一天學會PostgreSQL應用開發與管理-8PostgreSQL管理
本章大綱
一、許可權體系
1 邏輯結構
2 許可權體系
3 schema使用 , 特別注意
4 使用者
5 public
6 如何檢視和解讀一個物件的當前許可權狀態
二、索引介紹
1 索引有什麼用？
2 索引的型別
3 索引合併掃描
4 表膨脹檢查
5 檢查膨脹
6 索引維護
三、系統配置
1 儲存、檔案系統規劃
2 網路規劃
3 CPU評估
4 核心配置
5 資源限制
6 防火牆配置
四、資料庫初始化
1 initdb 介紹
2 postgresql.conf引數配置
3 pg_hba.conf資料庫防火牆配置
五、PostgreSQL控制
1 環境變數配置
2 停庫
3 重啟
4 啟動
5 Linux自啟動服務
六、資料庫備份和還原
1 邏輯備份
2 邏輯還原
3 配置歸檔、流複製
4 建立流複製使用者
5 配置流複製防火牆
6 遠端物理基礎備份
7 物理增量備份
8 PITR（時間點恢復）
PITR 時間點恢復 例子
七、資料庫效能
1 引數優化
2 效能檢視 pg_stat*
3 TOP SQL
4 AWR
5 auto_explain
6 explain解讀
八、資料庫壓測
1 pg_bench介紹
2 tpc-b測試
3 自定義測試
九、日常維護
第六章：PostgreSQL 管理
1. 許可權體系
邏輯結構
最上層是例項，例項中允許建立多個資料庫，每個資料庫中可以建立多個schema，每個schema下面可以建立多個物件。
物件包括表、物化檢視、操作符、索引、檢視、序列、函式、… 等等。
在資料庫中所有的許可權都和角色（使用者）掛鉤，public是一個特殊角色，代表所有人。
超級使用者是有允許任意操作物件的，普通使用者只能操作自己建立的物件。
另外有一些物件是有賦予給public角色預設許可權的，所以建好之後，所以人都有這些預設許可權。
許可權體系
例項級別的許可權由pg_hba.conf來控制，例如 ：
# TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD
# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
local all all trust
# IPv4 local connections:
host all all 127.0.0.1/32 trust
host all postgres 0.0.0.0/0 reject
host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5
配置解釋
允許任何本地使用者無密碼連線任何資料庫
不允許postgres使用者從任何外部地址連線任何資料庫
允許其他任何使用者從外部地址通過密碼連線任何資料庫
資料庫級別的許可權，包括允許連線資料庫，允許在資料庫中建立schema。
預設情況下，資料庫在建立後，允許public角色連線，即允許任何人連線。
預設情況下，資料庫在建立後，不允許除了超級使用者和owner之外的任何人在資料庫中建立schema。
預設情況下，資料庫在建立後，會自動建立名為public 的schema，這個schema的all許可權已經賦予給public角色，即允許任何人在裡面建立物件。
schema級別的許可權，包括允許檢視schema中的物件，允許在schema中建立物件。
預設情況下新建的schema的許可權不會賦予給public角色，因此除了超級使用者和owner，任何人都沒有許可權檢視schema中的物件或者在schema中新建物件。
schema使用 , 特別注意
According to the SQL standard, the owner of a schema always owns all objects within it.
PostgreSQL allows schemas to contain objects owned by users other than the schema owner.
This can happen only if the schema owner grants the CREATE privilege on his schema to someone else,
or a superuser chooses to create objects in it.
schema的owner預設是該schema下的所有物件的owner，但是PostgreSQL又允許使用者在別人的schema下建立物件，所以一個物件可能屬於兩個owner，而且schema 的owner有 drop物件的許可權。
對於兩個owner都有drop的許可權，這個我個人認為是一個BUG。
所以千萬不要把自己的物件建立到別人的schema下面，那很危險。
物件級別的許可權，每種型別的物件許可權屬性都不一樣，具體請參考
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.5/static/sql-grant.html
以表為例，可以有SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER這些許可權。
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON { [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
| ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | REFERENCES } ( column_name [, ...] )
[, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] ( column_name [, ...] ) }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { USAGE | SELECT | UPDATE }
[, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON { SEQUENCE sequence_name [, ...]
| ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE database_name [, ...]
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DOMAIN domain_name [, ...]
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER fdw_name [, ...]
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FOREIGN SERVER server_name [, ...]
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON { FUNCTION function_name ( [ [ argmode ] [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] ) [, ...]
| ALL FUNCTIONS IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { SELECT | UPDATE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LARGE OBJECT loid [, ...]
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TYPE type_name [, ...]
TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
where role_specification can be:
[ GROUP ] role_name
| PUBLIC
| CURRENT_USER
| SESSION_USER
GRANT role_name [, ...] TO role_name [, ...] [ WITH ADMIN OPTION ]
簡單介紹一下grant的一些通用選項
WITH ADMIN OPTION表示被賦予許可權的使用者，拿到對應的許可權後，還能將對應的許可權賦予給其他人，否則只能自己有這個許可權，但是不能再賦予給其他人。
使用者
使用者，角色在PostgreSQL是一個概念。
public
public角色，代表所有人的意思。
如何檢視和解讀一個物件的當前許可權狀態
以表為例 ：
select relname,relacl from pg_class where relkind=`r`;
或者執行
SELECT n.nspname as "Schema",
c.relname as "Name",
CASE c.relkind WHEN `r` THEN `table` WHEN `v` THEN `view` WHEN `m` THEN `materialized view` WHEN `S` THEN `sequence` WHEN `f` THEN `foreign table` END as "Type",
pg_catalog.array_to_string(c.relacl, E`
`) AS "Access privileges",
pg_catalog.array_to_string(ARRAY(
SELECT attname || E`:
` || pg_catalog.array_to_string(attacl, E`
`)
FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a
WHERE attrelid = c.oid AND NOT attisdropped AND attacl IS NOT NULL
), E`
`) AS "Column privileges",
pg_catalog.array_to_string(ARRAY(
SELECT polname
|| CASE WHEN polcmd != `*` THEN
E` (` || polcmd || E`):`
ELSE E`:`
END
|| CASE WHEN polqual IS NOT NULL THEN
E`
(u): ` || pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(polqual, polrelid)
ELSE E``
END
|| CASE WHEN polwithcheck IS NOT NULL THEN
E`
(c): ` || pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(polwithcheck, polrelid)
ELSE E``
END || CASE WHEN polroles <> `{0}` THEN
E`
to: ` || pg_catalog.array_to_string(
ARRAY(
SELECT rolname
FROM pg_catalog.pg_roles
WHERE oid = ANY (polroles)
ORDER BY 1
), E`, `)
ELSE E``
END
FROM pg_catalog.pg_policy pol
WHERE polrelid = c.oid), E`
`)
AS "Policies"
FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c
LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
WHERE c.relkind IN (`r`, `v`, `m`, `S`, `f`)
AND n.nspname !~ `^pg_` AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
ORDER BY 1, 2;
得到許可權說明如下
Schema | Name | Type | Access privileges | Column privileges | Policies
--------+-----------------+----------+--------------------------------+-------------------+----------
public | sbtest1 | table | postgres=arwdDxt/postgres +| |
| | | digoal=a*r*w*d*D*x*t*/postgres | |
public | sbtest10 | table | postgres=arwdDxt/postgres | |
public | sbtest10_id_seq | sequence | | |
public | sbtest11 | table | postgres=arwdDxt/postgres | |
public | sbtest11_id_seq | sequence | | |
public | sbtest12 | table | postgres=arwdDxt/postgres | |
public | sbtest12_id_seq | sequence | | |
解釋一下 Access privileges
rolename=xxx 其中rolename就是被賦予許可權的使用者名稱，即許可權被賦予給誰了?
=xxx 表示這個許可權賦予給了public角色，即所有人
/yyyy 表示是誰賦予的這個許可權?
許可權的含義如下
rolename=xxxx -- privileges granted to a role
=xxxx -- privileges granted to PUBLIC
r -- SELECT ("read")
w -- UPDATE ("write")
a -- INSERT ("append")
d -- DELETE
D -- TRUNCATE
x -- REFERENCES
t -- TRIGGER
X -- EXECUTE
U -- USAGE
C -- CREATE
c -- CONNECT
T -- TEMPORARY
arwdDxt -- ALL PRIVILEGES (for tables, varies for other objects)
* -- grant option for preceding privilege
/yyyy -- role that granted this privilege
例子
賦予許可權的人是postgres使用者， sbtest2表的select許可權被賦予給了digoal使用者。
postgres=# grant select on sbtest2 to digoal;
GRANT
postgres=# dp+ sbtest2
Access privileges
Schema | Name | Type | Access privileges | Column privileges | Policies
--------+---------+-------+---------------------------+-------------------+----------
public | sbtest2 | table | postgres=arwdDxt/postgres+| |
| | | digoal=r/postgres | |
(1 row)
回收許可權一定要針對已有的許可權來，如果你發現這裡的許可權還在，那照著許可權回收即可。
例如
revoke select on sbtest2 from digoal;
2. 索引介紹
索引有什麼用？
加速TUPLE定位
主鍵, 唯一約束
排序
索引的型別
B-Tree：支援排序、範圍查詢、精確查詢；適合所有資料型別，單個索引條目不能超過索引頁的1/3。
hash：支援等值查詢；適合超長欄位。
gin：倒排索引，支援等值、包含、相交、等查詢；適合多值型別（陣列、全文檢索等），任意欄位組合查詢。
gist：R-Tree索引，支援包含，相交，距離，點面判斷等查詢；適合幾何型別、範圍型別、全文檢索、異構型別等。
sp-gist：空間分割槽（平衡）r-tree，支援包含，相交，距離，點面判斷等查詢；適合幾何型別、範圍型別、全文檢索、異構型別等。
brin：塊級索引，適合物理儲存與列值存在較好相關性的欄位。比如時序資料、物聯網感測資料、FEED資料等。支援範圍查詢、等值查詢。
rum：擴充套件索引介面，支援全文檢索，支援附加標量型別的全文檢索，支援帶位置關係的全文檢索。
索引合併掃描
多個索引，PostgreSQL會使用bitmapAnd或bitmapOr合併掃描。
表膨脹檢查
SELECT
current_database() AS db, schemaname, tablename, reltuples::bigint AS tups, relpages::bigint AS pages, otta,
ROUND(CASE WHEN otta=0 OR sml.relpages=0 OR sml.relpages=otta THEN 0.0 ELSE sml.relpages/otta::numeric END,1) AS tbloat,
CASE WHEN relpages < otta THEN 0 ELSE relpages::bigint - otta END AS wastedpages,
CASE WHEN relpages < otta THEN 0 ELSE bs*(sml.relpages-otta)::bigint END AS wastedbytes,
CASE WHEN relpages < otta THEN $$0 bytes$$::text ELSE (bs*(relpages-otta))::bigint || $$ bytes$$ END AS wastedsize,
iname, ituples::bigint AS itups, ipages::bigint AS ipages, iotta,
ROUND(CASE WHEN iotta=0 OR ipages=0 OR ipages=iotta THEN 0.0 ELSE ipages/iotta::numeric END,1) AS ibloat,
CASE WHEN ipages < iotta THEN 0 ELSE ipages::bigint - iotta END AS wastedipages,
CASE WHEN ipages < iotta THEN 0 ELSE bs*(ipages-iotta) END AS wastedibytes,
CASE WHEN ipages < iotta THEN $$0 bytes$$ ELSE (bs*(ipages-iotta))::bigint || $$ bytes$$ END AS wastedisize,
CASE WHEN relpages < otta THEN
CASE WHEN ipages < iotta THEN 0 ELSE bs*(ipages-iotta::bigint) END
ELSE CASE WHEN ipages < iotta THEN bs*(relpages-otta::bigint)
ELSE bs*(relpages-otta::bigint + ipages-iotta::bigint) END
END AS totalwastedbytes
FROM (
SELECT
nn.nspname AS schemaname,
cc.relname AS tablename,
COALESCE(cc.reltuples,0) AS reltuples,
COALESCE(cc.relpages,0) AS relpages,
COALESCE(bs,0) AS bs,
COALESCE(CEIL((cc.reltuples*((datahdr+ma-
(CASE WHEN datahdr%ma=0 THEN ma ELSE datahdr%ma END))+nullhdr2+4))/(bs-20::float)),0) AS otta,
COALESCE(c2.relname,$$?$$) AS iname, COALESCE(c2.reltuples,0) AS ituples, COALESCE(c2.relpages,0) AS ipages,
COALESCE(CEIL((c2.reltuples*(datahdr-12))/(bs-20::float)),0) AS iotta -- very rough approximation, assumes all cols
FROM
pg_class cc
JOIN pg_namespace nn ON cc.relnamespace = nn.oid AND nn.nspname <> $$information_schema$$
LEFT JOIN
(
SELECT
ma,bs,foo.nspname,foo.relname,
(datawidth+(hdr+ma-(case when hdr%ma=0 THEN ma ELSE hdr%ma END)))::numeric AS datahdr,
(maxfracsum*(nullhdr+ma-(case when nullhdr%ma=0 THEN ma ELSE nullhdr%ma END))) AS nullhdr2
FROM (
SELECT
ns.nspname, tbl.relname, hdr, ma, bs,
SUM((1-coalesce(null_frac,0))*coalesce(avg_width, 2048)) AS datawidth,
MAX(coalesce(null_frac,0)) AS maxfracsum,
hdr+(
SELECT 1+count(*)/8
FROM pg_stats s2
WHERE null_frac<>0 AND s2.schemaname = ns.nspname AND s2.tablename = tbl.relname
) AS nullhdr
FROM pg_attribute att
JOIN pg_class tbl ON att.attrelid = tbl.oid
JOIN pg_namespace ns ON ns.oid = tbl.relnamespace
LEFT JOIN pg_stats s ON s.schemaname=ns.nspname
AND s.tablename = tbl.relname
AND s.inherited=false
AND s.attname=att.attname,
(
SELECT
