Using ASMLIB Management ASM Disk
使用ASMLIB管理磁碟
在儲存管理員給伺服器提供磁碟裝置後,它們對於伺服器來說是可用的並且可以在Linux系統中 的/proc/partitions虛擬檔案中可以看到。系統管理然後使用Linux fdisk工具來對磁碟裝置進行分 區。被分割槽後磁碟裝置現在可以被配置為ASMLIB磁碟,系統管理員建立ASMLIB磁碟。建立命 令:oracleasm createdisk。createdisk命令使用兩個輸入引數,透過裝置來生成使用者定義的磁碟名:
[root@racnode1]#/etc/init.d/oracleasm createdisk VOL1 /dev/sdg1 Creating Oracle ASM disk "VOL1" [ OK ]
磁碟名被限制為30個字元。它們必須使用字母開頭但可以由其它ASCII字元組成,包括:大寫字母, 數字和下劃線。每一個被建立成功的磁碟被標識為ASMLIB磁碟並且會被顯示在oracleasm檔案系統 中/dev/oracleasm/disks/。檔案系統是一種特定的不受任何方式進行維護。
使用者可查詢磁碟裝置來判斷是否它們是有效的ASMLIB磁碟。為了查詢,使用下面的oracleasm querydisk命令。querydisk命令可以應用於裸裝置和ASMLIB磁碟
[root@racnode1]#/etc/init.d/oracleasm querydisk /dev/sdg1 Checking if device "/dev/sdg" is an Oracle ASM disk [ OK ] [root@racnode1]#/etc/init.d/oracleasm querydisk VOL1 Checking for ASM disk "VOL1" [ OK ]
另外,所有被標記的磁碟與使用ASMLIB建立的磁碟可以使用以下oracleasm listdisks命令來顯示:
[root@racnode1]#/etc/init.d/oracleasm listdisks VOL1 VOL2 VOL3
如果一個磁碟裝置不是一個ASMLIB磁碟,會顯示以下資訊:
[root@racnode1]#/etc/init.d/oracleasm querydisk /dev/sdh1 Checking if device "/dev/sdh1" is an Oracle ASM disk [FAILED]
對於ASM不再需要的磁碟可以撤消標記並且使用oracleasm deletedisk命令來刪除:
[root@racnode1]#/etc/init.d/oracleasm deletedisk VOL1 Deleting Oracle ASM disk "VOL1" [ OK ]
當ASMLIB用於RAC環境時,對於RAC的共享磁碟架構允許使用oracleasm createdisk命令只在一個節點 上建立ASMLIB磁碟,其它節點只需要使用ASMLIB掃描來查詢ASMLIB磁碟就可以了。例如,對於兩節點 RAC環境,節點1可以標記ASMLIB磁碟,節點2然後執行掃描ASMLIB磁碟來查詢這些ASMLIB磁碟。
[root@racnode1]#/etc/init.d/oracleasm createdisk VOL1 /dev/sdg1 Creating Oracle ASM disk "VOL1" [ OK ] [root@racnode2]#/etc/init.d/oracleasm scandisks Scanning system for ASM disks [ OK ]
在合適的ASMLIB磁碟建立後,ASM的init.ora引數asm_diskstring可以保留預設的NULL或者設定 為'ORCL:*'。一旦設定後,ASM將可以發現以下磁碟:
SQL> select name, library, path from v$asm_disk; NAME LIBRARY PATH ----------- ------------------------- ------------------------- VOL1 ASM Library Generic Linux ORCL:VOL1 VOL2 ASM Library Generic Linux ORCL:VOL2 VOL3 ASM Library Generic Linux ORCL:VOL3
注意,如果ASMLIB沒有使用,那麼上面的查詢LIBRARY列將返回"System"。
重新命名Disk
