PGA 文件及個人理解
Tuning PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET in Oracle 9i
, Oracle Pipeline SYSOP
Abstract '
Oracle 9i introduced the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter to help better manage session working areas in a session’s Program Global Area (PGA). This paper discusses available methods to help tune this new Oracle 9i parameter.
Introduction
Each Oracle session needs memory set aside for it to perform. certain work operations. For instance, if the application requests a sorting operation by using certain SQL statements, like GROUP BY or ORDER BY, the application’s session can perform. this sort in memory, provided enough memory has been reserved for that sort operation. If there is not enough reserved memory, then the sort operation is done in pieces using a temporary holding area on disk in the TEMP tablespace.
Before Oracle 9i, the DBA configured a session’s working areas by configuring a number of parameters such as BITMAP_MERGE_AREA_SIZE, CREATE_BITMAP_AREA_SIZE, HASH_AREA_SIZE, and SORT_AREA_SIZE. Collectively, these parameters are referred to as the *_AREA_SIZE parameters. The problem with this approach is that one often reserved memory that was never used. If I set SORT_AREA_SIZE=1M and HASH_AREA_SIZE=5M, then I have allocated at least 6MB of working area. What if I needed 2MB for sorting and I am not going to perform. any hash joins? I have 5MB of allocated working area that is sitting there idle that I would like to use to assist my sort operation. The pre-9i Oracle DBA had to carefully determine how to allocate the best working area sizes so that optimal performance could be achieved, without using up too much of the server’s physical memory.
To address this type of situation, Oracle created a way to let the instance automatically manage the working areas of the database sessions. Oracle 9i now has the ability to reserve a large chunk of working area space in memory and to let the instance dynamically change the working area allocations depending on the session’s operations. One session that needs 1MB of sort space and 4MB of hash area space would fit well into an allocation as defined above. A second session that needs 4MB of sort space and 1MB of hash area space would also fit well into a similar allocation since Oracle 9i now has the capability to dynamically change these working area allocations depending on the usage. Oracle 9i uses the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET initialization parameter to define the total amount of PGA reserved memory.
Initial Setup
To begin using this new Oracle 9i feature, you need to set the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET initialization parameter. This parameter can be set without restarting the Oracle instance. As a guideline, Oracle recommends initially setting this parameter to 16% of your server’s physical memory for OLTP systems and 40% of your server’s physical memory for DSS systems. Like any other memory configuration guidelines from Oracle Corp, this is just a starting place. You will most likely want to tune this setting depending on the usage of your system’s resources. My server has 1GB of physical memory. Using the above guidelines, I will initially set my PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET initialization parameter. You can see an example of this in Figure 1.
Figure 1. – Setting PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET
ORA9I SQL> alter system set pga_aggregate_target=160M; System altered. ORA9I SQL> show parameter pga_aggregate_target NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- --------------------------- pga_aggregate_target big integer 167772160
With this parameter set, Oracle will now automatically perform. dynamic working area memory management.
|
Please note that the amount of memory set aside for the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is for all server processes, not for each server process. This parameter can be set to zero to turn off dynamic working area memory management. The acceptable range of values is between 10MB and 4096GB – 1. |
Tuning PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET
To illustrate how to tune this parameter, I will set my PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET to the minimum value allowed, 10MB and run a load simulation on my instance. We want to determine when the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is too low to give optimal performance and too high so as to not waste allocated memory.
Oracle 9i gives us many different views to query to see how well our dynamic working area memory management is performing. Oracle 9i has added a few statistics to V$SYSTAT and V$SESSTAT.
Figure 2. – V$SYSTAT with 10MB PGA Target
ORA9I SQL> select name,value from v$sysstat 2> where name like 'workarea executions%'; NAME VALUE ---------------------------------------- ---------- workarea executions - optimal 510 workarea executions - onepass 1 workarea executions - multipass 4
The query in Figure 2 shows us how many operations, or executions, were performed in the work areas. These executions fall into three categories. The optimal executions are those operations that were performed entirely in memory. As the name suggests, this is the most favorable type of execution. If the operation was too big to be performed in memory, then part of the operation spills onto disk. If only one pass was needed on disk, then this execution is noted in the onepass statistic. If more than one pass was needed on disk, then this execution is noted in the multipass statistic. Ideally, all executions should be in the optimal statistic and the statistics for onepass and multipass should be zero. From the query in Figure 2, I can see that my value for PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is too small.
Oracle 9i includes a new view called V$PGASTAT. This view can give you additional statistics on how well the dynamic working area memory management is performing.
Figure 3. V$PGASTAT with 10MB PGA Target
ORA9I SQL> select * from v$pgastat; NAME VALUE UNIT ---------------------------------------- ---------- ------------ aggregate PGA target parameter 10485760 bytes aggregate PGA auto target 4248576 bytes global memory bound 524288 bytes total PGA inuse 5760000 bytes total PGA allocated 10342400 bytes maximum PGA allocated 42925056 bytes total freeable PGA memory 65536 bytes PGA memory freed back to OS 9306112 bytes total PGA used for auto workareas 0 bytes maximum PGA used for auto workareas 631808 bytes total PGA used for manual workareas 0 bytes maximum PGA used for manual workareas 529408 bytes over allocation count 9201 bytes processed 55100416 bytes extra bytes read/written 159971328 bytes cache hit percentage 25.61 percent 16 rows selected.