(SELECT current_setting($$block_size$$)::numeric) AS bs,
CASE WHEN SUBSTRING(SPLIT_PART(v, $$ $$, 2) FROM $$#"[0-9]+.[0-9]+#"%$$ for $$#$$)
IN ($$8.0$$,$$8.1$$,$$8.2$$) THEN 27 ELSE 23 END AS hdr,
CASE WHEN v ~ $$mingw32$$ OR v ~ $$64-bit$$ THEN 8 ELSE 4 END AS ma
FROM (SELECT version() AS v) AS foo
) AS constants
WHERE att.attnum > 0 AND tbl.relkind=$$r$$
GROUP BY 1,2,3,4,5
) AS foo
) AS rs
ON cc.relname = rs.relname AND nn.nspname = rs.nspname
LEFT JOIN pg_index i ON indrelid = cc.oid
LEFT JOIN pg_class c2 ON c2.oid = i.indexrelid
) AS sml order by wastedbytes desc limit 5
檢查膨脹
SELECT
current_database() AS db, schemaname, tablename, reltuples::bigint AS tups, relpages::bigint AS pages, otta,
ROUND(CASE WHEN otta=0 OR sml.relpages=0 OR sml.relpages=otta THEN 0.0 ELSE sml.relpages/otta::numeric END,1) AS tbloat,
CASE WHEN relpages < otta THEN 0 ELSE relpages::bigint - otta END AS wastedpages,
CASE WHEN relpages < otta THEN 0 ELSE bs*(sml.relpages-otta)::bigint END AS wastedbytes,
CASE WHEN relpages < otta THEN $$0 bytes$$::text ELSE (bs*(relpages-otta))::bigint || $$ bytes$$ END AS wastedsize,
iname, ituples::bigint AS itups, ipages::bigint AS ipages, iotta,
ROUND(CASE WHEN iotta=0 OR ipages=0 OR ipages=iotta THEN 0.0 ELSE ipages/iotta::numeric END,1) AS ibloat,
CASE WHEN ipages < iotta THEN 0 ELSE ipages::bigint - iotta END AS wastedipages,
CASE WHEN ipages < iotta THEN 0 ELSE bs*(ipages-iotta) END AS wastedibytes,
CASE WHEN ipages < iotta THEN $$0 bytes$$ ELSE (bs*(ipages-iotta))::bigint || $$ bytes$$ END AS wastedisize,
CASE WHEN relpages < otta THEN
CASE WHEN ipages < iotta THEN 0 ELSE bs*(ipages-iotta::bigint) END
ELSE CASE WHEN ipages < iotta THEN bs*(relpages-otta::bigint)
ELSE bs*(relpages-otta::bigint + ipages-iotta::bigint) END
END AS totalwastedbytes
FROM (
SELECT
nn.nspname AS schemaname,
cc.relname AS tablename,
COALESCE(cc.reltuples,0) AS reltuples,
COALESCE(cc.relpages,0) AS relpages,
COALESCE(bs,0) AS bs,
COALESCE(CEIL((cc.reltuples*((datahdr+ma-
(CASE WHEN datahdr%ma=0 THEN ma ELSE datahdr%ma END))+nullhdr2+4))/(bs-20::float)),0) AS otta,
COALESCE(c2.relname,$$?$$) AS iname, COALESCE(c2.reltuples,0) AS ituples, COALESCE(c2.relpages,0) AS ipages,
COALESCE(CEIL((c2.reltuples*(datahdr-12))/(bs-20::float)),0) AS iotta -- very rough approximation, assumes all cols
FROM
pg_class cc
JOIN pg_namespace nn ON cc.relnamespace = nn.oid AND nn.nspname <> $$information_schema$$
LEFT JOIN
(
SELECT
ma,bs,foo.nspname,foo.relname,
(datawidth+(hdr+ma-(case when hdr%ma=0 THEN ma ELSE hdr%ma END)))::numeric AS datahdr,
(maxfracsum*(nullhdr+ma-(case when nullhdr%ma=0 THEN ma ELSE nullhdr%ma END))) AS nullhdr2
FROM (
SELECT
ns.nspname, tbl.relname, hdr, ma, bs,
SUM((1-coalesce(null_frac,0))*coalesce(avg_width, 2048)) AS datawidth,
MAX(coalesce(null_frac,0)) AS maxfracsum,
hdr+(
SELECT 1+count(*)/8
FROM pg_stats s2
WHERE null_frac<>0 AND s2.schemaname = ns.nspname AND s2.tablename = tbl.relname
) AS nullhdr
FROM pg_attribute att
JOIN pg_class tbl ON att.attrelid = tbl.oid
JOIN pg_namespace ns ON ns.oid = tbl.relnamespace
LEFT JOIN pg_stats s ON s.schemaname=ns.nspname
AND s.tablename = tbl.relname
AND s.inherited=false
AND s.attname=att.attname,
(
SELECT
(SELECT current_setting($$block_size$$)::numeric) AS bs,
CASE WHEN SUBSTRING(SPLIT_PART(v, $$ $$, 2) FROM $$#"[0-9]+.[0-9]+#"%$$ for $$#$$)
IN ($$8.0$$,$$8.1$$,$$8.2$$) THEN 27 ELSE 23 END AS hdr,
CASE WHEN v ~ $$mingw32$$ OR v ~ $$64-bit$$ THEN 8 ELSE 4 END AS ma
FROM (SELECT version() AS v) AS foo
) AS constants
WHERE att.attnum > 0 AND tbl.relkind=$$r$$
GROUP BY 1,2,3,4,5
) AS foo
) AS rs
ON cc.relname = rs.relname AND nn.nspname = rs.nspname
LEFT JOIN pg_index i ON indrelid = cc.oid
LEFT JOIN pg_class c2 ON c2.oid = i.indexrelid
) AS sml order by wastedibytes desc limit 5
索引維護
1、新建索引
set maintenance_work_mem =`4GB`; -- 越大，建立索引越快
set lock_timeout = `1s`; -- 避免長時間鎖等待
create index [CONCURRENTLY] xxx on xxx using xxx (colxxx); -- 根據實際情況，是否使用 CONCURRENTLY（不堵塞讀寫）。
2、刪除舊索引
set lock_timeout = `1s`; -- 避免長時間鎖等待
drop index oldindex;
3、PKUK的維護，與之類似，增加一步驟。
ALTER TABLE tbl ADD
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY } USING INDEX index_name
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
3. 系統配置
1、儲存、檔案系統規劃
索引盤：對應索引表空間。
空間評估、IOPS評估、頻寬評估。建議採用SSD，檔案系統採用ext4或xfs。
資料盤：對應資料檔案表空間。
空間評估、IOPS評估、頻寬評估。建議採用SSD，檔案系統採用ext4或xfs。
重做日誌盤：對應WAL目錄。
空間評估、IOPS評估、頻寬評估。建議採用SSD，檔案系統採用ext4或xfs。
歸檔盤：對應WAL歸檔目錄。
空間評估、IOPS評估、頻寬評估。可以採用機械盤，檔案系統採用ext4或xfs或ZFS，可以開啟檔案系統壓縮功能。
備份盤：對應資料庫備份目錄。
空間評估、IOPS評估、頻寬評估。可以採用機械盤，檔案系統採用ext4或xfs或ZFS，可以開啟檔案系統壓縮功能。
日誌盤(pg_log)：對應資料庫審計、錯誤日誌目錄。
空間評估、IOPS評估、頻寬評估。可以採用機械盤，檔案系統採用ext4或xfs或ZFS，可以開啟檔案系統壓縮功能。
2、網路規劃
頻寬評估，網段規劃，防火牆規劃。
不建議使用公網。
3、CPU評估
根據業務需求，評估CPU主頻，核數。建議實測效能指標。
4、核心配置
/etc/sysctl.conf
# add by digoal.zhou
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
fs.file-max = 76724600
kernel.core_pattern= /data01/corefiles/core_%e_%u_%t_%s.%p
# /data01/corefiles事先建好，許可權777，如果是軟連結，對應的目錄修改為777
kernel.sem = 4096 2147483647 2147483646 512000
# 訊號量, ipcs -l 或 -u 檢視，每16個程式一組，每組訊號量需要17個訊號量。
kernel.shmall = 107374182
# 所有共享記憶體段相加大小限制(建議記憶體的80%)
kernel.shmmax = 274877906944
# 最大單個共享記憶體段大小(建議為記憶體一半), >9.2的版本已大幅降低共享記憶體的使用
kernel.shmmni = 819200
# 一共能生成多少共享記憶體段，每個PG資料庫叢集至少2個共享記憶體段
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 10000
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
# The default setting of the socket receive buffer in bytes.
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
# The maximum receive socket buffer size in bytes
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
# The default setting (in bytes) of the socket send buffer.
net.core.wmem_max = 4194304
# The maximum send socket buffer size in bytes.
net.core.somaxconn = 4096
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 4096
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 20
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 60
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 8388608 12582912 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
# 開啟SYN Cookies。當出現SYN等待佇列溢位時，啟用cookie來處理，可防範少量的SYN攻擊
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1
# 減少time_wait
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 0
# 如果=1則開啟TCP連線中TIME-WAIT套接字的快速回收，但是NAT環境可能導致連線失敗，建議服務端關閉它
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
# 開啟重用。允許將TIME-WAIT套接字重新用於新的TCP連線
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 8192 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 8192 65536 16777216
net.nf_conntrack_max = 1200000
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 1200000
vm.dirty_background_bytes = 409600000
# 系統髒頁到達這個值，系統後臺刷髒頁排程程式 pdflush（或其他） 自動將(dirty_expire_centisecs/100）秒前的髒頁刷到磁碟
vm.dirty_expire_centisecs = 3000
# 比這個值老的髒頁，將被刷到磁碟。3000表示30秒。
vm.dirty_ratio = 95
# 如果系統程式刷髒頁太慢，使得系統髒頁超過記憶體 95 % 時，則使用者程式如果有寫磁碟的操作（如fsync, fdatasync等呼叫），則需要主動把系統髒頁刷出。
# 有效防止使用者程式刷髒頁，在單機多例項，並且使用CGROUP限制單例項IOPS的情況下非常有效。
vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs = 100
# pdflush（或其他）後臺刷髒頁程式的喚醒間隔， 100表示1秒。
vm.mmap_min_addr = 65536
vm.overcommit_memory = 0
# 在分配記憶體時，允許少量over malloc, 如果設定為 1, 則認為總是有足夠的記憶體，記憶體較少的測試環境可以使用 1 .
vm.overcommit_ratio = 90
# 當overcommit_memory = 2 時，用於參與計算允許指派的記憶體大小。
vm.swappiness = 0
# 關閉交換分割槽
vm.zone_reclaim_mode = 0
# 禁用 numa, 或者在vmlinux中禁止.
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 40000 65535
# 本地自動分配的TCP, UDP埠號範圍
fs.nr_open=20480000
# 單個程式允許開啟的檔案控制程式碼上限
# 以下引數請注意
# vm.extra_free_kbytes = 4096000
# vm.min_free_kbytes = 2097152
# 如果是小記憶體機器，以上兩個值不建議設定
# vm.nr_hugepages = 66536
# 建議shared buffer設定超過64GB時 使用大頁，頁大小 /proc/meminfo Hugepagesize
# vm.lowmem_reserve_ratio = 1 1 1
# 對於記憶體大於64G時，建議設定，否則建議預設值 256 256 32
sysctl -p
5、資源限制
/etc/security/limits.conf
* soft nofile 1024000
* hard nofile 1024000
* soft nproc unlimited
* hard nproc unlimited
* soft core unlimited
* hard core unlimited
* soft memlock unlimited
* hard memlock unlimited
6、防火牆配置
例子
# 私有網段
-A INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/16 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -s 172.16.0.0/16 -j ACCEPT
4. 資料庫初始化
1、initdb 介紹
initdb initializes a PostgreSQL database cluster.
Usage:
initdb [OPTION]... [DATADIR]
Options:
-A, --auth=METHOD default authentication method for local connections
--auth-host=METHOD default authentication method for local TCP/IP connections
--auth-local=METHOD default authentication method for local-socket connections
[-D, --pgdata=]DATADIR location for this database cluster
-E, --encoding=ENCODING set default encoding for new databases
--locale=LOCALE set default locale for new databases
--lc-collate=, --lc-ctype=, --lc-messages=LOCALE
--lc-monetary=, --lc-numeric=, --lc-time=LOCALE
set default locale in the respective category for
new databases (default taken from environment)
--no-locale equivalent to --locale=C
--pwfile=FILE read password for the new superuser from file
-T, --text-search-config=CFG
default text search configuration
-U, --username=NAME database superuser name
-W, --pwprompt prompt for a password for the new superuser
-X, --xlogdir=XLOGDIR location for the transaction log directory
Less commonly used options:
-d, --debug generate lots of debugging output
-k, --data-checksums use data page checksums
-L DIRECTORY where to find the input files
-n, --noclean do not clean up after errors
-N, --nosync do not wait for changes to be written safely to disk
-s, --show show internal settings
-S, --sync-only only sync data directory
Other options:
-V, --version output version information, then exit
-?, --help show this help, then exit
If the data directory is not specified, the environment variable PGDATA
is used.
例子
initdb -D $PGDATA -E UTF8 --locale=C -U postgres -X $PG_XLOG -W
2、postgresql.conf引數配置
例子
listen_addresses = `0.0.0.0`
port = 1921
max_connections = 200
tcp_keepalives_idle = 60
tcp_keepalives_interval = 10
tcp_keepalives_count = 6
shared_buffers = 512MB
maintenance_work_mem = 64MB
dynamic_shared_memory_type = windows
vacuum_cost_delay = 0
bgwriter_delay = 10ms
bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 1000
bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 5.0
bgwriter_flush_after = 0
old_snapshot_threshold = -1
wal_level = minimal
synchronous_commit = off
full_page_writes = on
wal_buffers = 64MB
wal_writer_delay = 10ms
wal_writer_flush_after = 4MB
checkpoint_timeout = 35min
max_wal_size = 2GB
min_wal_size = 80MB
checkpoint_completion_target = 0.1
checkpoint_flush_after = 0
random_page_cost = 1.5
log_destination = `csvlog`
logging_collector = on
log_directory = `pg_log`
log_truncate_on_rotation = on
log_checkpoints = on
log_connections = on
log_disconnections = on
log_error_verbosity = verbose
log_temp_files = 8192
log_timezone = `Asia/Hong_Kong`
autovacuum = on
log_autovacuum_min_duration = 0
autovacuum_naptime = 20s
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.05
autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 1500000000
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age = 1600000000
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 0
vacuum_freeze_table_age = 1400000000
vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age = 1500000000
datestyle = `iso, mdy`
timezone = `Asia/Hong_Kong`
lc_messages = `C`
lc_monetary = `C`
lc_numeric = `C`
lc_time = `C`
default_text_search_config = `pg_catalog.english`
3、pg_hba.conf資料庫防火牆配置
例子
host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5
5. PostgreSQL控制
1、環境變數配置
/home/digoal/.bash_profile
export PGPORT=1921
export PGDATA=/home/digoal/pgdata
export LANG=en_US.utf8
export PGHOME=/home/digoal/pgsql9.6
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGHOME/lib:/lib64:/usr/lib64:/usr/local/lib64:/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH:.
export MANPATH=$PGHOME/share/man:$MANPATH
export PGHOST=$PGDATA
export PGUSER=postgres
export PGDATABASE=postgres
2、停庫
pg_ctl stop -m fast -D $PGDATA
3、重啟
pg_ctl restart -m fast -D $PGDATA
4、啟動
pg_ctl start -D $PGDATA
5、Linux自啟動服務
vi /etc/rc.local
su - digoal -c "pg_ctl start -D $PGDATA"
6. 資料庫備份和還原
1、邏輯備份
pg_dump --help
pg_dump dumps a database as a text file or to other formats.
