oracle常用命令

第一章：日誌治理
1.forcing log switches
sql> alter system switch logfile;

2.forcing checkpoints
sql> alter system checkpoint;[@more@]

3.adding online redo log groups
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;

4.adding online redo log members
sql> alter database add logfile member
sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;

5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
sql> alter database rename file 'c://oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

6.drop online redo log groups
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;

7.drop online redo log members
sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';

8.clearing online redo log files
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile '
c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';

9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles

a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','
c:oracleoradblog');
c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('
c:oracleoradataoradbredo01.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('
c:oracleoradataoradbredo02.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'
c:oracleoradblogoradb.ora');
f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,
v$logmnr_parameters
sql> v$logmnr_logs);
g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;

第二章：表空間治理
1.create tablespaces
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile '
c:oracleoradatafile1.dbf' size 100m,
sql> 'c:oracleoradatafile2.dbf' size 100m
minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k
maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary]
[extent_management_clause]

2.locally managed tablespace
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile '
c:oracleoradatauser_data01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

3.temporary tablespace
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile '
c:oracleoradatatemp01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;

4.change the storage setting
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial
2m next 2m maxextents 999);


5.taking tablespace offline or online
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql> alter tablespace app_data online;

6.read_only tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data read onlywrite;

7.droping tablespace
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;

8.enableing automatic extension of data files
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile '
c:oracleoradataapp_data01.dbf' size 200m
sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;

9.change the size fo data files manually
sql> alter database datafile 'c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf'
resize 200m;

10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile '
c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:oracleapp_data.dbf';

11.moving data files:alter database
sql> alter database rename file 'c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:oracleapp_data.dbf';

第三章：表
1.create a table
sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
sql> [loggingnologging] [cachenocache]

2.copy an existing table
sql> create table table_name [loggingnologging] as subquery

3.create temporary table
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows

4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row
size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row
size*100/available data space)

5.change storage and block utilization parameter
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);

6.manually allocating extents
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size
500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');

7.move tablespace
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;

8.deallocate of unused space
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]

9.truncate a table
sql> truncate table table_name;

10.drop a table
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];

11.drop a column
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments
cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
alter table table_name drop columns continue;

12.mark a column as unused
sql> alter table table_name set unused column
comments cascade constraints;
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs

第四章：索引
1.creating function-based indexes
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on
summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);


2.create a B-tree index
sql> create [unique] index index_name on
table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer]
[initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> [logging nologging] [nosort] storage(initial
200k next 200k pctincrease 0
sql> maxextents 50);

3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number
of rows)*100/maximum number of rows

4.creating reverse key indexes
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse
pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

5.create bitmap index
sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30
storage( initial 200k next 200k
sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;

6.change storage parameter of index
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);

7.allocating index space
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k
datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');

8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;

第五章：約束
1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
sql> alter set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;

2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including
contents cascade constraints

3. define constraints while create a table
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint
xay_id primary key deferrable
sql> using index storage(initial 100k
next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check

4.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate con