匯入匯出 Oracle 分割槽表資料
匯入匯入Oracle 分割槽表資料是Oracle DBA 經常完成的任務之一。分割槽表的匯入匯出同樣可以以普通表的匯入匯出方式，只不過匯入匯出需要考慮到分割槽的特殊性，如分割槽索引，將分割槽遷移到普通表，或使用原始分割槽表匯入到新的分割槽表。下面將描述使用imp/exp，impdp/expdp匯入匯出
分割槽表資料
一、分割槽級別的匯入匯出
可以匯出一個或多個分割槽，也可以匯出所有分割槽(即整個表)。
可以匯入所有分割槽(即整個表)，一個或多個分割槽以及子分割槽。
對於已經存在資料的表，使用imp匯入時需要使用引數IGNORE=y，而使用impdp，加table_exists_action=append | replace 引數。
二、建立演示環境
1.檢視當前資料庫的版本
select * from v$version where rownum < 2;
BANNER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
2.建立一個分割槽表
alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd';
create table tb_pt (
sal_date date not null,
sal_id number not null,
sal_row number(12) not null)
partition by range(sal_date)
(
partition sal_11 values less than(to_date('2017-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_12 values less than(to_date('2019-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_13 values less than(to_date('2023-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_14 values less than(to_date('2025-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_15 values less than(to_date('2028-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_16 values less than(to_date('2030-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_other values less than (maxvalue)
) nologging;
3.建立一個唯一索引
create unique index tb_pt_ind1 on tb_pt(sal_date) nologging;
4.為分割槽表生成資料
---插入資料
insert into tb_pt select trunc(sysdate)+rownum, dbms_random.random, rownum from dual connect by level<=8000;
---查詢驗證
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_11);
COUNT(1)
----------
0
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_12);
COUNT(1)
----------
509
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_other);
COUNT(1)
----------
3473
select * from tb_pt partition(sal_12) where rownum < 3;
SAL_DATE SAL_ID SAL_ROW
--------- ---------- ----------
2017-08-10 -2.044E+09 1
2017-08-11 -1.992E+09 2
select count(1) from tb_pt;
COUNT(1)
----------
8000
---收集分割槽表統計資訊
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname => 'SCOTT',tabname => 'TB_PT', estimate_percent => 100,method_opt=> 'for all indexed columns',cascade=>TRUE,granularity=>'ALL');
三、使用exp/imp匯出匯入分割槽表資料
1.匯出整個分割槽表
exp scott/tiger file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt.dmp' log='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt.log' tables=tb_pt
注意：需保證資料庫字符集和作業系統環境變數指定的字符集一致。
2.匯出單個分割槽
[oracle@slient dmp]$ exp scott/tiger file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' log='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.log' tables=tb_pt:sal_16
Export: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Aug 9 19:15:06 2017
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
Export done in ZHS16GBK character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...
. . exporting table TB_PT
. . exporting partition SAL_16 731 rows exported
EXP-00091: Exporting questionable statistics.
EXP-00091: Exporting questionable statistics.
Export terminated successfully with warnings.
[oracle@slient dmp]$
在上面的匯出過程中再次出現了統計資訊錯誤的情況，因此採取了對該物件收集統計資訊，但並不能解決該錯誤，但在exp命令列中增加statistics=none即可，如下：
exp scott/tiger file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' log='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.log' tables=tb_pt:sal_16 statistics=none
如果要匯出多個分割槽，則在tables引數中增加分割槽數。如：tables="(tb_pt:sal_15,tb_pt:sal_16)"
3.使用imp工具生成建立分割槽表的DDL語句
imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt indexfile='/home/oracle/dmp/cr_tb_pt.sql' file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt.dmp' ignore=y
4.匯入單個分割槽(使用先前備份的單個分割槽匯入檔案)
--匯入前先將分割槽實現truncate
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_16);
COUNT(1)
----------
731
alter table tb_pt truncate partition sal_16;
Table truncated.
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_16);
COUNT(1)
----------
0
imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt:sal_16 file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' ignore=y
Export: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 13:55:39 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing o
Export file created by EXPORT:V11.02.00 via conventional path
import done in US7ASCII character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
import server uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion)
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_16"
IMP-00058: ORACLE error 1502 encountered
ORA-01502: index 'SCOTT.TB_PT_IND1' or partition of such index is in unusable state
Import terminated successfully with warnings.
收到了ORA-01502錯誤，下面檢視索引的狀態，並對其重建索引後再執行匯入
--檢視索引的狀態
select index_name ,status from dba_indexes where table_name='TB_PT';
INDEX_NAME STATUS
------------------------------ --------
TB_PT_IND1 UNUSABLE
--重建索引
alter index TB_PT_IND1 rebuild online;
Index altered.
