US7ASCII字符集轉換為ZHS16GBK
我們知道在匯出檔案中，記錄著匯出使用的字符集id,通過檢視匯出檔案頭的第2、3個位元組，我們可以找到16進製表示的字符集ID,在Windows上，
我們可以使用UltraEdit等工具開啟dmp檔案，檢視其匯出字符集::
在Unix上我們可以通過以下命令來檢視:
cat expdat.dmp | od -x | head
|
Oracle提供標準函式，對字符集名稱及ID進行轉換:
|
SQL> select nls_charset_id('ZHS16GBK') from dual;
NLS_CHARSET_ID('ZHS16GBK')
--------------------------
852
1 row selected.
SQL> select nls_charset_name(852) from dual;
NLS_CHAR
--------
ZHS16GBK
1 row selected.
十進位制轉換十六進位制:
SQL> select to_char('852','xxxx') from dual;
TO_CH
-----
354
1 row selected.
|
對應上面的圖中第2、3位元組，我們知道該匯出檔案字符集為ZHS16GBk.
查詢資料庫中有效的字符集可以使用以下指令碼:
|
col nls_charset_id for 9999
col nls_charset_name for a30
col hex_id for a20
select
nls_charset_id(value) nls_charset_id,
value nls_charset_name,
to_char(nls_charset_id(value),'xxxx') hex_id
from v$nls_valid_values
where parameter = 'CHARACTERSET'
order by nls_charset_id(value)
/
|
輸出樣例如下:
|
NLS_CHARSET_ID NLS_CHARSET_NAME HEX_ID .................................. |
在很多時候，當我們進行匯入操作的時候，已經離開了源資料庫，這時如果目標資料庫的字符集和匯出檔案不一致，很多時候就需要進行特殊處理，
以下介紹幾種方法，主要以US7ASCII和ZHS16GBK為例
1． 源資料庫字符集為US7ASCII，匯出檔案字符集為US7ASCII或ZHS16GBK，目標資料庫字符集為ZHS16GBK
在Oracle92中，我們發現對於這種情況，不論怎樣處理，這個匯出檔案都無法正確匯入到Oracle9i資料庫中，這可能是因為Oracle9i的編碼方案發生了較大改變。
以下是我們所做的簡單測試，其中匯出檔案命名規則為:
S-Server ，後跟Server字符集
C-client , 後跟匯出操作時客戶端字符集
匯入時客戶端字符集設定在命令列完成，限於篇幅，我們省略了部分測試過程。
對於Oracle9iR2,我們的測試結果是US7ASCII字符集，不管怎樣轉換，都無法正確匯入ZHS16GBK字符集的資料庫中。
在進行匯入操作時，如果字元不能正常轉換，Oracle資料庫會自動用一個”?”代替，也就是編碼63。
|
E:\nls2>set NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.US7ASCII E:\nls2>imp eygle/eygle file=Sus7ascii-Cus7ascii.dmp fromuser=eygle touser=eygle tables=test Import: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 3 17:14:39 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production Export file created by EXPORT:V09.02.00 via conventional path import done in US7ASCII character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set import server uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion) . . importing table "TEST" 2 rows imported Import terminated successfully without warnings. E:\nls2>sqlplus eygle/eygle SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 3 17:14:50 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production SQL> select name,dump(name) from test; NAME DUMP(NAME) ----------------------------- ???? Typ=1 Len=4: 63,63,63,63 test Typ=1 Len=4: 116,101,115,116 2 rows selected. SQL> exit Disconnected from Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production E:\nls2>set NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK E:\nls2>imp eygle/eygle file=Sus7ascii-Cus7ascii.dmp fromuser=eygle touser=eygle tables=test ignore=y Import: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 3 17:15:28 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production Export file created by EXPORT:V09.02.00 via conventional path import done in ZHS16GBK character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set export client uses US7ASCII character set (possible charset conversion) . . importing table "TEST" 2 rows imported Import terminated successfully without warnings. E:\nls2>sqlplus eygle/eygle SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 3 17:15:34 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production SQL> select name,dump(name) from test; NAME DUMP(NAME) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ???? Typ=1 Len=4: 63,63,63,63 test Typ=1 Len=4: 116,101,115,116 ???? Typ=1 Len=4: 63,63,63,63 test Typ=1 Len=4: 116,101,115,116 4 rows selected. SQL> drop table test; Table dropped. SQL> exit Disconnected from Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production E:\nls2>set NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK E:\nls2>imp eygle/eygle file=Sus7ascii-Czhs16gbk.dmp fromuser=eygle touser=eygle tables=test ignore=y Import: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 3 17:17:21 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production Export file created by EXPORT:V09.02.00 via conventional path import done in ZHS16GBK character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set . . importing table "TEST" 2 rows imported Import terminated successfully without warnings. E:\nls2>sqlplus eygle/eygle SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 3 17:17:30 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production SQL> select name,dump(name) from test; NAME DUMP(NAME) ---------------------------------------------- ???? Typ=1 Len=4: 63,63,63,63 test Typ=1 Len=4: 116,101,115,116 2 rows selected. SQL> exit Disconnected from Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production E:\nls2>set NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.US7ASCII E:\nls2>imp eygle/eygle file=Sus7ascii-Czhs16gbk.dmp fromuser=eygle touser=eygle tables=test ignore=y Import: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 3 17:18:00 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production Export file created by EXPORT:V09.02.00 via conventional path import done in US7ASCII character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set import server uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion) export client uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion) . . importing table "TEST" 2 rows imported Import terminated successfully without warnings. E:\nls2>sqlplus eygle/eygle SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 3 17:18:08 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production SQL> select name,dump(name) from test; NAME DUMP(NAME) ---------------------------------------- ???? Typ=1 Len=4: 63,63,63,63 test Typ=1 Len=4: 116,101,115,116 ???? Typ=1 Len=4: 63,63,63,63 test Typ=1 Len=4: 116,101,115,116 4 rows selected. SQL> |
對於這種情況，我們可以通過使用Oracle8i的匯出工具，設定匯出字符集為US7ASCII，匯出後修改第二、三字元，修改 0001 為
0354,這樣就可以將US7ASCII字符集的資料正確匯入到ZHS16GBK的資料庫中。
修改匯出檔案:
匯入修改後的匯出檔案:
|
E:\nls2>set NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK E:\nls2>imp eygle/eygle file=Sus7ascii-Cus7ascii-exp817.dmp fromuser=eygle touser=eygle tables=test Import: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 3 17:37:17 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production Export file created by EXPORT:V08.01.07 via conventional path import done in ZHS16GBK character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set export server uses UTF8 NCHAR character set (possible ncharset conversion) . . importing table "TEST" 2 rows imported Import terminated successfully without warnings. E:\nls2>sqlplus eygle/eygle SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Nov 3 17:37:23 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production SQL> select name,dump(name) from test; NAME DUMP(NAME) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 測試 Typ=1 Len=4: 178,226,202,212 Test Typ=1 Len=4: 116,101,115,116 2 rows selected. SQL> |
2． 使用create database的方法
如果匯出檔案使用的字符集是US7ASCII，目標資料庫的字符集是ZHS16GBK,我們可以使用create database的方法來修改，具體如下:
|
SQL> col parameter for a30 SQL> col value for a30 SQL> select * from v$nls_parameters; PARAMETER VALUE ------------------------------ ------------------------------ NLS_LANGUAGE AMERICAN NLS_TERRITORY AMERICA NLS_CURRENCY $ NLS_ISO_CURRENCY AMERICA NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS ., NLS_CALENDAR GREGORIAN NLS_DATE_FORMAT DD-MON-RR NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE AMERICAN NLS_CHARACTERSET ZHS16GBK NLS_SORT BINARY ………………. 19 rows selected. SQL> create database character set us7ascii; create database character set us7ascii * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges SQL> select * from v$nls_parameters; PARAMETER VALUE ------------------------------ ------------------------------ NLS_LANGUAGE AMERICAN NLS_TERRITORY AMERICA NLS_CURRENCY $ NLS_ISO_CURRENCY AMERICA NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS ., NLS_CALENDAR GREGORIAN NLS_DATE_FORMAT DD-MON-RR NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE AMERICAN NLS_CHARACTERSET US7ASCII NLS_SORT BINARY ………….. 