The first line of output in Figure 3 shows that my PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is currently set to 10MB. Some parts of the PGA are used for non-tunable information such as session context information and other overhead. The rest of the PGA memory footprint is dynamically tunable and is indicated by the aggregate PGA auto target statistic. The value in the second line of output of Figure 3 should not be significantly smaller than the value in the first line, as it is above. If this value is too small, then Oracle does not have enough memory to dynamically adjust.
Oracle 9.2 includes two additional rows of output to V$PGASTAT. They are over allocation count and cache hit percentage. If Oracle determines that it cannot honor the setting for PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET, then it needs to allocate additional memory. The number of times Oracle detects this condition since instance startup is noted by the over allocation count statistic. Ideally, this value should be zero. The cache hit percentage statistic shows a hit ratio on the number of bytes where optimal executions were performed compared the total number of bytes for all executions, optimal, one-pass, and multi-pass. If all executions where optimal, then this statistic should be 100%.
It should be obvious from the queries in Figures 2 and 3 that the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is under allocated. The question that remains is how much to increase this parameter to obtain optimal performance without wasting allocated memory? Oracle 9i includes a new V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE view to help us answer this question. In order to use this view, one needs to ensure that the STATISTICS_LEVEL initialization parameter is set to TYPICAL or ALL. Let’s look at Figure 4 to see what advice Oracle can give us if we change our PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET to a different value.
Figure 4. – V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE with 10MB PGA Target
ORA9I SQL> select round(pga_target_for_estimate/1024/1024) as target_size_MB, 2> bytes_processed,estd_extra_bytes_rw as est_rw_extra_bytes, 3> estd_pga_cache_hit_percentage as est_hit_pct, 4> estd_overalloc_count as est_overalloc 5> from v$pga_target_advice; TARGET_SIZE_MB BYTES_PROCESSED EST_RW_EXTRA_BYTES EST_HIT_PCT EST_OVERALLOC -------------- --------------- ------------------ ----------- ------------- 10 51766272 80197632 39 4 12 51766272 79773696 39 3 14 51766272 79773696 39 3 16 51766272 79773696 39 2 18 51766272 79773696 39 2 20 51766272 79773696 39 2 30 51766272 19943424 72 0 40 51766272 19943424 72 0 60 51766272 19943424 72 0 80 51766272 19943424 72 0 10 rows selected.
The output in Figure 4 shows us statistics that Oracle estimates would happen under our current workload if the PGA were changed to a different target size. Using this information, we should first attempt to reduce the estimated over allocations to zero. The first target size listed where this value is eliminated is 30MB. Notice that as we increase the target size, the estimated cache hit percentage increases, and the estimated number of bytes read and written in one-pass or multi-pass executions falls as well. Knowing that I need to increase this value, and looking at the target advice, I’m going to set PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET to 80MB and restart the instance to clear all statistics. I’ll then rerun the same simulated load on the database.
I expect that I will still have some executions that will require reads and writes to disk since the read/write estimate show in Figure4 is non-zero for a 80MB PGA target. After restarting the instance and running the simulated load, I can see that this is true from the query in Figure 5.
Figure 5. – V$SYSTAT with 80MB PGA Target
ORA9I SQL> select name,value from v$sysstat 2> where name like 'workarea executions%'; NAME VALUE ---------------------------------------- ---------- workarea executions - optimal 511 workarea executions - onepass 4 workarea executions - multipass 0
I have eliminated the multi-pass executions, but a few one-pass executions remain. Let’s now check the results in V$PGASTAT show in Figure 6.
Figure 6. – V$PGASTAT with 80MB PGA Target
ORA9I SQL> select * from v$pgastat; NAME VALUE UNIT ---------------------------------------- ---------- ------------ aggregate PGA target parameter 83886080 bytes aggregate PGA auto target 70290432 bytes global memory bound 4194304 bytes total PGA inuse 5790720 bytes total PGA allocated 10792960 bytes maximum PGA allocated 15750144 bytes total freeable PGA memory 196608 bytes PGA memory freed back to OS 11403264 bytes total PGA used for auto workareas 0 bytes maximum PGA used for auto workareas 4319232 bytes total PGA used for manual workareas 0 bytes maximum PGA used for manual workareas 0 bytes over allocation count 0 bytes processed 47950848 bytes extra bytes read/written 39481344 bytes cache hit percentage 54.84 percent
We can see in Figure 6 that we have eliminated the over allocation count statistic. The auto target statistic is very close to the target parameter. So we are getting closer. But the cache hit percentage is still far away from 100% and there are a large number of extra bytes read and written. We will look for advice for our next setting in Figure 7.