--再次匯入成功
imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt:sal_16 file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' ignore=y
select count(*) from tb_pt partition(sal_16);
COUNT(*)
----------
731
5.匯入整個表
--首先truncate 整個表
truncate table tb_pt;
Table truncated.
imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt.dmp' ignore=y indexes=y
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_other);
COUNT(1)
----------
3473
四、使用expdp/impdb來實現分割槽表的匯入匯出
1.檢視匯入匯出的目錄設定
SQL> select OWNER,DIRECTORY_NAME,DIRECTORY_PATH from dba_directories;
OWNER DIRECTORY_NAME DIRECTORY_PATH
------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------
SYS UTLFILE /home/oracle
SYS XMLDIR /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/xml
SYS ORACLE_OCM_CONFIG_DIR /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/ccr/hosts/slient/state
SYS DATA_PUMP_DIR /u01/app/oracle/admin/test/dpdump/
SYS ORACLE_OCM_CONFIG_DIR2 /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/ccr/state
SQL> grant read,write on directory DATA_PUMP_DIR to scott;
Grant succeeded.
2.為分割槽表建立一個本地索引
create index tb_pt_local_idx
on tb_pt(sal_id)
local
(partition local1,
partition local2,
partition local3,
partition local4,
partition local5,
partition local6,
partition local7)
;
3.匯出整個表
expdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=tb_pt.dmp logfile=tb_pb.log tables=tb_pt parallel=3
4.匯出多個分割槽
expdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=tb_pts.dmp logfile=tb_pt.log tables=(tb_pt:sal_16,tb_pt:sal_other) parallel=2
-bash: syntax error near unexpected token `('
檢查了指令碼沒有錯誤：原來在linux 5中需要在括號加上雙引號才可以
expdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=tb_pts.dmp logfile=tb_pt.log tables="(tb_pt:sal_16,tb_pt:sal_other)" parallel=2
5.截斷分割槽sal_other
alter table tb_pt truncate partition(sal_other);
Table truncated.
SQL> select count(*) from tb_pt partition(sal_other);
COUNT(*)
----------
0
--檢視索引的狀態, TB_PT_IND1不可用
SQL> select index_name,status,partitioned from dba_indexes where table_name='TB_PT';
INDEX_NAME STATUS PAR
------------------------------ -------- ---
TB_PT_IND1 UNUSABLE NO
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX N/A YES
select index_name ,partition_name, status from dba_ind_partitions where index_owner='SCOTT';
INDEX_NAME PARTITION_NAME STATUS
------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL1 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL2 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL3 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL4 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL5 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL6 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL7 USABLE
6.匯入單個分割槽
impdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=tb_pts.dmp logfile=tb_pt_imp.log tables=tb_pt:sal_other skip_unusable_indexes=y table_exists_action=replace
SQL> select index_name,status,partitioned from dba_indexes where table_name='TB_PT';
INDEX_NAME STATUS PAR
------------------------------ -------- ---
TB_PT_IND1 VALID NO
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX N/A YES
從上面的匯入情況可以看出，儘管執行了truncate partition，然而使用impdp匯入工具，並且使用引數table_exists_action=replace可以避免使用imp匯入時唯一和主鍵索引需要重建的問題。注意，如果沒有使用table_exists_action=replace引數，將會收到ORA-39151錯誤，如下:
ORA-39151: Table "SCOTT"."TB_PT" exists. All dependent metadata and data will be skipped due to table_exists_action of skip
7.匯入整個表
impdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=tb_pt.dmp logfile=tb_pt_fullimp.log tables=tb_pt skip_unusable_indexes=y table_exists_action=replace
五、引數skip_unusable_indexes的作用
SQL> show parameter skip
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
skip_unusable_indexes boolean TRUE
該引數允許在匯入分割槽資料時延遲對索引的處理，即先將資料匯入，匯入後再來重建索引分割槽。
在命令列匯入中未指定匯入引數skip_unusable_indexes時，則對於索引相關的問題，根據資料庫初始化引數的值來確定。
在命令列匯入中如果指定了引數skip_unusable_indexes時，則該引數的值優先於資料庫初始化引數的設定值。
skip_unusable_indexes=y對unique index不起作用，因為此時的unique index扮演者constraint的作用，所以在insert資料時index必須被更新。
對於單個分割槽匯入時PK，unique index的處理，必須先重建索引然後進行匯入。
使用impdp資料泵實現匯入並使用引數table_exists_action=replace可以解決上述問題，即ORA-01502錯誤。
分割槽表資料
一、分割槽級別的匯入匯出
可以匯出一個或多個分割槽，也可以匯出所有分割槽(即整個表)。
可以匯入所有分割槽(即整個表)，一個或多個分割槽以及子分割槽。
對於已經存在資料的表，使用imp匯入時需要使用引數IGNORE=y，而使用impdp，加table_exists_action=append | replace 引數。
二、建立演示環境
1.檢視當前資料庫的版本
select * from v$version where rownum < 2;
BANNER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
2.建立一個分割槽表
alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd';
create table tb_pt (