Usage:
pg_dump [OPTION]... [DBNAME]
General options:
-f, --file=FILENAME output file or directory name
-F, --format=c|d|t|p output file format (custom, directory, tar,
plain text (default))
-j, --jobs=NUM use this many parallel jobs to dump
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version output version information, then exit
-Z, --compress=0-9 compression level for compressed formats
--lock-wait-timeout=TIMEOUT fail after waiting TIMEOUT for a table lock
-?, --help show this help, then exit
Options controlling the output content:
-a, --data-only dump only the data, not the schema
-b, --blobs include large objects in dump
-c, --clean clean (drop) database objects before recreating
-C, --create include commands to create database in dump
-E, --encoding=ENCODING dump the data in encoding ENCODING
-n, --schema=SCHEMA dump the named schema(s) only
-N, --exclude-schema=SCHEMA do NOT dump the named schema(s)
-o, --oids include OIDs in dump
-O, --no-owner skip restoration of object ownership in
plain-text format
-s, --schema-only dump only the schema, no data
-S, --superuser=NAME superuser user name to use in plain-text format
-t, --table=TABLE dump the named table(s) only
-T, --exclude-table=TABLE do NOT dump the named table(s)
-x, --no-privileges do not dump privileges (grant/revoke)
--binary-upgrade for use by upgrade utilities only
--column-inserts dump data as INSERT commands with column names
--disable-dollar-quoting disable dollar quoting, use SQL standard quoting
--disable-triggers disable triggers during data-only restore
--enable-row-security enable row security (dump only content user has
access to)
--exclude-table-data=TABLE do NOT dump data for the named table(s)
--if-exists use IF EXISTS when dropping objects
--inserts dump data as INSERT commands, rather than COPY
--no-security-labels do not dump security label assignments
--no-synchronized-snapshots do not use synchronized snapshots in parallel jobs
--no-tablespaces do not dump tablespace assignments
--no-unlogged-table-data do not dump unlogged table data
--quote-all-identifiers quote all identifiers, even if not key words
--section=SECTION dump named section (pre-data, data, or post-data)
--serializable-deferrable wait until the dump can run without anomalies
--snapshot=SNAPSHOT use given snapshot for the dump
--strict-names require table and/or schema include patterns to
match at least one entity each
--use-set-session-authorization
use SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of
ALTER OWNER commands to set ownership
Connection options:
-d, --dbname=DBNAME database to dump
-h, --host=HOSTNAME database server host or socket directory
-p, --port=PORT database server port number
-U, --username=NAME connect as specified database user
-w, --no-password never prompt for password
-W, --password force password prompt (should happen automatically)
--role=ROLENAME do SET ROLE before dump
If no database name is supplied, then the PGDATABASE environment
variable value is used.
《PostgreSQL 最佳實踐 – 線上邏輯備份與恢復介紹》
例子
備份digoal庫, DDL中不包含表空間. 所以恢復時不需要提前建立對應的表空間.
pg_dump -f ./digoal.dmp -F p -C -E UTF8 --no-tablespaces -h 127.0.0.1 -p 1999 -U postgres digoal
2、邏輯還原
pg_restore --help
pg_restore restores a PostgreSQL database from an archive created by pg_dump.
Usage:
pg_restore [OPTION]... [FILE]
General options:
-d, --dbname=NAME connect to database name
-f, --file=FILENAME output file name
-F, --format=c|d|t backup file format (should be automatic)
-l, --list print summarized TOC of the archive
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version output version information, then exit
-?, --help show this help, then exit
Options controlling the restore:
-a, --data-only restore only the data, no schema
-c, --clean clean (drop) database objects before recreating
-C, --create create the target database
-e, --exit-on-error exit on error, default is to continue
-I, --index=NAME restore named index
-j, --jobs=NUM use this many parallel jobs to restore
-L, --use-list=FILENAME use table of contents from this file for
selecting/ordering output
-n, --schema=NAME restore only objects in this schema
-O, --no-owner skip restoration of object ownership
-P, --function=NAME(args) restore named function
-s, --schema-only restore only the schema, no data
-S, --superuser=NAME superuser user name to use for disabling triggers
-t, --table=NAME restore named relation (table, view, etc.)
-T, --trigger=NAME restore named trigger
-x, --no-privileges skip restoration of access privileges (grant/revoke)
-1, --single-transaction restore as a single transaction
--disable-triggers disable triggers during data-only restore
--enable-row-security enable row security
--if-exists use IF EXISTS when dropping objects
--no-data-for-failed-tables do not restore data of tables that could not be
created
--no-security-labels do not restore security labels
--no-tablespaces do not restore tablespace assignments
--section=SECTION restore named section (pre-data, data, or post-data)
--strict-names require table and/or schema include patterns to
match at least one entity each
--use-set-session-authorization
use SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of
ALTER OWNER commands to set ownership
Connection options:
-h, --host=HOSTNAME database server host or socket directory
-p, --port=PORT database server port number
-U, --username=NAME connect as specified database user
-w, --no-password never prompt for password
-W, --password force password prompt (should happen automatically)
--role=ROLENAME do SET ROLE before restore
The options -I, -n, -P, -t, -T, and --section can be combined and specified
multiple times to select multiple objects.
If no input file name is supplied, then standard input is used.
如果備份為-F p格式，備份輸出為文字，直接執行即可。
psql postgres postgres -f ./digoal.dmp
3、配置歸檔、流複製
要支援物理備份，務必開啟歸檔，同時建議開啟流複製。
配置歸檔目錄
# mkdir -p /disk1/digoal/arch
# chown digoal:digoal /disk1/digoal/arch
配置流複製和歸檔
vi postgresql.conf
max_worker_processes = 16
max_wal_senders = 8
archive_command = `test ! -f /disk1/digoal/arch/%f && cp %p /disk1/digoal/arch/%f`
重啟資料庫
pg_ctl restart -m fast -D $PGDATA
4、建立流複製使用者
postgres=# create role rep replication login encrypted password `rep123`;
CREATE ROLE
5、配置流複製防火牆
vi $PGDATA/pg_hba.conf
host replication rep 0.0.0.0/0 md5
pg_ctl reload -D $PGDATA
6、遠端物理基礎備份
pg_basebackup --help
pg_basebackup takes a base backup of a running PostgreSQL server.
Usage:
pg_basebackup [OPTION]...
