if (o->flag ==
NULL && o-> val > 0 && o-> val <=
UCHAR_MAX) {
*p++ = o-> val;
if (o->has_arg == required_argument)
{
*p++ = ':';
} else if (o->has_arg == optional_argument)
{
*p++ = ':';
*p++ = ':';
}
}
}
*p = '\0';
//不能直接返回區域性變數:字元陣列,需要在堆上分配空間,然後返回對應的指標。
return xstrdup(short_options);
}
static void
parse_options( int argc, char *argv[])
{
enum {
OPT_BOOTSTRAP_CA_CERT =
UCHAR_MAX + 1,
OPT_TIMESTAMP ,
DAEMON_OPTION_ENUMS ,
TABLE_OPTION_ENUMS
};
static struct option
long_options[] = {
{ "verbose" , optional_argument ,
NULL, 'v' },
{ "help" , no_argument ,
NULL, 'h' },
{ "version" , no_argument ,
NULL, 'V' },
{ "timestamp ", no_argument,
NULL, OPT_TIMESTAMP },
{NULL, 0, NULL, 0},
};
char *short_options
= long_options_to_short_options(long_options);
//當把把長短選項分離出來之後,就是上面的處理套路
//這裡僅僅列印出short options
printf( "%s\n" ,short_options);
free(short_options);
}
int main( int argc, char **argv)
{
parse_options(argc, argv);
return 0;
}
參考資料:
1.http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getopt-Long-Options.html
2.http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/aix/library/au-unix-getopt.html
3. http://www.cppblog.com/cuijixin/archive/2010/06/13/117788.html
4.OVS原始碼