sal_date date not null,
sal_id number not null,
sal_row number(12) not null)
partition by range(sal_date)
(
partition sal_11 values less than(to_date('2017-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_12 values less than(to_date('2019-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_13 values less than(to_date('2023-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_14 values less than(to_date('2025-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_15 values less than(to_date('2028-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_16 values less than(to_date('2030-01-01','yyyy-mm-dd')) ,
partition sal_other values less than (maxvalue)
) nologging;
3.建立一個唯一索引
create unique index tb_pt_ind1 on tb_pt(sal_date) nologging;
4.為分割槽表生成資料
---插入資料
insert into tb_pt select trunc(sysdate)+rownum, dbms_random.random, rownum from dual connect by level<=8000;
---查詢驗證
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_11);
COUNT(1)
----------
0
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_12);
COUNT(1)
----------
509
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_other);
COUNT(1)
----------
3473
select * from tb_pt partition(sal_12) where rownum < 3;
SAL_DATE SAL_ID SAL_ROW
--------- ---------- ----------
2017-08-10 -2.044E+09 1
2017-08-11 -1.992E+09 2
select count(1) from tb_pt;
COUNT(1)
----------
8000
---收集分割槽表統計資訊
exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(ownname => 'SCOTT',tabname => 'TB_PT', estimate_percent => 100,method_opt=> 'for all indexed columns',cascade=>TRUE,granularity=>'ALL');
三、使用exp/imp匯出匯入分割槽表資料
1.匯出整個分割槽表
exp scott/tiger file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt.dmp' log='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt.log' tables=tb_pt
注意：需保證資料庫字符集和作業系統環境變數指定的字符集一致。
2.匯出單個分割槽
[oracle@slient dmp]$ exp scott/tiger file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' log='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.log' tables=tb_pt:sal_16
Export: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Wed Aug 9 19:15:06 2017
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
Export done in ZHS16GBK character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
About to export specified tables via Conventional Path ...
. . exporting table TB_PT
. . exporting partition SAL_16 731 rows exported
EXP-00091: Exporting questionable statistics.
EXP-00091: Exporting questionable statistics.
Export terminated successfully with warnings.
[oracle@slient dmp]$
在上面的匯出過程中再次出現了統計資訊錯誤的情況，因此採取了對該物件收集統計資訊，但並不能解決該錯誤，但在exp命令列中增加statistics=none即可，如下：
exp scott/tiger file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' log='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.log' tables=tb_pt:sal_16 statistics=none
如果要匯出多個分割槽，則在tables引數中增加分割槽數。如：tables="(tb_pt:sal_15,tb_pt:sal_16)"
3.使用imp工具生成建立分割槽表的DDL語句
imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt indexfile='/home/oracle/dmp/cr_tb_pt.sql' file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt.dmp' ignore=y
這裡我們在imp上加了個引數：indexfile='/home/oracle/dmp/cr_tb_pt.sql'，這條imp語句只會在對應的檔案裡生成分割槽表的ddl 語句。 然後編輯建立好就可以了。
4.匯入單個分割槽(使用先前備份的單個分割槽匯入檔案)
--匯入前先將分割槽實現truncate
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_16);
COUNT(1)
----------
731
alter table tb_pt truncate partition sal_16;
Table truncated.
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_16);
COUNT(1)
----------
0
imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt:sal_16 file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' ignore=y
Export: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Mar 9 13:55:39 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, Automatic Storage Management, OLAP,
Data Mining and Real Application Testing o
Export file created by EXPORT:V11.02.00 via conventional path
import done in US7ASCII character set and AL16UTF16 NCHAR character set
import server uses ZHS16GBK character set (possible charset conversion)
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. importing SCOTT's objects into SCOTT
. . importing partition "TB_PT":"SAL_16"
IMP-00058: ORACLE error 1502 encountered
ORA-01502: index 'SCOTT.TB_PT_IND1' or partition of such index is in unusable state
Import terminated successfully with warnings.
收到了ORA-01502錯誤，下面檢視索引的狀態，並對其重建索引後再執行匯入
--檢視索引的狀態
select index_name ,status from dba_indexes where table_name='TB_PT';
INDEX_NAME STATUS
------------------------------ --------
TB_PT_IND1 UNUSABLE
--重建索引
alter index TB_PT_IND1 rebuild online;
Index altered.
