問題描述：
生產環境的oracle資料庫突然登入不上去了，rlwrap生產環境的oracle資料庫突然登入不上去了，rlwrap sqlplus "/ as sysdba"報錯如下：rlwrap
[oracle@localhost root]$ rlwrap sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
rlwrap: warning: your $TERM is 'xterm' but rlwrap couldn't find it in the terminfo database. Expect some problems.
rlwrap: Cannot execute sqlplus: Permission denied
[oracle@localhost root]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
bash: sqlplus: command not found
[oracle@localhost root]$

1，oracle登入報錯
[oracle@localhost root]$ rlwrap sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
Error 6 initializing SQL*Plus
SP2-0667: Message file sp1.msb not found
SP2-0750: You may need to set ORACLE_HOME to your Oracle software directory
[oracle@localhost root]$
[oracle@localhost root]$

2，檢視ORACLE_HOME變數，為空值
[oracle@localhost root]$ echo $ORACLE_HOME

[oracle@localhost root]$

3，在/etc/profile設定ORACLE_HOME變數
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/profile
export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1

[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile
[root@localhost ~]# su oracle
[oracle@localhost root]$
[oracle@localhost root]$ echo $ORACLE_HOME
/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/
[oracle@localhost root]$

4，ORACLE_HOME環境變數有值了，再去用sqlplus登入一下，試試看
[oracle@localhost root]$ rlwrap sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
rlwrap: warning: your $TERM is 'xterm' but rlwrap couldn't find it in the terminfo database. Expect some problems.
rlwrap: Cannot execute sqlplus: Permission denied
[oracle@localhost root]$

5，做一下sqlplus的軟連線
[oracle@localhost root]$ exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# ln -s $ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqlplus /usr/bin
[root@localhost ~]# su oracle
[oracle@localhost root]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Fri Jan 16 10:19:39 2015

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

ERROR:
ORA-12162: TNS:net service name is incorrectly specified

Enter user-name:
ERROR:
ORA-12162: TNS:net service name is incorrectly specified

Enter user-name:
ERROR:
ORA-12162: TNS:net service name is incorrectly specified

SP2-0157: unable to CONNECT to ORACLE after 3 attempts, exiting SQL*Plus
[oracle@localhost root]$
[oracle@localhost root]$ echo $ORACLE_SID

[oracle@localhost root]$
系統環境變數裡面沒有ORACLE_SID

6，設定ORACLE_SID
[oracle@localhost root]$ exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/profile
export ORACLE_HOME=/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/
export ORACLE_SID=pxxerxxs
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile

[oracle@localhost root]$ exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/profile
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile
[root@localhost ~]# su oracle
[oracle@localhost root]$ rlwrap sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
rlwrap: warning: your $TERM is 'xterm' but rlwrap couldn't find it in the terminfo database. Expect some problems.

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Fri Jan 16 10:25:33 2015

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.

SQL>
SQL>
SQL>

7，去oracle使用者下檢視系統變數
[oracle@localhost root]$ cat ~/.bash_profile
# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin

export PATH

#added for oracle
export ORACLE_BASE=/oracle/app/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
export ORACLE_SID=pxxerxxs
export TNS_ADMIN=$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin

export PATH=$PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/bin
[oracle@localhost root]$
配置裡面有值，問題在哪裡？

8，su的時候有差異
不加-的話的話只是切換使用者不去更換使用者的配置，加上-後再去sqlplus 試試
[oracle@localhost ~]$ exit
logout
[root@localhost ~]# su oracle
[oracle@localhost root]$ echo $ORACLE_BASE

[oracle@localhost root]$ exit
exit
[root@localhost ~]# su - oracle
[oracle@localhost ~]$ echo $ORACLE_BASE
/oracle/app/oracle
[oracle@localhost ~]$

9，驗證下su - oracle
[oracle@localhost ~]$ rlwrap sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
rlwrap: warning: your $TERM is 'xterm' but rlwrap couldn't find it in the terminfo database. Expect some problems.

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Fri Jan 16 10:36:51 2015

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP, Data Mining,
Oracle Database Vault and Real Application Testing options

SQL>

10，OK，嘗試使用非sys賬號登入報錯
[oracle@localhost ~]$ rlwrap sqlplus "plas_prd/plrd_1628@pxxerxxs as sysdba"
rlwrap: warning: your $TERM is 'xterm' but rlwrap couldn't find it in the terminfo database. Expect some problems.

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Fri Jan 16 16:53:11 2015

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

ERROR:
ORA-12154: TNS:could not resolve the connect identifier specified

Enter user-name:
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

Enter user-name:
[oracle@localhost ~]$

11，去check下，tnsping pxxerxxs 能否成功
[oracle@localhost ~]$ tnsping pxxerxxs

TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 16-JAN-2015 16:53:27

Copyright (c) 1997, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Used parameter files:
/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/sqlnet.ora

TNS-03505: Failed to resolve name
[oracle@localhost ~]$
tnsping失敗，得知pxxerxxs這個失效

12，去找tnsnames.ora
[oracle@localhost admin]$ more /oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
也可以more $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
找到
MPMD2 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.110.107)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME= pxxerxxs)
)
)

然後用非sys使用者登入
[oracle@localhost ~]$ rlwrap sqlplus "pxxerxxsk/pa141215@MPMD2"
rlwrap: warning: your $TERM is 'xterm' but rlwrap couldn't find it in the terminfo database. Expect some problems.

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Fri Jan 16 20:30:30 2015

Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, Oracle Label Security, OLAP, Data Mining,
Oracle Database Vault and Real Application Testing options

SQL>

OK登入顯示成功。

總結，
（1）linux系統裡面，su切換到oracle使用者的時候，加上-就會更換oracle使用者單獨配置生效，如果不加-就不會使用oracle使用者單獨的配置。
（2）在使用sqlplus登入的時候，用非sys使用者登入，@後面的是$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora定義的那個字首符號MPMD2，而不是SERVICE_NAME所指的oracle_sid，tnsnames.ora中MPMD2字首定義如下所示
MPMD2 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.110.101)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME= pxxerxxs)
)
)

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有，文章允許轉載，但必須以連結方式註明源地址，否則追究法律責任!>
原部落格地址：   http://blog.itpub.net/26230597/viewspace-1404602/
原作者：黃杉 (mchdba)
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Oracle中su切換進去sqlplus登入失敗的問題處理

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