renamedisk命令被用來改變現有成員的標籤而不會丟失資料。注意修改磁碟時只有當ASM不訪問該磁 盤才行。因此磁碟組必須dismount,並且在RAC環境中,所有ASM節點必須都dismount磁碟組。當有 ASM例項訪問被重新標籤的磁碟時執行renamedisk操作可能造成損壞。因為renamedisk命令是危險的 透過列印訊息可以看到:
[root@racnode1]#/etc/init.d/oracleasm renamedisk /dev/sdb3 VOL1 Warning: Changing the label of a disk marked for ASM is a very dangerous operation. If this is really what you mean to do, you must ensure that all Oracle and ASM instances have ceased using this disk. Otherwise, you may LOSE DATA. If you really wish to change the label, rerun with the force-renamedisk command. [root@racnode1]#/etc/init.d/oracleasm force-renamedisk /dev/sdb3 VOL1 Renaming disk "/dev/sdb3" to "VOL1" [ OK ]
force_renamedisk命令使用兩個引數:裸裝置名,其次是ASM磁碟名。
discover磁碟
命令/sbin/oracleasm-discover是一個簡單的工具來判斷Oracle的Linux ASMLIB在discover操作時所看到那個磁碟。這個命令更多一個除錯工具來驗證discover所列出的請求磁碟。這個命令也列出了每個磁碟的最大I/O大小。最大I/O大小,ASMLIB可以作為一個命令傳送給裝置。
[root@racnode1]#/usr/sbin/oracleasm-discover 'ORCL:*' Using ASMLib from /opt/oracle/extapi/32/asm/orcl/1/libasm.so [ASM Library - Generic Linux, version 2.0.0 (KABI_V1)] Discovered disk: ORCL:VOL1 [819200 blocks (419430400 bytes), maxio 512] Discovered disk: ORCL:VOL2 [1955808 blocks (1001373696 bytes), maxio 512]
最大I/O大小來自SCSI HBA裝置與磁碟裝置鏈中的其它裝置。在上面的例子中,maxio等於512,512 byte或256K。如果maxio顯示了最小值,比如128,那麼它可能是中間元件比如多路徑裝置或HBA裝置限制的原因。
升級ASMLIB
為了升級ASMLIB,系統管理員可以執行以下步驟。注意這是嚴格意義上的軟體升級並且沒有磁碟標籤 被維護。這是一個節點本地升級,因此在RAC環境中,每個單獨的節點應該被升級。
1.關閉ASM
2.執行/etc/init.d/oracleasm stop
3.執行rpm -Uvh oracleasm-*.rpm
4.執行/etc/init.d/oracleasm start
5.啟動ASM
診斷ASMLIB
診斷ASMLIB從上到下的操作步驟為:
1.使用的Oracle ASMLIB的當前版本。驗證軟體版本。ASMLIB請求一個裝置精確匹配給核心,因此使 用與uname -a命令輸出匹配的oracleasm核心包。
[root@racnode1]# rpm -qa |grep oracleasm oracleasm-support-2.0.3-1.i386.rpm oracleasmlib-2.0.2-1.i386.rpm oracleasm-2.6.9-42.0.3.ELsmp-2.0.3-1.i686.rpm [root@racnode1]# uname -a Linux racnode1.us.oracle.com 2.6.9-42.0.3.ELsmp #1Thu May 15 17:03:45 EST 2006 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux
2.驗證ASMLIB的安裝設定
3.確保oracleasm configure命令正確執行,使用以下資訊進行確認配置:
a.以root使用者執行lsmod命令來顯示載入的oracleasm模組。使用oracleasm模組"Used by"列會被設 置為1.
