Linux下分割槽詳解之—Parted

Linux下分割槽詳解之—Parted

作者：吳偉龍

通常我們用的比較多的一般都是fdisk工具來進行分割槽，但是現在由於磁碟越來越廉價，而且磁碟空間越來越大；而fdisk工具他對分割槽是有大小限制的，它只能劃分小於2T的磁碟。但是現在的磁碟空間很多都已經是遠遠大於2T了，甚至達到2.5T和3T，那要怎麼辦能，有兩個方法，其一是透過卷管理來實現，其二就是透過我們今天談到的Parted工具來實現對GPT磁碟進行分割槽操作。

GPT格式的磁碟相當於原來MBR磁碟中原來保留4個partition table的4*16個位元組,只留第一個16個位元組，類似於擴充套件分割槽，真正的partition table在512位元組之後，GPT磁碟沒有四個主分割槽的限制。

1、             Parted工具詳解：

1.1    進入Parted的方法（在命令列輸入Parted命令即可）

[root@jetsen ~]# partet

Warning: Unable to open /dev/hdc read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/hdc has been

opened read-only.

GNU Parted 1.8.1

Using /dev/hdc

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted)

1.2    獲取parted工具幫助的方法：（只需輸入help即可）

(parted) help                                                            

  check NUMBER                             do a simple check on the file system

  cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER   copy file system to another partition

  help [COMMAND]                           prints general help, or help on COMMAND

  mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE               create a new disklabel (partition table)

  mkfs NUMBER FS-TYPE                      make a FS-TYPE file system on partititon

        NUMBER

  mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END     make a partition

  mkpartfs PART-TYPE FS-TYPE START END     make a partition with a file system

  move NUMBER START END                    move partition NUMBER

  name NUMBER NAME                         name partition NUMBER as NAME

  print [free|NUMBER|all]                  display the partition table, a partition, or

        all devices

  quit                                     exit program

  rescue START END                         rescue a lost partition near START and END

  resize NUMBER START END                  resize partition NUMBER and its file system

  rm NUMBER                                delete partition NUMBER

  select DEVICE                            choose the device to edit

  set NUMBER FLAG STATE                    change the FLAG on partition NUMBER

  toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]]                   toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER

  unit UNIT                                set the default unit to UNIT

  version                                  displays the current version of GNU Parted

        and copyright information

(parted)

或

[root@jetsen ~]# parted --help

Usage: parted [OPTION]... [DEVICE [COMMAND [PARAMETERS]...]...]

Apply COMMANDs with PARAMETERS to DEVICE.  If no COMMAND(s) are given, run in

interactive mode.

OPTIONs:

  -h, --help                    displays this help message

  -i, --interactive             where necessary, prompts for user intervention

  -l, --list                    lists partition tables of all detected devices

  -s, --script                  never prompts for user intervention

  -v, --version                 displays the version

COMMANDs:

  check NUMBER                             do a simple check on the file system

  cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER   copy file system to another partition

  help [COMMAND]                           prints general help, or help on COMMAND

  mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE               create a new disklabel (partition table)

  mkfs NUMBER FS-TYPE                      make a FS-TYPE file system on partititon NUMBER

  mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END     make a partition

  mkpartfs PART-TYPE FS-TYPE START END     make a partition with a file system

  move NUMBER START END                    move partition NUMBER

  name NUMBER NAME                         name partition NUMBER as NAME

  print [free|NUMBER|all]                  display the partition table, a partition, or all devices

  quit                                     exit program

  rescue START END                         rescue a lost partition near START and END

  resize NUMBER START END                  resize partition NUMBER and its file system

  rm NUMBER                                delete partition NUMBER

  select DEVICE                            choose the device to edit

  set NUMBER FLAG STATE                    change the FLAG on partition NUMBER

  toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]]                   toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER

  unit UNIT                                set the default unit to UNIT

  version                                  displays the current version of GNU Parted and copyright information

[root@jetsen ~]#

1.3    退出parted工具（只需輸入quit即可）

(parted) quit                                                            

Information: Don't forget to update /etc/fstab, if necessary.                           

並且同時會提示及時更新/etc/fstab檔案

2、             開始透過parted工具來對磁碟進行操作

  2.1 檢視單個磁碟狀態

[root@jetsen ~]# parted /dev/sdb

GNU Parted 1.8.1

Using /dev/sdb

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted) p                                                               

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 16.1GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: msdos

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags

 1      32.3kB  16.1GB  16.1GB  primary  ext3             

(parted)                                                                  

2.2 檢視所有磁碟狀態

[root@jetsen ~]# parted -l

Warning: Unable to open /dev/hdc read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/hdc has been

opened read-only.