Figure 7. V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE with 80MB PGA Target
ORA9I SQL> select round(pga_target_for_estimate/1024/1024) as target_size_MB,
2 bytes_processed,estd_extra_bytes_rw as est_rw_extra_bytes,
3 estd_pga_cache_hit_percentage as est_hit_pct,
4 estd_overalloc_count as est_overalloc
5 from v$pga_target_advice;
TARGET_SIZE_MB BYTES_PROCESSED EST_RW_EXTRA_BYTES EST_HIT_PCT EST_OVERALLOC
-------------- --------------- ------------------ ----------- -------------
10 45456384 84205568 35 2
20 45456384 78962688 37 0
40 45456384 19740672 70 0
60 45456384 19740672 70 0
80 45456384 19740672 70 0
96 45456384 19740672 70 0
112 45456384 19740672 70 0
128 45456384 13095936 78 0
144 45456384 13095936 78 0
160 45456384 13095936 78 0
240 45456384 13095936 78 0
320 45456384 0 100 0
480 45456384 0 100 0
640 45456384 0 100 0
The query output in Figure 7 shows that we can eliminate the extra read and write bytes if we allocate 320MB to the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET. We can also hit our 100% cache hit ratio. We can further see that allocating 640MB or even 480MB of memory would not help us achieve any better performance. These settings would waste memory. Our next step would be to change the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter and then perform. the same queries at regular intervals to ensure that we are achieving optimal performance.
Conclusion
The benefit of letting Oracle 9i dynamically manage your working area memory is a great tool for the DBA to employ. The DBA does not have to worry about setting each of the *_AREA_SIZE parameters correctly. New statistics to V$SYSTAT and the new V$PGASTAT and V$PGA_TARGET_ADVICE views assist the DBA in determining if this parameter is not set correctly and the best setting for the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET parameter.
References
Oracle 9i Database Reference
Metalink Note: 148346.1 Oracle 9i Monitoring Automated SQL Execution Memory Management
Metalink Note: 223730.1 Automatic PGA Memory Management in 9i
SQL> desc v$pgastat;
名稱
--------------------------------
NAME 名稱
VALUE 值
UNIT 單位
-------------------統計項
select * from v$pgastat
1 aggregate PGA target parameter 202375168 bytes ：pga_aggregate_target
2 aggregate PGA auto target 169592832 bytes : 剩餘的能被工作區使用的記憶體。pga_aggregate_target - 其他的記憶體
3 global memory bound 40474624 bytes :單個最大能用到的記憶體
4 total PGA inuse 13934592 bytes ：正被耗用的pga(包括workare pl/sql等所有佔用的pga)
5 total PGA allocated 26961920 bytes ：當前例項已分配的PGA記憶體總量。
一般來說，這個值應該小於PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET，
但是如果程式需求的PGA快速增長，它可以在超過PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET的限定值
6 maximum PGA allocated 32887808 bytes :pga曾經擴張到的最大值
7 total freeable PGA memory 0 bytes ：可釋放的pga
8 process count 20 :當前process
9 max processes count 27 :最大時候的process
10 PGA memory freed back to OS 0 bytes
11 total PGA used for auto workareas 0 bytes :當前auto模式下佔用的workara size 大小
12 maximum PGA used for auto workareas 3774464 bytes :auto模式下佔用的workara size最大 大小
13 total PGA used for manual workareas 0 bytes ：當前manual模式下佔用的workara size 大小
14 maximum PGA used for manual workareas 41984 bytes :manual模式下佔用的workara size最大 大小
15 over allocation count 72 :使用量超過pga大小的次數
16 bytes processed 246376448 bytes :pga使用的位元組ITPUB個人空間U0[ R'm p*e
17 extra bytes read/written 761462784 bytes ：向臨時段寫的位元組
18 cache hit percentage 24.44 percent ：bytes processed/(bytes processed+extra bytes read/written)
19 recompute count (total) 1169
global memory bound:一個序列操作能用到的最大記憶體
=min(5%*pga_aggregate_target,50%*_pga_max_size,_smm_max_size)，
當你修改引數pga_aggregate_target的值時，Oracle系統會根據pga_aggregate_target和_pga_max_size
這兩個值來自動修改引數_smm_max_size。具體修改的規則是：
如果_pga_max_size大於5%*pga_aggregate_target，則_smm_max_size為5%*pga_aggregate_target。
如果_pga_max_size小於等於5%*pga_aggregate_target，則_smm_max_size為50%*_pga_max_size。
total PGA in used:當前正在使用的PGA，可以從v$process的pga_used_mem欄位中獲取
select sum(a.PGA_USED_MEM),sum(a.PGA_ALLOC_MEM),sum(a.PGA_MAX_MEM) from v$process a
v$pgastat 中的 total PGA in used、total PGA allocated、maximum PGA allocated
這3個值差不多
來自 “ ITPUB部落格 ” ，連結：http://blog.itpub.net/7728585/viewspace-483477/，如需轉載，請註明出處，否則將追究法律責任。
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