[root@db2 ~]# lsmod Module Size Used by oracleasm 53591 1 8021q 20994 0 garp 7297 1 8021q stp 2256 1 garp llc 5608 2 garp,stp cpufreq_ondemand 9398 80 ip6t_REJECT 4486 2 nf_conntrack_ipv6 10595 3 nf_defrag_ipv6 11368 1 nf_conntrack_ipv6 xt_state 1370 3 nf_conntrack 84658 2 nf_conntrack_ipv6,xt_state ip6table_filter 1671 1 ip6_tables 19409 1 ip6table_filter ipv6 339024 660 ip6t_REJECT,nf_conntrack_ipv6,nf_defrag_ipv6 dm_round_robin 2531 34 dm_multipath 18562 18 dm_round_robin uinput 8917 0 sg 30968 0 serio_raw 5631 0 iTCO_wdt 6353 0 iTCO_vendor_support 3030 1 iTCO_wdt coretemp 6997 0 acpi_cpufreq 13345 0 freq_table 6987 2 cpufreq_ondemand,acpi_cpufreq mperf 1555 1 acpi_cpufreq intel_powerclamp 10841 0 kvm_intel 130025 0 kvm 438077 1 kvm_intel crc32c_intel 14496 0 ghash_clmulni_intel 4707 0 microcode 115607 0 pcspkr 2150 0 igb 186225 0 hwmon 2087 2 coretemp,igb i2c_i801 12911 0 i2c_core 31228 1 i2c_i801 lpc_ich 12496 0 mfd_core 3955 1 lpc_ich ioatdma 61937 168 dca 7283 2 igb,ioatdma i7core_edac 20072 0 edac_core 54168 1 i7core_edac shpchp 27901 0 ext4 532546 2 jbd2 100769 1 ext4 mbcache 7575 1 ext4 sd_mod 41045 38 crc_t10dif 1547 1 sd_mod qla2xxx 562439 68 scsi_transport_fc 54538 1 qla2xxx scsi_tgt 12075 1 scsi_transport_fc sr_mod 15980 0 cdrom 40900 1 sr_mod usb_storage 53806 0 megaraid_sas 101114 3 aesni_intel 45744 0 ablk_helper 2997 1 aesni_intel cryptd 10460 3 ghash_clmulni_intel,aesni_intel,ablk_helper lrw 4222 1 aesni_intel aes_x86_64 7967 1 aesni_intel xts 3466 1 aesni_intel gf128mul 7999 2 lrw,xts pata_acpi 3782 0 ata_generic 3758 0 ata_piix 26525 0 dm_mirror 14208 0 dm_region_hash 11094 1 dm_mirror dm_log 9681 2 dm_mirror,dm_region_hash dm_mod 85047 41 dm_multipath,dm_mirror,dm_log
b.執行命令cat /proc/filesystem,並且確保在檔案系統列表中存在一條名叫oracleasmfs的記錄:
[root@db2 ~]# cat /proc/filesystems nodev sysfs nodev rootfs nodev bdev nodev proc nodev cgroup nodev cpuset nodev tmpfs nodev devtmpfs nodev binfmt_misc nodev debugfs nodev securityfs nodev sockfs nodev pipefs nodev anon_inodefs nodev devpts nodev ramfs nodev hugetlbfs iso9660 nodev pstore nodev mqueue ext4 nodev asmdisk nodev oracleasmfs
c.執行命令 df -ha,它將顯示所mount的oracleasmfs
/dev/mapper/vg_db2-LogVol00 1.1T 437G 592G 43% / proc 0 0 0 - /proc sysfs 0 0 0 - /sys devpts 0 0 0 - /dev/pts tmpfs 126G 1005M 125G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 190M 79M 98M 45% /boot none 0 0 0 - /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc oracleasmfs 0 0 0 - /dev/oracleasm
確保oracleasm createdisk正確執行。為了讓ASM使用,磁碟被透過createdisk命令來標記。當磁碟被標記後,會在磁碟頭中寫入簽名--,磁碟將被標記ASM使用。可以使用以下命令來驗證.執行oracleasm listdisks命令。這個命令將顯示被標記為ASMLIB的磁碟。
[root@db2 ~]# oracleasm listdisks ARCH0 ARCH1 ARCH2 ARCH3 CW_DATA1 OCR1 OCR2 OCR3 RLZY_ARCH1 RLZY_DATA1 RLZY_DATA2 RLZY_DATA3 SBK_DATA0 SBK_DATA1 SBK_DATA2 YB_DATA4 YB_DATA5
