php與ethereum rpc server通訊
一、Json RPC
Json RPC就是基於json的遠端過程呼叫,這麼解釋比較抽象。簡單來說,就是post一個json格式的資料呼叫rpc server中的方法. 而這個json格式是固定的, 總的來說有這麼幾項:
{
"method": "",
"params": [],
"id": idNumber
}
- method: 方法名
- params: 引數列表
- id: 對過程呼叫的唯一標識號
二、構建一個Json RPC客戶端
<?php
class jsonRPCClient {
/**
* Debug state
*
* @var boolean
*/
private $debug;
/**
* The server URL
*
* @var string
*/
private $url;
/**
* The request id
*
* @var integer
*/
private $id;
/**
* If true, notifications are performed instead of requests
*
* @var boolean
*/
private $notification = false;
/**
* Takes the connection parameters
*
* @param string $url
* @param boolean $debug
*/
public function __construct($url,$debug = false) {
// server URL
$this->url = $url;
// proxy
empty($proxy) ? $this->proxy = `` : $this->proxy = $proxy;
// debug state
empty($debug) ? $this->debug = false : $this->debug = true;
// message id
$this->id = 1;
}
/**
* Sets the notification state of the object. In this state, notifications are performed, instead of requests.
*
* @param boolean $notification
*/
public function setRPCNotification($notification) {
empty($notification) ?
$this->notification = false
:
$this->notification = true;
}
/**
* Performs a jsonRCP request and gets the results as an array
*
* @param string $method
* @param array $params
* @return array
*/
public function __call($method,$params) {
// check
if (!is_scalar($method)) {
throw new Exception(`Method name has no scalar value`);
}
// check
if (is_array($params)) {
// no keys
$params = $params[0];
} else {
throw new Exception(`Params must be given as array`);
}
// sets notification or request task
if ($this->notification) {
$currentId = NULL;
} else {
$currentId = $this->id;
}
// prepares the request
$request = array(
`method` => $method,
`params` => $params,
`id` => $currentId
);
$request = json_encode($request);
$this->debug && $this->debug.=`***** Request *****`."
".$request."
".`***** End Of request *****`."
";
// performs the HTTP POST
$opts = array (`http` => array (
`method` => `POST`,
`header` => `Content-type: application/json`,
`content` => $request
));
$context = stream_context_create($opts);
if ($fp = fopen($this->url, `r`, false, $context)) {
$response = ``;
while($row = fgets($fp)) {
$response.= trim($row)."
";
}
$this->debug && $this->debug.=`***** Server response *****`."
".$response.`***** End of server response *****`."
";
$response = json_decode($response,true);
} else {
throw new Exception(`Unable to connect to `.$this->url);
}
// debug output
if ($this->debug) {
echo nl2br($debug);
}
// final checks and return
if (!$this->notification) {
// check
if ($response[`id`] != $currentId) {
throw new Exception(`Incorrect response id (request id: `.$currentId.`, response id: `.$response[`id`].`)`);
}
if (!is_null($response[`error`])) {
throw new Exception(`Request error: `. var_export($response[`error`], true));
}
return $response[`result`];
} else {
return true;
}
}
}
?>
比較簡單的程式碼,如果比較懶,拿過去用就行了。也可以上packagist.org自己找一個rpc client.
三、呼叫RPC的兩類方法
有兩類方法需要呼叫. 一類是RPC server自帶方法,另一類就是合約方法.
RPC server方法呼叫json格式
{
"method": "eth_accounts",
"params": [],
"id": 1
}
呼叫自帶方法比較簡單,參考上述連結,大部分都有示例.
合約方法呼叫json格式
呼叫合約方法必須使用自帶方法中的eth_call
. 而合約方法名稱和合約方法引數列表則使用params進行體現, 比如: 我們要呼叫合約中的balanceOf
方法, 則json
資料應該如何構造呢?
首先看看getBalanace
的函式實現:
function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256 balance)
提煉出函式原型:
balanceOf(address)
在geth
控制檯下執行命令:
web3.sha3("balanceOf(address)").substring(0, 10)
得到函式hash “0x70a08231”
假設待查詢的地址 address _owner = "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750"
, 則去掉前面的”0x”, 並在左邊補24個零(一般地址長度為42位, 去掉`0x`後為40位),構成64位十六進位制引數.
最終得到的引數為 “0x70a0823100000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750”
假設我們的合約地址為 “0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3”.
