PostgreSQL3DCity應用

背景

空間應用在城市規劃建設中，在發揮越來越重要的作用！

PostGIS是一個開源的PostgreSQL空間資料庫外掛，遵循OGC的SQL協定設計，應用廣泛。

PostGIS is an open source software program that adds support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational database. PostGIS follows the Simple Features for SQL specification from the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).

http://www.opengeospatial.org/

Geometry types for Points, LineStrings, Polygons, MultiPoints, MultiLineStrings, MultiPolygons and GeometryCollections.
Spatial predicates for determining the interactions of geometries using the 3×3 DE-9IM (provided by the GEOS software library).
Spatial operators for determining geospatial measurements like area, distance, length and perimeter.
Spatial operators for determining geospatial set operations, like union, difference, symmetric difference and buffers (provided by GEOS).
R-tree-over-GiST (Generalized Search Tree) spatial indexes for high speed spatial querying.
Index selectivity support, to provide high performance query plans for mixed spatial/non-spatial queries.
For raster data, PostGIS WKT Raster (now integrated into PostGIS 2.0+ and renamed PostGIS Raster)
The PostGIS implementation is based on “light-weight” geometries and indexes optimized to reduce disk and memory footprint. Using light-weight geometries helps servers increase the amount of data migrated up from physical disk storage into RAM, improving query performance substantially.
PostGIS is registered as “implements the specified standard” for “Simple Features for SQL” by the OGC.[3] PostGIS has not been certified as compliant by the OGC.

PostGIS支援的空間構造介面如下，相容各種geometry格式的匯入。

http://postgis.net/docs/manual-2.4/reference.html

8.4. Geometry Constructors  
  
ST_GeogFromText — Return a specified geography value from Well-Known Text representation or extended (WKT).  
ST_GeographyFromText — Return a specified geography value from Well-Known Text representation or extended (WKT).  
ST_GeogFromWKB — Creates a geography instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry representation (WKB) or extended Well Known Binary (EWKB).  
ST_GeomFromTWKB — Creates a geometry instance from a TWKB ("Tiny Well-Known Binary") geometry representation.  
ST_GeomCollFromText — Makes a collection Geometry from collection WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not given, it defaults to 0.  
ST_GeomFromEWKB — Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Binary representation (EWKB).  
ST_GeomFromEWKT — Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Text representation (EWKT).  
ST_GeometryFromText — Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT). This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromText  
ST_GeomFromGeoHash — Return a geometry from a GeoHash string.  
ST_GeomFromGML — Takes as input GML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object  
ST_GeomFromGeoJSON — Takes as input a geojson representation of a geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object  
ST_GeomFromKML — Takes as input KML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object  
ST_GMLToSQL — Return a specified ST_Geometry value from GML representation. This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromGML  
ST_GeomFromText — Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT).  
ST_GeomFromWKB — Creates a geometry instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry representation (WKB) and optional SRID.

PostGIS支援的空間構造介面如下，相容各種geometry格式的匯出。

8.7. Geometry Outputs  
  
ST_AsBinary — Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID meta data.  
ST_AsEncodedPolyline — Returns an Encoded Polyline from a LineString geometry.  
ST_AsEWKB — Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.  
ST_AsEWKT — Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry with SRID meta data.  
ST_AsGeoJSON — Return the geometry as a GeoJSON element.  
ST_AsGML — Return the geometry as a GML version 2 or 3 element.  
ST_AsHEXEWKB — Returns a Geometry in HEXEWKB format (as text) using either little-endian (NDR) or big-endian (XDR) encoding.  
ST_AsKML — Return the geometry as a KML element. Several variants. Default version=2, default precision=15  
ST_AsLatLonText — Return the Degrees, Minutes, Seconds representation of the given point.  
ST_AsSVG — Returns a Geometry in SVG path data given a geometry or geography object.  
ST_AsText — Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry/geography without SRID metadata.  
ST_AsTWKB — Returns the geometry as TWKB, aka "Tiny Well-Known Binary"  
ST_AsX3D — Returns a Geometry in X3D xml node element format: ISO-IEC-19776-1.2-X3DEncodings-XML  
ST_GeoHash — Return a GeoHash representation of the geometry.  
ST_AsGeobuf — Return a Geobuf representation of a set of rows.  
ST_AsMVTGeom — Transform a geometry into the coordinate space of a Mapbox Vector Tile.  
ST_AsMVT — Return a Mapbox Vector Tile representation of a set of rows.

結合PostGIS與空間應用軟體，可以推動城市規劃建設的空間應用。

物料

一些相關物料

1、3D GIS and Application

2、3D City Database for CityGML

3、DATABASE DEVELOPMENT WITH “3D-CITYGML”AND “ENERGYADE”- SCHEMA FOR CITY-DISTRICT-SIMULATION MODELLING

4、環境監控

http://www.openforis.org/home.html

5、Collect_Earth_User_Manual

6、視覺化城市

7、3D 城市資料庫

8、虛擬城市 database

9、虛擬城市資料格式相容

標準

一些標準

1、The OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) is an international not for profit organization committed to making quality open standards for the global geospatial community.

http://www.opengeospatial.org/

2、CityGML – City Geography Markup Language

http://www.citygmlwiki.org/index.php?title=Citygml_Wiki

3、CityJSON is a format for encoding a subset of the CityGML data model using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)

http://www.cityjson.org