.對每個被標記為ASMLIB磁碟執行oracleasm querydisk命令來確保標記
[root@db2 ~]# oracleasm querydisk YB_DATA4 Disk "YB_DATA4" is a valid ASM disk
4.執行ls -l /dev/oracleasm/disks來確保磁碟的所屬組與許可權是grid:asmadmin
[root@db2 ~]# ls -l /dev/oracleasm/disks total 0 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 8 Dec 7 20:14 ARCH0 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 9 Dec 7 20:17 ARCH1 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 10 Dec 7 20:18 ARCH2 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 11 Dec 7 20:18 ARCH3 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 14 Dec 7 20:18 CW_DATA1 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 1 Dec 7 20:18 OCR1 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 2 Dec 7 20:18 OCR2 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 6 Dec 7 20:18 OCR3 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 7 Dec 7 20:18 RLZY_ARCH1 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 3 Dec 7 20:18 RLZY_DATA1 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 4 Dec 7 20:18 RLZY_DATA2 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 5 Dec 7 20:18 RLZY_DATA3 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 15 Dec 7 20:18 SBK_DATA0 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 16 Dec 7 20:18 SBK_DATA1 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 17 Dec 7 20:18 SBK_DATA2 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 12 Dec 7 20:18 YB_DATA4 brw-rw---- 1 grid asmadmin 252, 13 Dec 7 20:18 YB_DATA5
5.驗證ASMLIB發現字串(可以在DBCA中指定或設定asm_diskstring引數)是否被設定ORCL:*或NUL。 如果ASM例項在執行,那麼檢查ASM的alert log檢視是否正確設定。
6.對ASM alert log中關於發現所顯示的任何資訊使用Linux/Unix的grep命令。如果成功載入ASMLIB 將會顯示以下資訊:
Loaded ASM Library - Generic Linux, version 2.0.1 library for ASMLIB interface
下面的查詢顯示被發現的ASMLIB磁碟:
SQL> SELECT LIBRARY, PATH FROM V$ASM_DISK; LIBRARY PATH ------------------------------------------- ---------------- ASM Library - Generic Linux, version 2.0.0.1 ORCL:VOL1 ASM Library - Generic Linux, version 2.0.0.1 ORCL:VOL2 ASM Library - Generic Linux, version 2.0.0.1 ORCL:VOL3
如果在Library列顯示system,那麼asm_diskstring沒有裝置--,ASMLIB不能用於訪問磁碟。ASMLIB 需要透過磁碟符ORCL:*來訪問磁碟。檢查asm_diskstring是否設定為ORCL:*或NULL:
SQL> SELECT LIBRARY, PATH FROM V$ASM_DISK; LIBRARY PATH -------------- ------------------------------------------------- System /dev/oracleasm/disks/DATA1D1 System /dev/oracleasm/disks/DATA1D2 System /dev/oracleasm/disks/DATA1D3
7.檢視ASM alert log中是否有以下錯誤資訊:
ORA-15186: ASMLIB error function = [asm_open], error = [1],mesg = [Operation not permitted]
這個訊息通常意味著在/etc/init.d/oracleasm configure操作時ASMLIB配置許可權不正確
遷移到ASMLIB
在許多情況下可能需要將一個"member"ASM裸磁碟轉換為一個ASMLIB磁碟。例如,當安裝ASMLIB後需 要執行。相反,如果需要解除安裝ASMLIB,可以將一個ASMLIB磁碟轉換為一個標準的ASM磁碟。所有這種操 作不會損壞磁碟上的資料。然而,在轉換之前必須將磁碟組dismount。