則得到最終的json資料為:
{
"method": "eth_call",
"params": [{"from": "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750", "to": "0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3", "data": "0x70a0823100000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750"}, "latest"],
"id": 1
}
把以上json資料以post方式傳送給伺服器,就可以呼叫合約方法”balanceOf”, 查詢給定的地址中的代幣餘額.
呼叫合約中的其他方法也要新遵循上面的方式, 我們再分析一下transfer
方法, 加深印象:
首先, 看看程式碼中的函式實現:
function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool)
其次, 提煉出函式原型:
transfer(address,uint256) //注意逗號後面不能有空格
再次, 在控制檯執行sha3函式:
web3.sha3("transfer(address,uint256)").substring(0, 10)
得到函式hash “0xa9059cbb”
第一個引數假設 address _to = "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750"
, 則去”0x”, 補零到64位.
第二個引數假設 uint256 _value = 43776
, 則化為十六進位制”0xab00″後, 去”0x”, 補零到64位.
連線起來 “0xa9059cbb00000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab00”
構建json資料:
{
"method": "eth_call",
"params": [{"from": "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750", "to": "0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3", "data": "0xa9059cbb00000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab00"}, "latest"],
"id": 1
}
- from 轉出者地址
- to 合約地址
- data 上述操作得到的十六進位制數
把以上的步驟轉化為程式碼.
構建一個以太坊RPC client
<?php
require `./jsonRPCClient.php`;
//php自帶的dechex無法把大整型轉換為十六進位制
function bc_dechex($decimal)
{
$result = [];
while ($decimal != 0) {
$mod = $decimal % 16;
$decimal = floor($decimal / 16);
array_push($result, dechex($mod));
}
return join(array_reverse($result));
}
class EthereumRPCClient
{
public static $client = null;
//佈署合約的賬戶地址
const COINBASE = `0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750`;
//合約地址
const CONTRACT = `0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3`;
public static function __callStatic($method, $params)
{
$params = count($params) < 1 ? [] : $params[0];
try {
if (is_null(self::$client)) {
self::$client = new jsonRPCClient(`http://127.0.0.1:8545`, true);
}
} catch (Exception $e) {
echo $e->getMessage();
}
return call_user_func([self::$client, $method], $params);
}
public static function getBalance($address)
{
$method_hash = `0x70a08231`;
$method_param1_hex = str_pad(substr($address, 2), 64, `0`, STR_PAD_LEFT);
$data = $method_hash . $method_param1_hex;
$params = [`from` => $address, `to` => self::CONTRACT, `data` => $data];
$total_balance = self::eth_call([$params, "latest"]);
return hexdec($total_balance) / (pow(10, 18));
}
public static function transfer($to, $value)
{
self::personal_unlockAccount([self::COINBASE, "123456", 3600]);
$value = bcpow(10, 18) * $value;
$method_hash = `0xa9059cbb`;
$method_param1_hex =str_pad(substr($to, 2), 64, `0`, STR_PAD_LEFT);
$method_param2_hex = str_pad(strval(bc_dechex($value)), 64, `0`, STR_PAD_LEFT);
$data = $method_hash . $method_param1_hex . $method_param2_hex;
$params = [`from` => self::COINBASE, `to` => self::CONTRACT, `data` => $data];
return self::eth_sendTransaction([$params]);
}
}
程式碼比較簡單, 要注意幾點:
-
transfer函式的value單位很小, 是 10 ^ -18, 所以如果你想轉
1000
個,其實是要乘於10的18次方
, 這裡的18是decimals
. - 由於第1點, 應該使用bcpow代替pow函式.
-
不能使用php自帶的
dechex
函式. 因為dechex
要求整型不能大於PHP_INT_MAX
, 而這個數在32位機上為4294967295。由於第1 點, 所有的數都要乘於10的18次方
, 所以得到的數要遠遠大於PHP_INT_MAX
. 建議自己實現10進位制轉16進位制,如果你不知道如何實現,參考上述程式碼。 -
在執行某些合約方法, 比如
transfer
時, 要先unlock
使用者. -
傳送交易之後, 一定要在伺服器端啟動挖礦, 這樣交易才會真的寫入到區塊, 比如你呼叫
transfer
之後,卻發現對方沒有到賬,先別吃驚,啟動挖礦試試。如果想啟用自動挖碼, 在geth --rpc ...
最後加上--mine
.
測試:
<?php
var_dump(EthereumRPCClient::personal_newAccount([`password`]));
var_dump(EthereumRPCClient::personal_unlockAccount([EthereumRPCClient::COINBASE, "password", 3600]);
var_dump(EthereumRPCClient::getBalance("0x...."));