Options controlling the output:
-D, --pgdata=DIRECTORY receive base backup into directory
-F, --format=p|t output format (plain (default), tar)
-r, --max-rate=RATE maximum transfer rate to transfer data directory
(in kB/s, or use suffix "k" or "M")
-R, --write-recovery-conf
write recovery.conf after backup
-S, --slot=SLOTNAME replication slot to use
-T, --tablespace-mapping=OLDDIR=NEWDIR
relocate tablespace in OLDDIR to NEWDIR
-x, --xlog include required WAL files in backup (fetch mode)
-X, --xlog-method=fetch|stream
include required WAL files with specified method
--xlogdir=XLOGDIR location for the transaction log directory
-z, --gzip compress tar output
-Z, --compress=0-9 compress tar output with given compression level
General options:
-c, --checkpoint=fast|spread
set fast or spread checkpointing
-l, --label=LABEL set backup label
-P, --progress show progress information
-v, --verbose output verbose messages
-V, --version output version information, then exit
-?, --help show this help, then exit
Connection options:
-d, --dbname=CONNSTR connection string
-h, --host=HOSTNAME database server host or socket directory
-p, --port=PORT database server port number
-s, --status-interval=INTERVAL
time between status packets sent to server (in seconds)
-U, --username=NAME connect as specified database user
-w, --no-password never prompt for password
-W, --password force password prompt (should happen automatically)
建立備份目錄，備份可以通過流複製協議，備份到遠端。
# mkdir -p /disk1/digoal/backup
# chown digoal:digoal /disk1/digoal/backup
例子 1，通過流複製使用者，以及流複製備份
export PGPASSWORD=rep123
pg_basebackup -D /disk1/digoal/backup -F t -z -h 資料庫IP -p 資料庫埠 -U rep
例子 2，使用cp備份
步驟如下
select pg_start_backup(`test`);
copy 資料檔案，表空間等目錄
select pg_stop_backup();
7、物理增量備份
物理增量備份分為兩種，
一種是資料檔案的增量備份，需要等10.0或者使用pg_rman, pg_probackup
https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_probackup
https://github.com/ossc-db/pg_rman
另一種是歸檔增量備份。
將歸檔檔案拷貝到備份儲存即可。
8、PITR（時間點恢復）
1. 如果是異機備份，首先要部署PostgreSQL軟體環境，建議部署的PostgreSQL軟體版本與備份的資料檔案一致。編譯引數一致。
如何檢視編譯引數？在源庫執行如下命令
pg_config
部署軟體時，還需要部署源庫所有的PostgreSQL外掛，並且需要確保外掛版本一致。
2. 構建恢復目錄，需要有足夠的空間。
3. 解壓資料檔案，歸檔到各自的目錄。
如果有表空間，將表空間使用軟鏈連線到$PGDATA/pg_tblspc，或者將表空間解壓到$PGDATA/pg_tblspc。
4. 修改postgresql.conf
主要修改引數，包括監聽埠，shared buffer, preload library 等，防止埠衝突導致啟動失敗。
5. 配置$PGDATA/recovery.conf，同時設定恢復目標
主要配置，restore_command。（如果是搭建流複製備庫，則需要配置的是#primary_conninfo = “ # e.g. `host=localhost port=5432`。）
#restore_command = `` # e.g. `cp /mnt/server/archivedir/%f %p`
設定恢復到哪個時間點、XID或者target name。（如果是搭建流複製備庫，則需要配置recovery_target_timeline = `latest`）
#recovery_target_name = `` # e.g. `daily backup 2011-01-26`
#
#recovery_target_time = `` # e.g. `2004-07-14 22:39:00 EST`
#
#recovery_target_xid = ``
#
#recovery_target_inclusive = true
6. 啟動恢復庫
pg_ctl start -D 恢復庫$PGDATA
PITR 時間點恢復 例子
資料變更操作(主庫)
postgres=# select pg_create_restore_point(`digoal`);
pg_create_restore_point
-------------------------
1D6/FB17EC08
(1 row)
首先要建立一個記錄還原點XID的表。記錄XID，時間，以及描述資訊。（來代替pg_create_restore_point 系統函式的功能）
postgres=> create table restore_point(id serial primary key, xid int8, crt_time timestamp default now(), point text);
CREATE TABLE
建立一個函式，代替pg_create_restore_point的功能，插入還原點。
postgres=> create or replace function create_restore_point(i_point text) returns void as $$
declare
begin
insert into restore_point(xid,point) values (txid_current(),i_point);
end;
$$ language plpgsql strict;
CREATE FUNCTION
插入一個還原點
postgres=> select create_restore_point(`digoal`);
create_restore_point
----------------------
(1 row)
查詢這個表的資訊：
postgres=> select * from restore_point;
id | xid | crt_time | point
----+--------+----------------------------+--------
1 | 561426 | 2015-06-19 09:18:57.525475 | digoal
(1 row)
postgres=> select * from restore_point where point=`digoal`;
id | xid | crt_time | point
----+--------+----------------------------+--------
1 | 561426 | 2015-06-19 09:18:57.525475 | digoal
(1 row)
接下來要模擬一下還原：
postgres=> create table test(id int,info text);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=> insert into test select generate_series(1,1000),md5(random()::text);
INSERT 0 1000
記錄當前雜湊值。用於恢復後的比對。
postgres=> select sum(hashtext(t.*::text)) from test t;
sum
--------------
-69739904784
(1 row)
接下來我要做一筆刪除操作，在刪除前，我先建立一條還原點資訊。
postgres=> select create_restore_point(`before delete test`);
create_restore_point
----------------------
(1 row)
postgres=> delete from test;
DELETE 1000
postgres=> select * from restore_point where point=`before delete test`;
id | xid | crt_time | point
----+--------+----------------------------+--------------------
2 | 561574 | 2015-06-19 09:45:28.030295 | before delete test
(1 row)
我只需要恢復到561574 即可。接下來就是模擬恢復了。
主動產生一些XLOG，觸發歸檔。
postgres=> select pg_xlogfile_name(pg_current_xlog_location());
pg_xlogfile_name
--------------------------
000000010000000200000041
(1 row)
postgres=> insert into test select generate_series(1,100000);
INSERT 0 100000
postgres=> insert into test select generate_series(1,100000);
INSERT 0 100000
postgres=> select pg_xlogfile_name(pg_current_xlog_location());
pg_xlogfile_name
--------------------------
000000010000000200000042
(1 row)
下載阿里雲RDS的備份和歸檔到本地。
在本地需要安裝一個postgresql, 與阿里雲RDS的編譯配置引數一致(例如資料塊的大小)，最好使用的模組也一致，這裡沒有用到其他模組，所以無所謂。
通過pg_settings來看一下RDS的配置資訊，版本資訊，方便我們在本地進行恢復。
postgres=> select name,setting,unit from pg_settings where category=`Preset Options`;
name | setting | unit
-----------------------+---------+------
block_size | 8192 |
data_checksums | on |
integer_datetimes | on |
max_function_args | 100 |
max_identifier_length | 63 |
max_index_keys | 32 |
segment_size | 131072 | 8kB
server_version | 9.4.1 |
server_version_num | 90401 |
wal_block_size | 8192 |
wal_segment_size | 2048 | 8kB
(11 rows)
postgres=> select version();
version
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PostgreSQL 9.4.1 on x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (GCC) 4.4.6 20110731 (Red Hat 4.4.6-3), 64-bit
(1 row)
本地編譯安裝PostgreSQL 9.4.1，編譯引數與RDS一致。阿里雲RDS這幾個引數都是預設的。
--with-blocksize=BLOCKSIZE
set table block size in kB [8]
--with-segsize=SEGSIZE set table segment size in GB [1]
--with-wal-blocksize=BLOCKSIZE
set WAL block size in kB [8]
--with-wal-segsize=SEGSIZE
set WAL segment size in MB [16]
# useradd digoal
# su - digoal
$ vi .bash_profile
# add by digoal
export PS1="$USER@`/bin/hostname -s`-> "
export PGPORT=1931
export PGDATA=/home/digoal/pg_root
export LANG=en_US.utf8
export PGHOME=/home/digoal/pgsql9.4.1
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PGHOME/lib:/lib64:/usr/lib64:/usr/local/lib64:/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export DATE=`date +"%Y%m%d%H%M"`
export PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH:.
