PostgreSQL秒殺場景優化

德哥發表於2015-12-11
秒殺場景的典型瓶頸在於對同一條記錄的多次更新請求,然後只有一個或者少量請求是成功的,其他請求是以失敗或更新不到告終。
例如,Iphone的1元秒殺,如果我只放出1臺Iphone,我們把它看成一條記錄,秒殺開始後,誰先搶到(更新這條記錄的鎖),誰就算秒殺成功。
例如:
使用一個標記位來表示這條記錄是否已經被更新,或者記錄更新的次數(幾臺Iphone)。
update tbl set xxx=xxx,upd_cnt=upd_cnt+1 where id=pk and upd_cnt+1<=5;   -- 假設可以秒殺5臺
這種方法的弊端:
獲得鎖的使用者在處理這條記錄時,可能成功,也可能失敗,或者可能需要很長時間,(例如資料庫響應慢)在它結束事務前,其他會話只能等著。
等待是非常不科學的,因為對於沒有獲得鎖的使用者,等待是在浪費時間。
所以一般的優化處理方法是先使用for update nowait的方式來避免等待,即如果無法即可獲得鎖,那麼就不等待。
例如:
begin;
select 1 from tbl where id=pk for update nowait;  --  如果使用者無法即刻獲得鎖,則返回錯誤。從而這個事務回滾。
update tbl set xxx=xxx,upd_cnt=upd_cnt+1 where id=pk and upd_cnt+1<=5;
end;
這種方法可以減少使用者的等待時間,因為無法即刻獲得鎖後就直接返回了。
但是這種方法也存在一定的弊端,對於一個商品,如果可以秒殺多臺的話,我們用1條記錄來儲存多臺,降低了秒殺的併發性。
因為我們用的是行鎖。
解決這個問題辦法很多,最終就是要提高併發性,例如:
1. 分段秒殺,把商品數量打散,拆成多個段,從而提高併發處理能力。
總體來說,優化的思路是減少鎖等待時間,避免序列,儘量並行。

優化到這裡就結束了嗎?顯然沒有,以上方法任意資料庫都可以做到,如果就這樣結束怎麼體現PostgreSQL的特性呢?
PostgreSQL還提供了一個鎖型別,advisory鎖,這種鎖比行鎖更加輕量,支援會話級別和事務級別。(但是需要注意ID是全域性的,否則會相互干擾,也就是說,所有參與秒殺或者需要用到advisory lock的ID需要在單個庫內保持全域性唯一)

例子:
update tbl set xxx=xxx,upd_cnt=upd_cnt+1 where id=pk and upd_cnt+1<=5 and pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(:id);

最後必須要對比一下for update nowait和advisory lock的效能。
下面是在一臺本地虛擬機器上的測試。

新建一張秒殺表
postgres=# d t1
      Table "public.t1"
 Column |  Type   | Modifiers 
--------+---------+-----------
 id     | integer | not null
 info   | text    | 
Indexes:
    "t1_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
只有一條記錄,不斷的被更新
postgres=# select * from t1;
 id |             info              
----+-------------------------------
  1 | 2015-09-14 09:47:04.703904+08
(1 row)

壓測for update nowait的方式:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.f1(i_id integer)  
 RETURNS void  
 LANGUAGE plpgsql  
AS $function$ 
declare 
begin 
  perform 1 from t1 where id=i_id for update nowait; 
  update t1 set info=now()::text where id=i_id; 
  exception when others then  
  return; 
end; 
$function$;  

postgres@digoal-> cat test1.sql
setrandom id 1 1
select f1(:id);

壓測advisory lock的方式:
postgres@digoal-> cat test.sql
setrandom id 1 1
update t1 set info=now()::text where id=:id and pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(:id);

清除壓測統計資料:
postgres=# select pg_stat_reset();
 pg_stat_reset 
---------------
 
(1 row)
postgres=# select * from pg_stat_all_tables where relname=`t1`;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------+-------
relid               | 184731
schemaname          | public
relname             | t1
seq_scan            | 0
seq_tup_read        | 0
idx_scan            | 0
idx_tup_fetch       | 0
n_tup_ins           | 0
n_tup_upd           | 0
n_tup_del           | 0
n_tup_hot_upd       | 0
n_live_tup          | 0
n_dead_tup          | 0
n_mod_since_analyze | 0
last_vacuum         | 
last_autovacuum     | 
last_analyze        | 
last_autoanalyze    | 
vacuum_count        | 0
autovacuum_count    | 0
analyze_count       | 0
autoanalyze_count   | 0

壓測結果:
postgres@digoal-> pgbench -M prepared -n -r -P 1 -f ./test1.sql -c 20 -j 20 -T 60
......
transaction type: Custom query
scaling factor: 1
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 20
number of threads: 20
duration: 60 s
number of transactions actually processed: 792029
latency average: 1.505 ms
latency stddev: 4.275 ms
tps = 13196.542846 (including connections establishing)
tps = 13257.270709 (excluding connections establishing)
statement latencies in milliseconds:
        0.002625        setrandom id 1 1
        1.502420        select f1(:id);

postgres=# select * from pg_stat_all_tables where relname=`t1`;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------+-------
relid               | 184731
schemaname          | public
relname             | t1
seq_scan            | 0
seq_tup_read        | 0
idx_scan            | 896963   //  大多數是無用功
idx_tup_fetch       | 896963   //  大多數是無用功
n_tup_ins           | 0
n_tup_upd           | 41775
n_tup_del           | 0
n_tup_hot_upd       | 41400
n_live_tup          | 0
n_dead_tup          | 928
n_mod_since_analyze | 41774
last_vacuum         | 
last_autovacuum     | 
last_analyze        | 
last_autoanalyze    | 
vacuum_count        | 0
autovacuum_count    | 0
analyze_count       | 0
autoanalyze_count   | 0


postgres@digoal-> pgbench -M prepared -n -r -P 1 -f ./test.sql -c 20 -j 20 -T 60
......
transaction type: Custom query
scaling factor: 1
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 20
number of threads: 20
duration: 60 s
number of transactions actually processed: 1392372
latency average: 0.851 ms
latency stddev: 2.475 ms
tps = 23194.831054 (including connections establishing)
tps = 23400.411501 (excluding connections establishing)
statement latencies in milliseconds:
        0.002594        setrandom id 1 1
        0.848536        update t1 set info=now()::text where id=:id and pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(:id);

postgres=# select * from pg_stat_all_tables where relname=`t1`;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------+--------
relid               | 184731
schemaname          | public
relname             | t1
seq_scan            | 0
seq_tup_read        | 0
idx_scan            | 1368933  //  大多數是無用功
idx_tup_fetch       | 1368933   //  大多數是無用功
n_tup_ins           | 0
n_tup_upd           | 54957
n_tup_del           | 0
n_tup_hot_upd       | 54489
n_live_tup          | 0
n_dead_tup          | 1048
n_mod_since_analyze | 54957
last_vacuum         | 
last_autovacuum     | 
last_analyze        | 
last_autoanalyze    | 
vacuum_count        | 0
autovacuum_count    | 0
analyze_count       | 0
autoanalyze_count   | 0
我們注意到,不管用哪種方法,都會浪費掉很多次的無用功掃描。

為了解決無用掃描的問題,可以使用以下函式。(當然,還有更好的方法是對使用者透明。)
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.f(i_id integer)  
 RETURNS void  
 LANGUAGE plpgsql  
AS $function$ 
declare 
  a_lock boolean := false;
begin 
  select pg_try_advisory_xact_lock(i_id) into a_lock;
  if a_lock then
    update t1 set info=now()::text where id=i_id; 
  end if;
  exception when others then  
  return; 
end; 
$function$;  

transaction type: Custom query
scaling factor: 1
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 20
number of threads: 20
duration: 60 s
number of transactions actually processed: 1217195
latency average: 0.973 ms
latency stddev: 3.563 ms
tps = 20283.314001 (including connections establishing)
tps = 20490.143363 (excluding connections establishing)
statement latencies in milliseconds:
        0.002703        setrandom id 1 1
        0.970209        select f(:id);

postgres=# select * from pg_stat_all_tables where relname=`t1`;
-[ RECORD 1 ]-------+-------
relid               | 184731
schemaname          | public
relname             | t1
seq_scan            | 0
seq_tup_read        | 0
idx_scan            | 75927
idx_tup_fetch       | 75927
n_tup_ins           | 0
n_tup_upd           | 75927
n_tup_del           | 0
n_tup_hot_upd       | 75902
n_live_tup          | 0
n_dead_tup          | 962
n_mod_since_analyze | 75927
last_vacuum         | 
last_autovacuum     | 
last_analyze        | 
last_autoanalyze    | 
vacuum_count        | 0
autovacuum_count    | 0
analyze_count       | 0
autoanalyze_count   | 0
除了吞吐率的提升,我們其實還看到真實的處理數(更新次數)也有提升,所以不僅僅是降低了等待延遲,實際上也提升了處理能力。

最後提供一個物理機上的資料參考,使用128個併發連線,同時對一條記錄進行更新:
不做任何優化的併發處理能力:
transaction type: Custom query
scaling factor: 1
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 128
number of threads: 128
duration: 100 s
number of transactions actually processed: 285673
latency average: 44.806 ms
latency stddev: 45.751 ms
tps = 2855.547375 (including connections establishing)
tps = 2855.856976 (excluding connections establishing)
statement latencies in milliseconds:
        0.002509        setrandom id 1 1
        44.803299       update t1 set info=now()::text where id=:id;