這種轉換不會損壞資料因為磁碟上的結構和磁碟開啟ASM所讀取的資訊。ASM讀取磁碟頭並且識別它屬 於那個磁碟組。當一個磁碟被增加到一個磁碟組時,ASM將對磁碟寫入一些資訊。兩個重要的條目是 磁碟標記與ASMLIB標籤。所有ASM磁碟有一個標記ORCLSDISK印記在磁碟上面。如果標記已經存在,那 麼磁碟可以當前被使用或者被ASM格式化了。這個標記可以由ASM或ASMLIB所建立。例如,當ASM在創 建磁碟組時使用一個磁碟作為一個裸裝置時,ASM會自動增加這個標記。相反,當透過ASMLIB命 令/etc/init.d/oracleasm createdisk命令時磁碟會增加ASMLIB標記。不管使用那種工具建立標記, 一旦標記被建立,磁碟就會被打上標籤。
磁碟頭的第二部分與ASMLIB相關,是ASMLIB標籤。這是指派給ASMLIB用來標識磁碟的24個字元的字元 串。當透過ASMLIB的/etc/init.d/oracleasm createdisk命令來配置磁碟時,相關的標籤會被寫入裝置。注意ASM會儲存磁碟的內容,但寫入這部分資訊是留給ASMLIB。
下面是一個對ASM磁碟(不是ASMLIB)的一個簡單dump,這個磁碟被加入一個磁碟。在磁碟頭中的ASM磁 盤名為DATA_0003:
[root@db2 ~]# dd if=/dev/mapper/yb_data4 bs=128 count=1 | od -a 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 0000000 soh stx soh soh nul nul nul nul etx nul nul nul K eot [ l 128 bytes (128 B) copied0000020 N d ? nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul , 0.000253206 s, 506 kB/s 0000040 O R C L D I S K nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul 0000060 nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul 0000100 nul nul sp vt etx nul soh etx D A T A _ 0 0 0 0000120 3 nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul 0000140 nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul D A T A nul nul nul nul 0000160 nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul 0000200 [root@db2 ~]#
下面例子使對使用/etc/init.d/oracleasm createdisk命令所建立的ASMLIB磁碟進行一個簡單的dump 注意YB_DATA4被寫入ORCLDISK標籤中:
[root@db2 ~]# oracleasm querydisk -v -p YB_DATA4 Disk "YB_DATA4" is a valid ASM disk /dev/sdn: LABEL="YB_DATA4" TYPE="oracleasm" /dev/sdae: LABEL="YB_DATA4" TYPE="oracleasm" /dev/mapper/yb_data4: LABEL="YB_DATA4" TYPE="oracleasm" [root@db2 ~]# dd if=/dev/mapper/yb_data4 bs=128 count=1 | od -a 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 128 bytes (128 B) copied, 0.000204442 s, 626 kB/s 0000000 soh stx soh soh nul nul nul nul etx nul nul nul K eot [ l 0000020 N d ? nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul 0000040 O R C L D I S K Y B _ D A T A 4 0000060 nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul 0000100 nul nul sp vt etx nul soh etx D A T A _ 0 0 0 0000120 3 nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul 0000140 nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul D A T A nul nul nul nul 0000160 nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul 0000200
在這個例子中,標記ORCLDISK與YB_DATA4被寫入磁碟頭。下面ASMLIB掃描磁碟時,它將檢視標記 ORCLDISK與YB_DATA4,並使用YB_DATA建立一個ASMLIB磁碟到裝置的對映。後續,ASM將透過ASMLIB驅 動來發現這個磁碟。如果磁碟最初沒有透過ASMLIB管理,當ASM發現磁碟時,將透過ASM裸裝置訪問, 它將檢測試沒有ASMLIB標記存在。這就是為什麼從ASMLIB訪問遷移到裸裝置來訪問不存在問題的原因 。
使用ASMLIB與Multipath工具
多路徑裝置使用偽裝置來生成虛擬子路徑。在執行磁碟發現操作時,ASMLIB使用偽文 件/proc/partitions。這是一個Linux檔案它記錄了所有裝置與之匹配的分割槽。
