今天看書遇到了flask login模組中的訊號機制,看到user_loader這個裝飾器時有些疑惑,為什麼需要這個裝飾器呢,先看一下原始碼:
def user_loader(self, callback):
```
This sets the callback for reloading a user from the session. The
function you set should take a user ID (a ``unicode``) and return a
user object, or ``None`` if the user does not exist.
:param callback: The callback for retrieving a user object.
:type callback: callable
```
self.user_callback = callback
return callback
看到這不禁疑惑,它的作用只是將被它包裝的函式存到self.user_callback這個屬性中去,我們先到login_user這個登陸函式中去看看:
def login_user(user, remember=False, duration=None, force=False, fresh=True):
if not force and not user.is_active:
return False
user_id = getattr(user, current_app.login_manager.id_attribute)()
session[`user_id`] = user_id
session[`_fresh`] = fresh
session[`_id`] = current_app.login_manager._session_identifier_generator()
if remember:
session[`remember`] = `set`
if duration is not None:
try:
# equal to timedelta.total_seconds() but works with Python 2.6
session[`remember_seconds`] = (duration.microseconds +
(duration.seconds +
duration.days * 24 * 3600) *
10**6) / 10.0**6
except AttributeError:
raise Exception(`duration must be a datetime.timedelta, `
`instead got: {0}`.format(duration))
_request_ctx_stack.top.user = user
user_logged_in.send(current_app._get_current_object(), user=_get_user())
return True
可以看到,login_user這個函式接受user這個主要的引數,getattr(user, current_app.login_manager.id_attribute)()這句是為了呼叫user中的get_id方法
self.id_attribute = ID_ATTRIBUTE
ID_ATTRIBUTE = `get_id`
注意在getattr後面還有個()所以會呼叫對應的方法,所以user_id中就存放了登陸使用者的id號,並寫入到session中去,如果設定了remember為True的話,關掉瀏覽器重新開啟後,使用者不會退出,函式的最後_request_ctx_stack.top.user = user,將當前user加入到請求上下文的棧頂,就能用current_user獲取了。
上面說到self.user_callback已經存了被user_loader裝飾的函式,那麼在哪裡用到了它呢,我在login_manager.py中查詢,發現只有一個方法使用到了這個熟悉,這個方法是reload_user():
def reload_user(self, user=None):
```
This set the ctx.user with the user object loaded by your customized
user_loader callback function, which should retrieved the user object
with the user_id got from session.
Syntax example:
from flask_login import LoginManager
@login_manager.user_loader
def any_valid_func_name(user_id):
# get your user object using the given user_id,
# if you use SQLAlchemy, for example:
user_obj = User.query.get(int(user_id))
return user_obj
Reason to let YOU define this self.user_callback:
Because we won`t know how/where you will load you user object.
```
ctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
if user is None:
user_id = session.get(`user_id`)
if user_id is None:
ctx.user = self.anonymous_user()
else:
if self.user_callback is None:
raise Exception(
"No user_loader has been installed for this "
"LoginManager. Refer to"
"https://flask-login.readthedocs.io/"
"en/latest/#how-it-works for more info.")
user = self.user_callback(user_id)
if user is None:
ctx.user = self.anonymous_user()
else:
ctx.user = user
else:
ctx.user = user
它先從請求上下文中取出最新的請求,如果沒有傳入user,那麼會從session中試圖取出對應的user_id,這是一種保護機制,不使用cookie,而使用session,user_id在login時會寫入session,如果登陸時remember引數傳入了True,那麼關閉瀏覽器重新開啟後session[`user_id`]將不會被清除,這時候也就可以獲取到了,如果登陸時沒有設定remember為True,那麼關閉瀏覽器後user_id會被設為None,則ctx.user = self.anonymous_user(),棧頂的使用者為匿名使用者,也就需要重新登陸了;取出了user_id,並且self.user_callback不為空,則會呼叫被user_loader裝飾的函式,並傳入user_id,在被裝飾的函式中我們要根據這個user_id來查詢並返回對應的使用者例項,如果成功返回,那麼當前請求上下文棧頂的使用者就設定為返回的使用者。
你可能會問,為什麼要過載使用者呢?因為http協議是無狀態的,每次都會傳送一個新的請求,請求上下文的棧頂會被新的請求覆蓋,對應的user屬性也就沒了,所以需要通過reload_user過載上一次記錄在session中並且未被清除的使用者,過載失敗則需要重新登陸,這也就是這個裝飾器的作用了。
最後我們看下logout_user()這個方法:
def logout_user():
```
Logs a user out. (You do not need to pass the actual user.) This will
also clean up the remember me cookie if it exists.
```
user = _get_user()
if `user_id` in session:
session.pop(`user_id`)
if `_fresh` in session:
session.pop(`_fresh`)
cookie_name = current_app.config.get(`REMEMBER_COOKIE_NAME`, COOKIE_NAME)
if cookie_name in request.cookies:
session[`remember`] = `clear`
if `remember_seconds` in session:
session.pop(`remember_seconds`)
user_logged_out.send(current_app._get_current_object(), user=user)
current_app.login_manager.reload_user()
return True
logout主要是清除了session和cookie中的關鍵引數,比如login時設定的user_id以及remember等,清除後又呼叫了reload_user(),根據之前的邏輯,當然不可能過載成功,因為user_id已經為None了,執行到ctx.user = self.anonymous_user()就已經結束了,其實reload_user算是這個模組中很關鍵的一個函式,login_manager這個類也是這個模組的核心所在,以後有時間繼續研究。