export MANPATH=$PGHOME/share/man:$MANPATH
export PGHOST=$PGDATA
export PGDATABASE=postgres
alias rm=`rm -i`
alias ll=`ls -lh`
unalias vi
# wget https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v9.4.1/postgresql-9.4.1.tar.bz2
# tar -jxvf postgresql-9.4.1.tar.bz2
# cd postgresql-9.4.1
# ./configure --prefix=/home/digoal/pgsql9.4.1 --with-pgport=1931 --with-perl --with-python --with-tcl --with-openssl --with-pam --with-ldap --with-libxml --with-libxslt --enable-thread-safety --enable-debug
# gmake world && gmake install-world
下載備份和歸檔檔案，解壓：
基礎備份選擇需要恢復的時間點之前的一個備份，歸檔則選擇在此之後的所有歸檔檔案。
total 453M
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17M Jun 19 10:23 000000010000000200000040.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17M Jun 19 10:23 000000010000000200000041.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 404M Jun 19 10:23 hins668881_xtra_20150618232331.tar.gz
# mkdir /home/digoal/pg_root
# mv hins668881_xtra_20150618232331.tar.gz /home/digoal/pg_root
# tar -zxvf hins668881_xtra_20150618232331.tar.gz
[root@db-172-16-3-150 ~]# tar -xvf 000000010000000200000040.tar.gz
000000010000000200000040
[root@db-172-16-3-150 ~]# tar -xvf 000000010000000200000041.tar.gz
000000010000000200000041
[root@db-172-16-3-150 ~]# mv 000000010000000200000040 /home/digoal/
[root@db-172-16-3-150 ~]# mv 000000010000000200000041 /home/digoal/
[root@db-172-16-3-150 ~]# chown -R digoal:digoal /home/digoal
[root@db-172-16-3-150 ~]# chmod -R 700 /home/digoal/pg_root
修改配置檔案，註釋掉阿里雲RDS PG的一些定製引數。
$ vi postgresql.conf
port=1931
註釋RDS自定義的GUC引數
#rds_enable_proxy=on
#rds_available_extensions=`plpgsql,pg_stat_statements,btree_gin,btree_gist,chkpass,citext,cube,dblink,dict_int,earthdistance,hstore,intagg,intarray,isn,ltree,pgcrypto,pgrowlocks,pg_prewarm,pg_trgm,postgres_fdw,sslinfo,tablefunc,tsearch2,unaccent,postgis,postgis_topology,fuzzystrmatch,postgis_tiger_geocoder,plperl,pltcl,plv8,plls,plcoffee,"uuid-ossp"`
#rds_enable_admin_user_as_super=on
配置recovery.conf
開啟hot_standby，恢復到目標點後暫停，如果確認已經到達，使用resume啟用。
$ vi recovery.conf
standby_mode = `on`
restore_command = `cp /home/digoal/%f %p`
recovery_target_xid=`561574` # 使用我們自建的恢復點的XID
recovery_target_inclusive=true
pause_at_recovery_target=true
啟動資料庫
$ pg_ctl start
檢查是否恢復到指定XID
digoal@db-172-16-3-150-> psql -h 127.0.0.1 -p 1931
psql (9.4.1)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=> dt
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner
--------+-----------------+-------+--------
public | ha_health_check | table | aurora
public | login_log | table | digoal
public | restore_point | table | digoal
public | session | table | digoal
public | tbl_small | table | digoal
public | test | table | digoal
public | userinfo | table | digoal
(7 rows)
檢查，已經恢復到DELETE test表的資料之前了。
postgres=> select count(*) from test;
count
-------
1000
(1 row)
postgres=> select sum(hashtext(t.*::text)) from test t;
sum
--------------
-69739904784
(1 row)
7. 資料庫效能
1、引數優化
假設 512GB 記憶體, SSD.
listen_addresses = `0.0.0.0`
port = 1921
max_connections = 5000
unix_socket_directories = `.` # 確保unix socket處於安全目錄
tcp_keepalives_idle = 60 # 避免網路層裝置主動斷開空閒連線的問題
tcp_keepalives_interval = 10 # 避免網路層裝置主動斷開空閒連線的問題
tcp_keepalives_count = 10 # 避免網路層裝置主動斷開空閒連線的問題
shared_buffers = 128GB # 1/4 實體記憶體
maintenance_work_mem = 4GB # 加速建立索引，VACUUM垃圾回收，平時最多消耗 maintenance_work_mem * autovacuum_max_workers 記憶體
dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix
vacuum_cost_delay = 0 # SSD, 建議設定為0, 不打斷vacuum
bgwriter_delay = 10ms # 快速刷shared buffer髒頁
bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 1000
bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 10.0
bgwriter_flush_after = 0 # IO很好的機器，不需要考慮平滑排程。否則建議設定為大於0
max_worker_processes = 128
max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 0
old_snapshot_threshold = -1
backend_flush_after = 0 # IO很好的機器，不需要考慮平滑排程
wal_level = replica
synchronous_commit = off # 非同步提交
full_page_writes = on # COW檔案系統，或者對齊並支援BLOCK_SIZE大小原子寫的SSD，可以關閉，提高效能，減少WAL的寫入量。
wal_buffers = 1GB
wal_writer_delay = 10ms
wal_writer_flush_after = 0 # IO很好的機器，不需要考慮平滑排程
checkpoint_timeout = 30min # 不建議頻繁做檢查點，否則XLOG會產生很多的FULL PAGE WRITE。
max_wal_size = 256GB # 建議設定為SHARED BUFFER的2倍
min_wal_size = 32GB
checkpoint_completion_target = 0.05 # 硬碟好的情況下，可以讓檢查點快速結束，恢復時也可以快速達到一致狀態。
checkpoint_flush_after = 0 # IO很好的機器，不需要考慮平滑排程
archive_mode = on
archive_command = `/bin/date` # 後期再修改，如 `test ! -f /disk1/digoal/arch/%f && cp %p /disk1/digoal/arch/%f`
max_wal_senders = 8
random_page_cost = 1.3 # IO很好的機器，不需要考慮離散和順序掃描的成本差異
parallel_tuple_cost = 0
parallel_setup_cost = 0
min_parallel_relation_size = 0
effective_cache_size = 300GB # 看著辦，減掉資料庫shared buffer, maintenance work mem, work mem, wal shared buffer，剩下的都是OS可用的CACHE。
force_parallel_mode = off
log_destination = `csvlog`
logging_collector = on
log_truncate_on_rotation = on
log_checkpoints = on
log_connections = on
log_disconnections = on
log_error_verbosity = verbose
log_timezone = `PRC`
autovacuum = on
log_autovacuum_min_duration = 0
autovacuum_max_workers = 16 # CPU核多，並且IO好的情況下，可多點，但是注意 16*autovacuum mem ，會消耗較多記憶體，所以記憶體也要有基礎。
autovacuum_naptime = 20s
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.05 # 垃圾版本超過5%時，觸發垃圾回收
vacuum_freeze_min_age = 50000000 # 年齡超過5000萬的記錄，都設定為凍結年齡
vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age = 5000000
autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 1600000000 # 表的年齡超過16億時，強制觸發vacuum freeze(即使沒有開啟autovacuum)
vacuum_freeze_table_age = 1200000000 # 表的年齡超過12億時，autovacuum 觸發vacuum freeze
vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age = 1100000000
datestyle = `iso, mdy`
timezone = `PRC`
lc_messages = `C`
lc_monetary = `C`
lc_numeric = `C`
lc_time = `C`
default_text_search_config = `pg_catalog.english`
shared_preload_libraries=`pg_stat_statements`
2、效能檢視 pg_stat*
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner
------------+-----------------------------+------+----------