使用for update nowait的併發處理能力:
transaction type: Custom query
scaling factor: 1
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 128
number of threads: 128
duration: 100 s
number of transactions actually processed: 6663253
latency average: 1.919 ms
latency stddev: 2.804 ms
tps = 66623.169445 (including connections establishing)
tps = 66630.307999 (excluding connections establishing)
statement latencies in milliseconds:
        0.001934        setrandom id 1 1
        1.917297        select f1(:id);

使用advisory lock後的併發處理能力:
transaction type: Custom query
scaling factor: 1
query mode: prepared
number of clients: 80
number of threads: 80
duration: 60 s
number of transactions actually processed: 13883387
latency average: 0.344 ms
latency stddev: 0.535 ms
tps = 231197.323122 (including connections establishing)
tps = 231376.427515 (excluding connections establishing)
statement latencies in milliseconds:
        0.344042        select f(1);
此時的perf top
   PerfTop:   23883 irqs/sec  kernel:32.2%  exact:  0.0% [1000Hz cycles],  (all, 32 CPUs)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------     

 samples  pcnt function         DSO
 _______ _____ ____________________________ ______________________________________________

10645.00  3.5% GetSnapshotData  /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 7963.00  2.6% AllocSetAlloc    /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 4720.00  1.6% _int_malloc      /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 4270.00  1.4% __schedule       [kernel.kallsyms]     
 4234.00  1.4% fmgr_info_cxt_security       /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 4217.00  1.4% LWLockAcquire    /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 3958.00  1.3% hash_search_with_hash_value  /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 3656.00  1.2% __GI_vfprintf    /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 3572.00  1.2% update_blocked_averages      [kernel.kallsyms]     
 3338.00  1.1% PostgresMain     /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 3267.00  1.1% __switch_to      [kernel.kallsyms]     
 3095.00  1.0% __strlen_sse42   /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 2996.00  1.0% memcpy           /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 2930.00  1.0% _int_free        /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 2568.00  0.8% LWLockRelease    /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 2446.00  0.8% SearchCatCache   /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 2178.00  0.7% ExecInitExpr     /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 2053.00  0.7% hash_any         /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 2035.00  0.7% __GI___libc_malloc           /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 2009.00  0.7% _raw_spin_lock_irqsave       [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1804.00  0.6% exec_stmt        /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/lib/plpgsql.so  
 1764.00  0.6% __memset_sse2    /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 1717.00  0.6% pqParseInput3    /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/lib/libpq.so.5.8
 1696.00  0.6% do_select        [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1686.00  0.6% __strcpy_ssse3   /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 1685.00  0.6% update_curr      [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1619.00  0.5% enqueue_entity   [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1607.00  0.5% pfree/u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 1598.00  0.5% doCustom         /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/pgbench     
 1594.00  0.5% idle_cpu         [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1589.00  0.5% update_cfs_rq_blocked_load   [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1554.00  0.5% lapic_next_deadline          [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1512.00  0.5% update_cfs_shares[kernel.kallsyms]     
 1491.00  0.5% MemoryContextCreate          /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 1482.00  0.5% _raw_spin_lock   [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1423.00  0.5% palloc           /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 1419.00  0.5% __GI___sigsetjmp /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 1412.00  0.5% __cfree          /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 1399.00  0.5% unix_stream_recvmsg          [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1393.00  0.5% __fget_light     [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1359.00  0.4% ResourceOwnerReleaseInternal /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 1351.00  0.4% AllocSetFree     /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 1277.00  0.4% unix_stream_sendmsg          [kernel.kallsyms]     
 1246.00  0.4% __memcmp_sse4_1  /lib64/libc-2.12.so   
 1240.00  0.4% plpgsql_exec_function        /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/lib/plpgsql.so  
 1225.00  0.4% expression_tree_walker       /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/bin/postgres    
 1160.00  0.4% exec_stmt_block  /u02/digoal/soft_bak/pgsql9.5/lib/plpgsql.so
使用advisory lock,效能相比不做任何優化效能提升了約66倍,相比for update nowait效能提升了約1.8倍。
這種優化可以快速告訴使用者是否能秒殺到此類商品,而不需要等待其他使用者更新結束後才知道。所以大大降低了RT,提高了吞吐率。

最後提一下9.5的新特性, select ,,, for update ,,, skip locked.
http://blog.163.com/digoal@126/blog/static/163877040201551552017215/
如果能做到UPDATE語法裡面,就完美了,直接跳過無法獲得鎖的行。併發能力瞬間提升,也不用advisory了。

[參考]
1. http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.5/static/functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADVISORY-LOCKS


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