[root@db2 ~]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 11 0 1048575 sr0 11 1 1048575 sr1 8 0 1171062784 sda 8 1 204800 sda1 8 2 16777216 sda2 8 3 1154079744 sda3 8 64 629145600 sde 8 48 10485760 sdd 8 32 10485760 sdc 8 80 629145600 sdf 8 96 629145600 sdg 8 112 10485760 sdh 8 128 629145600 sdi 8 144 629145600 sdj 8 160 629145600 sdk 8 176 629145600 sdl 8 192 629145600 sdm 8 224 629145600 sdo 8 208 629145600 sdn 65 0 629145600 sdq 8 240 209715200 sdp 65 16 629145600 sdr 65 32 629145600 sds 65 48 10485760 sdt 65 64 10485760 sdu 65 80 629145600 sdv 65 96 629145600 sdw 65 112 629145600 sdx 65 128 10485760 sdy 65 144 629145600 sdz 65 160 629145600 sdaa 65 176 629145600 sdab 65 192 629145600 sdac 65 208 629145600 sdad 65 224 629145600 sdae 65 240 629145600 sdaf 66 0 209715200 sdag 66 16 629145600 sdah 66 32 629145600 sdai 66 48 629145600 sdaj 252 0 1154076672 dm-0 252 1 10485760 dm-1 252 2 10485760 dm-2 252 3 629145600 dm-3 252 4 629145600 dm-4 252 5 629145600 dm-5 252 6 10485760 dm-6 252 7 629145600 dm-7 252 8 629145600 dm-8 252 9 629145600 dm-9 252 10 629145600 dm-10 252 11 629145600 dm-11 252 12 629145600 dm-12 252 13 629145600 dm-13 252 14 209715200 dm-14 252 15 629145600 dm-15 252 16 629145600 dm-16 252 17 629145600 dm-17
為了讓多路徑正確工作,ASMLIB必須只能對偽裝置操作。因此ASMLIB必須使用偽裝置來進行修改。通 過修改/etc/sysconfig/oracleasm中的兩個引數來進行配置:
.oracleasm_scanorder使用通用字首指定ASMLIB掃描裝置的順序。
.oracleasm_scanexclude透過ASMLIB指定那個裝置不被發現。
例如,使用IBM v7000與多路徑配置ASMLIB進行如下設定:
ORACLEASM_SCANORDER="dm"
ORACLEASM_SCANEXCLUDE="sd"
在這個例子中,ASMLIB基於/dev/dm來掃描磁碟並且排除/dev/sd*的裝置。下面 是/etc/sysconfig/oracleasm檔案的一個配置例子:
[root@db2 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/oracleasm # # This is a configuration file for automatic loading of the Oracle # Automatic Storage Management library kernel driver. It is generated # By running /etc/init.d/oracleasm configure. Please use that method # to modify this file # # ORACLEASM_ENABLED: 'true' means to load the driver on boot. ORACLEASM_ENABLED=true # ORACLEASM_UID: Default user owning the /dev/oracleasm mount point. ORACLEASM_UID=grid # ORACLEASM_GID: Default group owning the /dev/oracleasm mount point. ORACLEASM_GID=asmadmin # ORACLEASM_SCANBOOT: 'true' means scan for ASM disks on boot. ORACLEASM_SCANBOOT=true # ORACLEASM_SCANORDER: Matching patterns to order disk scanning ORACLEASM_SCANORDER="dm" # ORACLEASM_SCANEXCLUDE: Matching patterns to exclude disks from scan ORACLEASM_SCANEXCLUDE="sd" # ORACLEASM_USE_LOGICAL_BLOCK_SIZE: 'true' means use the logical block size # reported by the underlying disk instead of the physical. The default # is 'false' ORACLEASM_USE_LOGICAL_BLOCK_SIZE=false
小結:
ASMLIB是Oracle 10g與11g中ASM功能的支援library。ASMLIB允許Oracle資料庫更有效的使用ASM與訪 問磁碟組。ASMLIB的目的,它是ASM的一個外掛,提供了一種識別與訪問塊裝置的替介面。另外, ASMLIB API能夠讓儲存與作業系統廠商來提供儲存相關的擴充套件功能。這些功能可能提供一些好處,比 如提高效能與增加完整性。但ASMLIB對於ASM不是必須使用的。
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