pg_catalog | pg_stat_activity | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_all_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_all_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_archiver | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_bgwriter | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_database | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_database_conflicts | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_progress_vacuum | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_replication | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_ssl | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_sys_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_sys_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_user_functions | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_user_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_user_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_wal_receiver | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_xact_all_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_xact_sys_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_xact_user_functions | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stat_xact_user_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_all_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_all_sequences | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_all_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_sys_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_sys_sequences | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_sys_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_user_indexes | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_user_sequences | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_statio_user_tables | view | postgres
pg_catalog | pg_stats | view | postgres
(30 rows)
3、TOP SQL
pg_stat_statements外掛，統計SQL呼叫的資源消耗。
create extension pg_stat_statements;
shared_preload_libraries = `pg_stat_statements`;
TOP 5 CPU_TIME SQL
select c.rolname,b.datname,a.total_time/a.calls per_call_time,a.* from pg_stat_statements a, pg_database b, pg_authid c where a.userid=c.oid and a.dbid=b.oid order by a.total_time desc limit 5;
4、AWR
《PostgreSQL AWR報告(for 阿里雲ApsaraDB PgSQL)》
5、auto_explain
列印超時SQL當時的執行計劃。
shared_preload_libraries = `auto_explain`
配置
auto_explain.log_analyze = on
auto_explain.log_nested_statements = on
auto_explain.log_buffers = on
auto_explain.log_min_duration = `1s`
auto_explain.log_timing = on
auto_explain.log_verbose = on
6、explain解讀
explain 語法
explain 例子
explain 節點
8. 資料庫壓測
pg_bench介紹
pgbench --help
pgbench is a benchmarking tool for PostgreSQL.
Usage:
pgbench [OPTION]... [DBNAME]
Initialization options:
-i, --initialize invokes initialization mode
-F, --fillfactor=NUM set fill factor
-n, --no-vacuum do not run VACUUM after initialization
-q, --quiet quiet logging (one message each 5 seconds)
-s, --scale=NUM scaling factor
--foreign-keys create foreign key constraints between tables
--index-tablespace=TABLESPACE
create indexes in the specified tablespace
--tablespace=TABLESPACE create tables in the specified tablespace
--unlogged-tables create tables as unlogged tables
Options to select what to run:
-b, --builtin=NAME[@W] add builtin script NAME weighted at W (default: 1)
(use "-b list" to list available scripts)
-f, --file=FILENAME[@W] add script FILENAME weighted at W (default: 1)
-N, --skip-some-updates skip updates of pgbench_tellers and pgbench_branches
(same as "-b simple-update")
-S, --select-only perform SELECT-only transactions
(same as "-b select-only")
Benchmarking options:
-c, --client=NUM number of concurrent database clients (default: 1)
-C, --connect establish new connection for each transaction
-D, --define=VARNAME=VALUE
define variable for use by custom script
-j, --jobs=NUM number of threads (default: 1)
-l, --log write transaction times to log file
-L, --latency-limit=NUM count transactions lasting more than NUM ms as late
-M, --protocol=simple|extended|prepared
protocol for submitting queries (default: simple)
-n, --no-vacuum do not run VACUUM before tests
-P, --progress=NUM show thread progress report every NUM seconds
-r, --report-latencies report average latency per command
-R, --rate=NUM target rate in transactions per second
-s, --scale=NUM report this scale factor in output
-t, --transactions=NUM number of transactions each client runs (default: 10)
-T, --time=NUM duration of benchmark test in seconds
-v, --vacuum-all vacuum all four standard tables before tests
--aggregate-interval=NUM aggregate data over NUM seconds
--progress-timestamp use Unix epoch timestamps for progress
--sampling-rate=NUM fraction of transactions to log (e.g., 0.01 for 1%)
Common options:
-d, --debug print debugging output
-h, --host=HOSTNAME database server host or socket directory
-p, --port=PORT database server port number
-U, --username=USERNAME connect as specified database user
-V, --version output version information, then exit
-?, --help show this help, then exit
tpc-b測試
set aid random(1, 100000 * :scale)
set bid random(1, 1 * :scale)
set tid random(1, 10 * :scale)
set delta random(-5000, 5000)
BEGIN;
UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + :delta WHERE aid = :aid;
SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = :aid;
UPDATE pgbench_tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + :delta WHERE tid = :tid;
UPDATE pgbench_branches SET bbalance = bbalance + :delta WHERE bid = :bid;
INSERT INTO pgbench_history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (:tid, :bid, :aid, :delta, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
END;
初始化資料, 1000萬記錄。
export PGPASSWORD=密碼
pgbench -i -s 100
測試
export PGPASSWORD=密碼
pgbench -M prepared -n -r -P 1 -c 連線數 -j 執行緒數 -h 主機IP -p 埠 -U 使用者 資料庫名 -T 時間(秒)
自定義測試
建立測試表
create table test(id int primary key, info text, crt_time timestamp);
建立指令碼
vi test.sql
set id random(1,100000000)
insert into test (id,info,crt_time) values (:id, md5(random()::text), now()) on conflict (id) do update set info=excluded.info, crt_time=excluded.crt_time;
壓測
pgbench -M prepared -n -r -P 1 -f ./test.sql -c 32 -j 32 -T 100
progress: 1.0 s, 246533.1 tps, lat 0.128 ms stddev 0.536
progress: 2.0 s, 254653.8 tps, lat 0.125 ms stddev 0.333
progress: 3.0 s, 232433.6 tps, lat 0.137 ms stddev 0.812
progress: 4.0 s, 258225.7 tps, lat 0.123 ms stddev 0.250
9. 日常維護
1、AWR健康報告
2、垃圾回收
3、膨脹索引重建
4、TOP SQL效能優化
5、錯誤日誌分析
6、安全風險評估（SQL隱碼攻擊、暴力破解、密碼週期修改）
7、備份可用性校驗
8、歷史備份和歸檔清理
9、歷史資料清理
10、實時監控系統建設
11、HA建設、監控、演練
12、容災建設、監控、演練
13、審計系統建設
14、業務邏輯優化
15、核心優化
16、版本升級、BUG FIX
17、社群交流
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