Error: Unable to open /dev/hdc - unrecognised disk label.                

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: msdos

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags

 1      32.3kB  107MB   107MB   primary  ext3         boot

 2      107MB   21.5GB  21.4GB  primary               lvm 

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 16.1GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: msdos

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags

 1      32.3kB  16.1GB  16.1GB  primary  ext3             

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdc: 16.1GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: loop

Number  Start   End     Size    File system  Flags

 1      0.00kB  16.1GB  16.1GB  ext3             

Error: Unable to open /dev/sdd - unrecognised disk label.                

Error: Unable to open /dev/sde - unrecognised disk label.                

Error: Unable to open /dev/md0 - unrecognised disk label.                

  2.2 透過parted工具來建立大於2T的分割槽

[root@jetsen ~]# parted /dev/sde

GNU Parted 1.8.1     ---Parted的軟體版本號

Using /dev/sde       ---將執行下面操作盤

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.    –歡迎資訊

(parted) mklabel                                           ----建立建立磁碟標籤

New disk label type? gpt

(parted) p                                                ----檢視分割槽狀態

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sde: 2190GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Number  Start  End  Size  File system  Name  Flags

(parted) mkpart

Partition name?  []? gpt2t      ---指定分割槽名稱

File system type? [ext2]ext3     ----指定分割槽型別

Start? 1                      ---指定開始位置

End? 2190GB                 ---指定結束位置

(parted) P                    ----顯示分割槽資訊                                                           

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sde: 2190GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Number  Start   End     Size    File system  Name   Flags

 1      17.4kB  2190GB  2190GB               gpt2t      

(parted) Q                              ---退出                                                          

Information: Don't forget to update /etc/fstab, if necessary.    -----提示不要忘記更新/etc/fstab檔案

2.3 透過parted 工具來實現單磁碟多分割槽

[root@jetsen ~]# parted /dev/sdd

GNU Parted 1.8.1

Using /dev/sdd

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted) p                                        ---列出分割槽資訊

Error: Unable to open /dev/sdd - unrecognised disk label.  ----由於沒有打上磁碟標籤，所以表現資訊無法列出

(parted) mklabel                                   ----建立磁碟標籤

New disk label type? gpt                             ---輸入磁碟表情名

(parted) p                                        ----再次列出磁碟分割槽

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)               ---顯示磁碟型別為SCSI磁碟

Disk /dev/sdd: 1100GB                             ---磁碟大小為1100GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B               ---扇區大小為512B

Partition Table: gpt                                ----顯示標籤名為我剛才輸入的標籤名稱

Number  Start  End  Size  File system  Name  Flags  ----現在是一新硬碟還沒有建立分割槽

(parted) mkpart                                    ---建立分割槽

Partition name?  []? part1                           ---指定分割槽名稱

File system type?  [ext2]? ext2                       ---定義分割槽型別

Start? 1G                                         ---指定起始位置

End? 10G                                         ----指定終止位置

(parted) mkpart                                    ---建立分割槽

Partition name?  []? part2                           ---指定分割槽名稱

File system type?  [ext2]? ext2                       ---定義分割槽型別

Start? 11G                                        ---指定起始位置

End? 100G                                       ---指定終止位置

(parted) mkpart                                                

Partition name?  []? part3                             

File system type?  [ext2]?                        

Start? 101G                                    ----指定分割槽其實位置

End? -1                                        ----指定到分割槽最後                          

(parted) p                                     ----顯示分割槽資訊

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)           

Disk /dev/sdd: 1100GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Number  Start   End     Size     File system  Name   Flags      ---檢視到下面共有三個分割槽

 1      17.4kB  10.0GB  10000MB               part1      

 2      10.0GB  100GB   90.0GB                part2      

 3      100GB   1100GB  1000GB                part3      

(parted) rm 3                                     ------刪除分割槽3

(parted) p                                        ------再次檢視分割槽狀態                       

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdd: 1100GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Number  Start   End     Size     File system  Name   Flags      ----顯示分割槽刪除成功，只剩下兩個分割槽

 1      17.4kB  10.0GB  10000MB               part1      

 2      10.0GB  100GB   90.0GB                part2      

(parted) quit                                                            

Information: Don't forget to update /etc/fstab, if necessary.            