19 rows selected. SQL> exit Disconnected from Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production E:\nls2>set nls_lang=AMERICAN_AMERICA.US7ASCII E:\nls2>imp eygle/eygle file=Sus7ascii-Cus7ascii.dmp fromuser=eygle touser=eygle Import: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Sun Nov 2 14:53:26 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production Export file created by EXPORT:V09.02.00 via conventional path import done in US7ASCII character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set import server uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion) . . importing table "TEST" 2 rows imported Import terminated successfully without warnings. E:\nls2>sqlplus eygle/eygle SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Sun Nov 2 14:53:35 2003 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production SQL> select * from test; NAME ---------- 測試 test 2 rows selected. |
我們看到，當發出create database character set us7ascii；命令時，資料庫v$nls_parameters中的字符集設定隨之更改，該引數影響匯入程式，
更改後可以正確匯入資料，重起資料庫後，該設定恢復。
提示:v$nls_paraemters來源於x$nls_parameters,該動態效能檢視影響匯入操作；而nls_database_parameters來源於props$資料表，影響資料儲存。
3． Oracle提供的字元掃描工具csscan
我們說以上的方法只是應該在不得已的情況下使用，其本質是欺騙資料庫，強制匯入資料，可能損失後設資料。
如果要確保資料的完整性，應該使用csscan掃描資料庫，找出所有不相容的字元，然後通過編寫相應的指令碼及程式碼，在轉換之後進行更新，確保資料的正確性。
我們簡單看一下csscan的使用。
要使用csscan之前，需要以sys使用者身份建立相應資料字典物件:
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E:\nls2>sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Sun Nov 2 19:42:07 2003
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options
JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production
SQL> select instance_name from v$intance;
select instance_name from v$intance
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
SQL> select instance_name from v$instance;
INSTANCE_NAME
----------------
penny
1 row selected.
SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/csminst.sql
User created.
Grant succeeded.
………..
|
這個指令碼建立相應使用者(csmig)及資料字典物件，掃描資訊會記錄在相應的資料字典表裡。
我們可以在命令列呼叫這個工具對資料庫進行掃描:
E:\nls2>csscan FULL=Y FROMCHAR=ZHS16GBK TOCHAR=US7ASCII LOG=US7check.log CAPTURE=Y ARRAY=1000000 PROCESS=2
Character Set Scanner v1.1 : Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on Sun Nov 2 20:24:45 2003
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Username: eygle/eygle
Connected to:
Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options
JServer Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production
Enumerating tables to scan...
. process 1 scanning SYS.SOURCE$[AAAABHAABAAAAIRAAA]
. process 2 scanning SYS.ATTRIBUTE$[AAAAEoAABAAAAhZAAA]
. process 2 scanning SYS.PARAMETER$[AAAAEoAABAAAAhZAAA]
. process 2 scanning SYS.METHOD$[AAAAEoAABAAAAhZAAA]
……..
. process 2 scanning SYSTEM.DEF$_AQERROR[AAAA8fAABAAACWJAAA]
. process 1 scanning WMSYS.WM$ENV_VARS[AAABeWAABAAAFMZAAA]
………………….
. process 2 scanning SYS.UGROUP$[AAAAA5AABAAAAGpAAA]
. process 2 scanning SYS.CON$[AAAAAcAABAAAACpAAA]
. process 1 scanning SYS.FILE$[AAAAARAABAAAABxAAA]
Creating Database Scan Summary Report...
Creating Individual Exception Report...
Scanner terminated successfully.
|
然後我們可以檢查輸出的日誌來檢視資料庫掃描情況:
Database Scan Individual Exception Report [Database Scan Parameters] Parameter Value ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ Scan type Full database Scan CHAR data? YES Current database character set ZHS16GBK New database character set US7ASCII Scan NCHAR data? NO Array fetch buffer size 1000000 Number of processes 2 Capture convertible data? YES ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ [Data Dictionary individual exceptions] [Application data individual exceptions] User : EYGLE Table : TEST Column: NAME Type : VARCHAR2(10) Number of Exceptions : 1 Max Post Conversion Data Size: 4 ROWID Exception Type Size Cell Data(first 30 bytes) ------------------ ------------------ ----- ------------------------------ AAABpIAADAAAAAMAAA lossy conversion 測試 ------------------ ------------------ ----- ------------------------------ |
不能轉換的資料將會被記錄下來，我們可以根據這些資訊在轉換之後，對資料進行相應的更新，確保轉換無誤。
來自 “ ITPUB部落格 ” ，連結：http://blog.itpub.net/23071790/viewspace-689177/，如需轉載，請註明出處，否則將追究法律責任。
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