--再次匯入成功
imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt:sal_16 file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt_sal_16.dmp' ignore=y
select count(*) from tb_pt partition(sal_16);
COUNT(*)
----------
731
5.匯入整個表
--首先truncate 整個表
truncate table tb_pt;
Table truncated.
imp scott/tiger tables=tb_pt file='/home/oracle/dmp/tb_pt.dmp' ignore=y indexes=y
select count(1) from tb_pt partition(sal_other);
COUNT(1)
----------
3473
四、使用expdp/impdb來實現分割槽表的匯入匯出
1.檢視匯入匯出的目錄設定
SQL> select OWNER,DIRECTORY_NAME,DIRECTORY_PATH from dba_directories;
OWNER DIRECTORY_NAME DIRECTORY_PATH
------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------
SYS UTLFILE /home/oracle
SYS XMLDIR /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/xml
SYS ORACLE_OCM_CONFIG_DIR /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/ccr/hosts/slient/state
SYS DATA_PUMP_DIR /u01/app/oracle/admin/test/dpdump/
SYS ORACLE_OCM_CONFIG_DIR2 /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/ccr/state
SQL> grant read,write on directory DATA_PUMP_DIR to scott;
Grant succeeded.
2.為分割槽表建立一個本地索引
create index tb_pt_local_idx
on tb_pt(sal_id)
local
(partition local1,
partition local2,
partition local3,
partition local4,
partition local5,
partition local6,
partition local7)
;
3.匯出整個表
expdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=tb_pt.dmp logfile=tb_pb.log tables=tb_pt parallel=3
4.匯出多個分割槽
expdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=tb_pts.dmp logfile=tb_pt.log tables=(tb_pt:sal_16,tb_pt:sal_other) parallel=2
-bash: syntax error near unexpected token `('
檢查了指令碼沒有錯誤：原來在linux 5中需要在括號加上雙引號才可以
expdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=tb_pts.dmp logfile=tb_pt.log tables="(tb_pt:sal_16,tb_pt:sal_other)" parallel=2
5.截斷分割槽sal_other
alter table tb_pt truncate partition(sal_other);
Table truncated.
SQL> select count(*) from tb_pt partition(sal_other);
COUNT(*)
----------
0
--檢視索引的狀態, TB_PT_IND1不可用
SQL> select index_name,status,partitioned from dba_indexes where table_name='TB_PT';
INDEX_NAME STATUS PAR
------------------------------ -------- ---
TB_PT_IND1 UNUSABLE NO
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX N/A YES
select index_name ,partition_name, status from dba_ind_partitions where index_owner='SCOTT';
INDEX_NAME PARTITION_NAME STATUS
------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL1 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL2 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL3 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL4 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL5 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL6 USABLE
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX LOCAL7 USABLE
6.匯入單個分割槽
impdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=tb_pts.dmp logfile=tb_pt_imp.log tables=tb_pt:sal_other skip_unusable_indexes=y table_exists_action=replace
SQL> select index_name,status,partitioned from dba_indexes where table_name='TB_PT';
INDEX_NAME STATUS PAR
------------------------------ -------- ---
TB_PT_IND1 VALID NO
TB_PT_LOCAL_IDX N/A YES
從上面的匯入情況可以看出，儘管執行了truncate partition，然而使用impdp匯入工具，並且使用引數table_exists_action=replace可以避免使用imp匯入時唯一和主鍵索引需要重建的問題。注意，如果沒有使用table_exists_action=replace引數，將會收到ORA-39151錯誤，如下:
ORA-39151: Table "SCOTT"."TB_PT" exists. All dependent metadata and data will be skipped due to table_exists_action of skip
7.匯入整個表
impdp scott/tiger directory=DATA_PUMP_DIR dumpfile=tb_pt.dmp logfile=tb_pt_fullimp.log tables=tb_pt skip_unusable_indexes=y table_exists_action=replace
五、引數skip_unusable_indexes的作用
SQL> show parameter skip
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
skip_unusable_indexes boolean TRUE
該引數允許在匯入分割槽資料時延遲對索引的處理，即先將資料匯入，匯入後再來重建索引分割槽。
在命令列匯入中未指定匯入引數skip_unusable_indexes時，則對於索引相關的問題，根據資料庫初始化引數的值來確定。
在命令列匯入中如果指定了引數skip_unusable_indexes時，則該引數的值優先於資料庫初始化引數的設定值。
skip_unusable_indexes=y對unique index不起作用，因為此時的unique index扮演者constraint的作用，所以在insert資料時index必須被更新。
對於單個分割槽匯入時PK，unique index的處理，必須先重建索引然後進行匯入。
使用impdp資料泵實現匯入並使用引數table_exists_action=replace可以解決上述問題，即ORA-01502錯誤。
來自 “ ITPUB部落格 ” ，連結：http://blog.itpub.net/31397003/viewspace-2143329/，如需轉載，請註明出處，否則將追究法律責任。
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