[root@jetsen ~]# ls -l /dev/sdd*

brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 48 May 10 16:48 /dev/sdd

brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 49 May 10 16:48 /dev/sdd1

brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 50 May 10 16:48 /dev/sdd2

[root@jetsen ~]#

  2.3 透過parted 工具來刪除分割槽

[root@jetsen ~]# parted /dev/sde

GNU Parted 1.8.1

Using /dev/sde

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted) p                                                                

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sde: 2190GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Number  Start   End     Size    File system  Name   Flags

 1      17.4kB  2190GB  2190GB               gpt2t      

(parted) rm 1            ----刪除分1號分割槽                                                         

(parted) p              ----顯示分割槽資訊，看如下是沒有分割槽的                                                  

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sde: 2190GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Number  Start  End  Size  File system  Name  Flags

(parted) q                                                               

Information: Don't forget to update /etc/fstab, if necessary.            

[root@jetsen ~]#

  2.4 透過parted 工具來建立檔案系統

[root@jetsen ~]# parted /dev/sdd                          -----選擇要格式化的磁碟

GNU Parted 1.8.1

Using /dev/sdd

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted) mkfs 2 ext3                                   ----格式化的型別為ext3分割槽號為2-

Warning: The existing file system will be destroyed and all data on the partition will

be lost. Do you want to continue?

parted: invalid token: 2

Yes/No? yes                                          ----再次確認是否格式化

Partition number? 2                                   -----再次輸入磁碟分割槽號                   

File system?  [ext2]?                                  ----格式化的型別

(parted)                                                               

檢視格式化是否成功：

(parted) p                                           -----檢視檔案系統是否被格式化

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdd: 1100GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Number  Start   End     Size     File system  Name   Flags

 1      17.4kB  10.0GB  10000MB               part1      

 2      10.0GB  100GB   90.0GB   ext2         part2       -------可以看到檔案系統型別為ext2，可確定檔案系統已經被格式化了。

(parted)    

掛載剛才格式化後的檔案系統

[root@jetsen ~]# cd /                                         -----退到根目錄

[root@jetsen /]# mkdir part2                                   -----建立part目錄

[root@jetsen /]# mount /dev/sdd2 /part2                         -----將/dev/sdd2 掛載到/part2

[root@jetsen /]# df –h                                         -----檢視分割槽資訊

Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00

                       18G  5.8G   11G  35% /

/dev/sda1              99M   12M   82M  13% /boot

tmpfs                 506M  4.0K  506M   1% /dev/shm

/dev/sdd2              83G   52K   79G   1% /part2        ------可以看到已經被掛載上來              

[root@jetsen /]# cd /part2

[root@jetsen part2]# mkdir 1111                               ------並且可以訪問

[root@jetsen part2]# ls

1111  lost+found

[root@jetsen part2]#

刪除和恢復分割槽

[root@jetsen /]# umount /dev/sdd2                     ----解除安裝分割槽

[root@jetsen /]# parted /dev/sdd                       ---透過parted選擇/dev/sdd磁碟進入操作

GNU Parted 1.8.1

Using /dev/sdd

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.

(parted) rm 2                                      ------刪除磁碟分割槽

(parted) rescue                         -------對磁碟分割槽進行恢復

Start? 10G                                                                

End? 100G                                                                

Information: A ext2 primary partition was found at 10.0GB -> 100GB.  Do you want to add

it to the partition table?

Yes/No/Cancel? Yes                     ----告訴

(parted) print                                                           

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdd: 1100GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Number  Start   End     Size     File system  Name   Flags

 1      17.4kB  10.0GB  10000MB               part1      

 2      10.0GB  100GB   90.0GB   ext2                    

(parted)

[root@jetsen /]# cd /part2                            ----神奇吧，資料也被恢復回來了

[root@jetsen part2]# ls

1111  lost+found                                                          

  2.6 透過parted工具來驗證和維護檔案系統及分割槽。

驗證檔案系統的完整性：

(parted) check 1                                                         

Error: File system was not cleanly unmounted!  You should run e2fsck.  Modifying an

unclean file system could cause severe corruption.

Ignore/Cancel? ignore                                                     

Information: The ext2 file system passed a basic check.  For a more comprehensive check,

use the e2fsck program.

(parted)