linux下磁碟分割槽與格式化

先使用fdisk -l 列出裝置的分割槽。我這裡的/dev/sdb 磁碟是我向執行在virtualbox中的虛擬機器

新增的虛擬磁碟。順便來說下往執行在virtualbox 中的系統新增虛擬磁碟的方法。首先在virtualbox

的使用者介面中選中要新增虛擬磁碟的虛擬機器（虛擬機器應該是關停的），單擊設定，進入選中虛擬機器的

設定介面，選擇儲存，進入選中虛擬機器的儲存設定介面，然後選擇新增虛擬磁碟（新增的是.vdi格式

的虛擬磁碟），後面根據嚮導設定就好。

[root@zeng ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x00000000

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x000a0d66

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux

Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda2 26 2177 17280000 83 Linux

/dev/sda3 2177 2611 3481600 82 Linux swap / Solaris

那個/dev/sdb 就是我們需要分割槽，格式化，掛載的裝置。

再來看下系統已經掛載的裝置。

[root@zeng ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda2 17008476 15287828 856648 95% /

tmpfs 603748 0 603748 0% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 198337 24175 163922 13% /boot

使用fdisk 對裝置/dev/sdb 進行分割槽。

[root@zeng ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to

switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to

sectors (command 'u').

//使用m 查詢幫助。

Command (m for help): m

Command action

a toggle a bootable flag

b edit bsd disklabel

c toggle the dos compatibility flag

d delete a partition

l list known partition types

m print this menu

n add a new partition

o create a new empty DOS partition table

p print the partition table

q quit without saving changes

s create a new empty Sun disklabel

t change a partition's system id

u change display/entry units

v verify the partition table

w write table to disk and exit

x extra functionality (experts only)

//使用p 列出裝置現有的分割槽。

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xd7ea6b16

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

//因為我還沒有對這個裝置進行分割槽，所有沒有分割槽資訊。使用n 新增一個

分割槽。

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e extended

p primary partition (1-4)

e

//選擇擴充套件分割槽（對應 e）因為我的系統中已經存在3個主分割槽了。並把所有的

/dev/sdb 裝置的所有的空間分給擴充套件分割槽。

Partition number (1-4): 1

First cylinder (1-1044, default 1):

Using default value 1

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1044, default 1044):

Using default value 1044

//再次列印該裝置的分割槽表。

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xd7ea6b16

//已經有一個擴充套件分割槽存在。

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 1044 8385898+ 5 Extended

把上面操作寫入磁碟分割槽表，並退出。

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

再來檢視下裝置的分割槽是由有誤。

[root@zeng ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xd7ea6b16

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 1044 8385898+ 5 Extended

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x000a0d66

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux

Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

/dev/sda2 26 2177 17280000 83 Linux

/dev/sda3 2177 2611 3481600 82 Linux swap / Solaris

到現在為止我們只是建立了一個擴充套件分割槽，但是擴充套件分割槽是不能用來格式化的，所以我們

需要繼續進行磁碟分割槽，建立邏輯分割槽。

[root@zeng ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to

switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to

sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xd7ea6b16

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 1044 8385898+ 5 Extended

Command (m for help): n

Command action

l logical (5 or over)

p primary partition (1-4)

//現在l 表示邏輯分割槽。

l

First cylinder (1-1044, default 1):

Using default value 1

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1044, default 1044):

Using default value 1044

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

現在再來檢視 /dev/sdb 的裝置分割槽表。

[root@zeng ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xd7ea6b16

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sdb1 1 1044 8385898+ 5 Extended

/dev/sdb5 1 1044 8385867 83 Linux

已經多出一個/dev/sdb5了。邏輯分割槽是從5開始編號的。下面對新建立的

邏輯分割槽/dev/sdb5 進行格式化，我這裡現在ext3 檔案系統。

[root@zeng ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb5

mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

//該檔案系統的塊大小是4KB。

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

524288 inodes, 2096466 blocks

104823 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=2147483648

64 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

8192 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (32768 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

塊大小的設定還是比較關鍵的引數，設定的大些有利於提高檔案系統的

讀寫效能，但是如果系統儲存的大多是很小的檔案，儲存空間的浪費將會比較

嚴重。比如如果作業系統中儲存了很多容量比4KB小的多的檔案，比如1KB,2KB

那麼將會嚴重浪費系統的儲存空間。所有在格式分割槽選擇塊大小的時候，先要

分析下將來裝置（分割槽）用途（用來存放什麼樣的檔案）。當然block size 的

大小影響不限以此。

分割槽分好了，也格式化好了，但是系統是不會把該檔案系統自動掛載起來的。

[root@zeng ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda2 17008476 15295336 849140 95% /

tmpfs 603748 0 603748 0% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 198337 24175 163922 13% /boot

先建立一個掛載點。

[root@zeng ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdb5

進行掛載。

[root@zeng ~]# mount /dev/sdb5 /mnt/sdb5

再來裝置的掛載情況。

[root@zeng ~]# df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda2 17008476 15295340 849136 95% /

tmpfs 603748 0 603748 0% /dev/shm

/dev/sda1 198337 24175 163922 13% /boot

/dev/sdb5 8254208 149624 7685292 2% /mnt/sdb5

linux下磁碟分割槽與格式化

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