ORA-01113問題的簡單分析

jeanron100發表於2015-07-20

在啟動資料庫的時候,open階段總是可能出現各種各樣的問題,
比如讓人膽戰心驚的錯誤。
ORA-01113: file 1 needs media recovery

自己留意了一下,其實還是有蠻多的場景會出現這個問題,有些細節可能沒有注意到就會出現這個問題,
比如我們重建控制檔案的時候。
在重建控制檔案之前做了shutdown abort的操作。

SQL> shutdown abort
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  314572800 bytes
Fixed Size                  1261564 bytes
Variable Size             163577860 bytes
Database Buffers          142606336 bytes
Redo Buffers                7127040 bytes
SQL> CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "TEST10G" NORESETLOGS  NOARCHIVELOG
 .....
 26    '/u02/oracle/oradata/data02.dbf'
 27  CHARACTER SET US7ASCII
 28  ;

Control file created.
嘗試啟動資料庫的時候就會丟擲這個錯誤。

SQL> alter database open;
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01113: file 1 needs media recovery
ORA-01110: data file 1: '/u02/oracle/oradata/TEST10G/disk5/system01.dbf'

其實這個時候簡單分析一下就會明白,上次是shutdown abort的方式,則對應的檢查點資訊無法寫入資料檔案,在open階段smon會做這個校驗。
開始在後臺做資料的前滾,然後應用redo日誌的資料,對某些操作做相應的回滾。
從下面的地方可以看出 last_change#沒有任何值,表明上次斷電重啟後檢查點資訊沒有寫入。
SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change#,last_change# from v$datafile;

     FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE# LAST_CHANGE#
---------- ------------------ ------------
         1             858940
         2             858940
         3             858940
         4             858940
         5             858940

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;

     FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
---------- ------------------
         1             858940
         2             858940
         3             858940
         4             858940
         5             858940

SQL> select checkpoint_change# from v$database;

CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
------------------
            858939
這個時候嘗試恢復資料庫,再次觀察,則相應的檢查點資訊就做了校正。

SQL> recover database;
Media recovery complete.
SQL>  select checkpoint_change# from v$database;

CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
------------------
            858939
SQL>  select file#,checkpoint_change#,last_change# from v$datafile;

     FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE# LAST_CHANGE#
---------- ------------------ ------------
         1             859017       859017
         2             859017       859017
         3             859017       859017
         4             859017       859017
         5             859017       859017

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.
資料庫啟動之後,last_change#的值又迴歸零。等待稍後的檢查點寫入。

SQL>  select file#,checkpoint_change#,last_change# from v$datafile;

     FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE# LAST_CHANGE#
---------- ------------------ ------------
         1             879019
         2             879019
         3             879019
         4             879019
         5             879019

SQL>  select checkpoint_change# from v$database;

CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
------------------
            879019

其實這個過程中,恢復的基準就是檢查點,也就是SCN.

當然在有些操作依賴於歸檔模式,介質恢復還是依賴於一些歸檔檔案的。
像在非歸檔模式嘗試下面的操作就不可行。

SQL> alter tablespace data offline immediate;
alter tablespace data offline immediate
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01145: offline immediate disallowed unless media recovery enabled


SQL> alter tablespace data begin backup;
alter tablespace data begin backup
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01123: cannot start online backup; media recovery not enabled

 這個時候還是啟用歸檔。

SQL> shut immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  314572800 bytes
Fixed Size                  1261564 bytes
Variable Size             163577860 bytes
Database Buffers          142606336 bytes
Redo Buffers                7127040 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> alter database archivelog ;

Database altered.

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.
如果在歸檔模式中,使用熱備份,需要宣告begin backup,為了能夠修復在熱備份過程中可能產生的分裂資料塊。

SQL> alter tablespace data begin backup;

Tablespace altered.
這個時候停庫就會拋錯

SQL> shutdown immediate;
ORA-01149: cannot shutdown - file 5 has online backup set
ORA-01110: data file 5: '/u02/oracle/oradata/data02.dbf'
如果發生斷電現象,則在重啟的時候出現ORA-01113: file 5 needs media recovery就需要明辨這個錯誤背後的意思
SQL> shutdown abort
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  314572800 bytes
Fixed Size                  1261564 bytes
Variable Size             163577860 bytes
Database Buffers          142606336 bytes
Redo Buffers                7127040 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01113: file 5 needs media recovery
ORA-01110: data file 5: '/u02/oracle/oradata/data02.dbf'

其實碰到這個錯誤,還是需要結合多種場景來考慮,比如檢視是否熱備份已經正常完成,之前的操作是什麼樣的?
SQL> desc v$backup
 Name                                      Null?    Type
 ----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
 FILE#                                              NUMBER
 STATUS                                             VARCHAR2(18)
 CHANGE#                                            NUMBER
 TIME                                               DATE

SQL> select *from v$backup;

     FILE# STATUS                CHANGE# TIME
---------- ------------------ ---------- ---------
         1 NOT ACTIVE                  0
         2 NOT ACTIVE                  0
         3 NOT ACTIVE                  0
         4 NOT ACTIVE                  0
         5 ACTIVE                 879352 20-JUL-15
可以從SCN的地方看出和重建控制檔案的場景還是存在一定的差別。
SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change#,last_change# from v$datafile;

     FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE# LAST_CHANGE#
---------- ------------------ ------------
         1             879275
         2             879275
         3             879275
         4             879275
         5             879352

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;

     FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
---------- ------------------
         1             879275
         2             879275
         3             879275
         4             879275
         5             879352

SQL> select checkpoint_change# from v$database;

CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
------------------
            879275
明白了問題,修復就很容易了,果斷結束熱備份。

SQL> alter tablespace data end backup;

Tablespace altered.

SQL> select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;

     FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
---------- ------------------
         1             879275
         2             879275
         3             879275
         4             879275
         5             879352

SQL> select checkpoint_change# from v$database;

CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
------------------
            879275
這個時候啟動資料庫就沒有問題了。

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

SQL> select checkpoint_change# from v$database;

CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
------------------
            899361

SQL>  select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;

     FILE# CHECKPOINT_CHANGE#
---------- ------------------
         1             899361
         2             899361
         3             899361
         4             899361
         5             899361

其實熱備份的這個錯誤也可以這麼來處理。

SQL> alter tablespace data begin backup;

Tablespace altered.

SQL> shutdown abort
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  314572800 bytes
Fixed Size                  1261564 bytes
Variable Size             163577860 bytes
Database Buffers          142606336 bytes
Redo Buffers                7127040 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01113: file 5 needs media recovery
ORA-01110: data file 5: '/u02/oracle/oradata/data02.dbf'

SQL> recover datafile 5;
Media recovery complete.
SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

SQL> select *from v$backup;

     FILE# STATUS                CHANGE# TIME
---------- ------------------ ---------- ---------
         1 NOT ACTIVE                  0
         2 NOT ACTIVE                  0
         3 NOT ACTIVE                  0
         4 NOT ACTIVE                  0
         5 NOT ACTIVE             899488 20-JUL-15

總之解決問題就行,SCN的部分著實是需要關注的一個重點,這也是備份恢復的基石。

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