目前後臺是使用Laravel框架寫的,最近在把其中的訂單處理部分抽出來,準備寫個單獨的Library。特地好好的研究了一下設計模式,Laravel學院上面有一個專題,便是談設計模式的,甚好!
為了降低耦合性,在我的專案中使用了Laravel Container以支援IoC(控制反轉)。但是就如何在Laravel之外使用illuminate/container
這方面資料寥寥無幾,所以這篇文章記錄一下自己的學習心得。
- php/composer
- IoC
直接使用composer:
composer require illuminate/container
還是以我的Order專案為例,用其中的部分作為講解。先看一下部分架構圖。
訂單生成的主要流程:Cashier
通過OrderFactory
來生成訂單,OrderFactory
內部存在一條Pipeline
,資料以流的形式在Pipeline
中流經各個PipeWorker
,通過不同的加工階段最終生成訂單。
-
Container
首先需要在自己專案中定義一個容器物件,來“容納”所有的例項或者方法等。這裡我將Cashier
類作為統一的對外處理物件,它繼承自Illuminate\Container\Container
。
一般配置資訊會作為容器的建構函式的引數。在Laravel
中,由於配置內容較多,這一形式表現為__construct
函式中的$basePath
引數。通過約定的目錄結構結合$appPath
動態讀取配置資訊。本專案則選擇直接給予一個Config
類的形式,注入配置資訊。Config
類實質是一個鍵值對的陣列。
class Cashier extends Container implements \WilliamWei\FancyOrder\Contracts\Cashier
{
protected $providers = [
OrderServiceProvider::class,
PipelineServiceProvider::class,
];
public function __construct($config)
{
$this['config'] = function () use ($config) {
return new Config($config);
};
//register the provider
foreach ($this->providers as $provider)
{
$provider = new $provider();
$provider->register($this);
}
}
}
Illuminate\Container\Container
已經實現了ArrayAccess
介面,可以直接以陣列方式訪問容器中的物件。構造時,首先為config
物件定義例項化的閉包函式。然後依次將各個模組對應的ServiceProvider
進行註冊。
-
ServiceProvider
將專案劃分為更小的子模組有助於控制規模,可以大大提高可維護性以及可測試性。每個子模組都有一個ServiceProvider
,用於暴露本模組可提供的服務物件。自定義的ServiceProvider
可以繼承Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider
,這裡我是選擇自己實現的ServiceProvider
。
介面:
interface ServiceProvider
{
public function register(Container $app);
}
以PipelineServiceProvider為例:
class PipelineServiceProvider implements ServiceProvider
{
public function register(Container $app)
{
$workers = [];
foreach ($app['config']['pipeline_workers'] as $name => $worker)
{
$app->bind($name,function($app) use ($worker) {
return new $worker();
});
array_push($workers,$app[$name]);
}
$app->bind('pipeline',function($app) use ($workers) {
return new Pipeline($workers);
});
}
}
PipelineServiceProvider
在register
方法中,將特定函式與例項的名字進行繫結,當通過該名字訪問例項時,若物件不存在,則容器會呼叫被繫結的函式來例項化一個物件,並將其置於容器,以供後續呼叫使用。對於Pipeline
,他並不需要關心是哪些Pipeworker
在工作,只需要知道他們存在,並且可以正常工作就好,從而以這種形式達到解耦目的。
當然有可能有時候需要訪問容器內其他物件,則可以將容器本身作為建構函式的引數傳入,如:
$app->bind('pipeline',function($app) use ($workers) {
return new Pipeline($app,$workers);
});
那麼在Pipeline
內部就可以通過$this->app['XXX']
的形式訪問XXX
物件,同時也無需關心XXX
是如何構造的。
這裡的程式碼分析部分只關注主體部分,不會面面具到的分析到每個函式。
可以看到整個包一共就3個PHP檔案,最核心的是Container.php
,它定義了容器類,並實現了其中絕大多數功能。當我們bind
一個例項到通過[]
下標訪問時發生了什麼?
/**
* Register a binding with the container.
*
* @param string|array $abstract
* @param \Closure|string|null $concrete
* @param bool $shared
* @return void
*/
public function bind($abstract, $concrete = null, $shared = false)
{
// If no concrete type was given, we will simply set the concrete type to the
// abstract type. After that, the concrete type to be registered as shared
// without being forced to state their classes in both of the parameters.
$this->dropStaleInstances($abstract);
if (is_null($concrete)) {
$concrete = $abstract;
}
// If the factory is not a Closure, it means it is just a class name which is
// bound into this container to the abstract type and we will just wrap it
// up inside its own Closure to give us more convenience when extending.
if (! $concrete instanceof Closure) {
$concrete = $this->getClosure($abstract, $concrete);
}
$this->bindings[$abstract] = compact('concrete', 'shared');
// If the abstract type was already resolved in this container we'll fire the
// rebound listener so that any objects which have already gotten resolved
// can have their copy of the object updated via the listener callbacks.
if ($this->resolved($abstract)) {
$this->rebound($abstract);
}
}
這是bind
函式,當我們執行一個繫結操作時,容器首先會把該名字之前繫結的例項與別名清除掉,即$this->dropStaleInstances($abstract);
如果該名字對應例項是已經解析過的,則會觸發rebound
,執行對應回撥。對於第一次繫結則不會出現這種情況。到此bind
就結束了。
當通過下標方式獲取例項時
public function offsetGet($key)
{
return $this->make($key);
}
可以看到呼叫了make
方法。
/**
* Resolve the given type from the container.
*
* @param string $abstract
* @return mixed
*/
public function make($abstract)
{
$needsContextualBuild = ! is_null(
$this->getContextualConcrete($abstract = $this->getAlias($abstract))
);
// If an instance of the type is currently being managed as a singleton we'll
// just return an existing instance instead of instantiating new instances
// so the developer can keep using the same objects instance every time.
if (isset($this->instances[$abstract]) && ! $needsContextualBuild) {
return $this->instances[$abstract];
}
$concrete = $this->getConcrete($abstract);
// We're ready to instantiate an instance of the concrete type registered for
// the binding. This will instantiate the types, as well as resolve any of
// its "nested" dependencies recursively until all have gotten resolved.
if ($this->isBuildable($concrete, $abstract)) {
$object = $this->build($concrete);
} else {
$object = $this->make($concrete);
}
// If we defined any extenders for this type, we'll need to spin through them
// and apply them to the object being built. This allows for the extension
// of services, such as changing configuration or decorating the object.
foreach ($this->getExtenders($abstract) as $extender) {
$object = $extender($object, $this);
}
// If the requested type is registered as a singleton we'll want to cache off
// the instances in "memory" so we can return it later without creating an
// entirely new instance of an object on each subsequent request for it.
if ($this->isShared($abstract) && ! $needsContextualBuild) {
$this->instances[$abstract] = $object;
}
$this->fireResolvingCallbacks($abstract, $object);
$this->resolved[$abstract] = true;
return $object;
}
略有些複雜,大致流程是先檢查例項陣列中該例項是否存在,存在的話則返回。對於不存在的情況,由於我們是實用閉包的方式進行bind
,所以會呼叫該閉包,即$object = $this->build($concrete);
得到$object。後面會通知該例項對應類的子類,告知他們該例項已被建立。註冊該例項到例項陣列,(如果存在解析完成回撥函式則會去執行),返回例項。
這個便是容器內部的一個流程。
BoundMethod.php
主要以靜態的形式實現了直接呼叫某個類的某一方法的目標。
ContextualBindingBuilder.php
則主要是用於將例項與一個上下文情景進行繫結。這兩部分都是比較高階的內容,這裡不作展開了。
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