php與ethereum客戶端互動

church發表於2019-02-16

php與ethereum rpc server通訊

一、Json RPC

Json RPC就是基於json的遠端過程呼叫,這麼解釋比較抽象。簡單來說,就是post一個json格式的資料呼叫rpc server中的方法. 而這個json格式是固定的, 總的來說有這麼幾項:

{
    "method": "",
    "params": [],
    "id": idNumber
}
  • method: 方法名
  • params: 引數列表
  • id: 對過程呼叫的唯一標識號

二、構建一個Json RPC客戶端

<?php

class jsonRPCClient {
    
    /**
     * Debug state
     *
     * @var boolean
     */
    private $debug;
    
    /**
     * The server URL
     *
     * @var string
     */
    private $url;
    /**
     * The request id
     *
     * @var integer
     */
    private $id;
    /**
     * If true, notifications are performed instead of requests
     *
     * @var boolean
     */
    private $notification = false;
    
    /**
     * Takes the connection parameters
     *
     * @param string $url
     * @param boolean $debug
     */
    public function __construct($url,$debug = false) {
        // server URL
        $this->url = $url;
        // proxy
        empty($proxy) ? $this->proxy = `` : $this->proxy = $proxy;
        // debug state
        empty($debug) ? $this->debug = false : $this->debug = true;
        // message id
        $this->id = 1;
    }
    
    /**
     * Sets the notification state of the object. In this state, notifications are performed, instead of requests.
     *
     * @param boolean $notification
     */
    public function setRPCNotification($notification) {
        empty($notification) ?
                            $this->notification = false
                            :
                            $this->notification = true;
    }
    
    /**
     * Performs a jsonRCP request and gets the results as an array
     *
     * @param string $method
     * @param array $params
     * @return array
     */
    public function __call($method,$params) {
        
        // check
        if (!is_scalar($method)) {
            throw new Exception(`Method name has no scalar value`);
        }
        
        // check
        if (is_array($params)) {
            // no keys
            $params = $params[0];
        } else {
            throw new Exception(`Params must be given as array`);
        }
        
        // sets notification or request task
        if ($this->notification) {
            $currentId = NULL;
        } else {
            $currentId = $this->id;
        }
        
        // prepares the request
        $request = array(
                        `method` => $method,
                        `params` => $params,
                        `id` => $currentId
                        );
        $request = json_encode($request);
        $this->debug && $this->debug.=`***** Request *****`."
".$request."
".`***** End Of request *****`."

";

        // performs the HTTP POST
        $opts = array (`http` => array (
                            `method`  => `POST`,
                            `header`  => `Content-type: application/json`,
                            `content` => $request
                            ));
        $context  = stream_context_create($opts);
        if ($fp = fopen($this->url, `r`, false, $context)) {
            $response = ``;
            while($row = fgets($fp)) {
                $response.= trim($row)."
";
            }
            $this->debug && $this->debug.=`***** Server response *****`."
".$response.`***** End of server response *****`."
";
            $response = json_decode($response,true);
        } else {
            throw new Exception(`Unable to connect to `.$this->url);
        }
        
        // debug output
        if ($this->debug) {
            echo nl2br($debug);
        }
        
        // final checks and return
        if (!$this->notification) {
            // check
            if ($response[`id`] != $currentId) {
                throw new Exception(`Incorrect response id (request id: `.$currentId.`, response id: `.$response[`id`].`)`);
            }
            if (!is_null($response[`error`])) {
                throw new Exception(`Request error: `. var_export($response[`error`], true));
            }
            
            return $response[`result`];
            
        } else {
            return true;
        }
    }
}
?>

比較簡單的程式碼,如果比較懶,拿過去用就行了。也可以上packagist.org自己找一個rpc client.

三、呼叫RPC的兩類方法

有兩類方法需要呼叫. 一類是RPC server自帶方法,另一類就是合約方法.

RPC server方法呼叫json格式

{
    "method": "eth_accounts",
    "params": [],
    "id": 1
}

RPC Server自帶方法的列表

呼叫自帶方法比較簡單,參考上述連結,大部分都有示例.

合約方法呼叫json格式

呼叫合約方法必須使用自帶方法中的eth_call. 而合約方法名稱和合約方法引數列表則使用params進行體現, 比如: 我們要呼叫合約中的balanceOf方法, 則json資料應該如何構造呢?

首先看看getBalanace的函式實現:

function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256 balance)

提煉出函式原型:

balanceOf(address)

geth控制檯下執行命令:

web3.sha3("balanceOf(address)").substring(0, 10)

得到函式hash “0x70a08231”

假設待查詢的地址 address _owner = "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750", 則去掉前面的”0x”, 並在左邊補24個零(一般地址長度為42位, 去掉`0x`後為40位),構成64位十六進位制引數.

最終得到的引數為 “0x70a0823100000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750”

假設我們的合約地址為 “0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3”.

則得到最終的json資料為:

{
    "method": "eth_call",
    "params": [{"from": "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750", "to": "0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3", "data": "0x70a0823100000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750"}, "latest"],
    "id": 1
}

把以上json資料以post方式傳送給伺服器,就可以呼叫合約方法”balanceOf”, 查詢給定的地址中的代幣餘額.

呼叫合約中的其他方法也要新遵循上面的方式, 我們再分析一下transfer方法, 加深印象:

首先, 看看程式碼中的函式實現:

function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool)

其次, 提煉出函式原型:

transfer(address,uint256)  //注意逗號後面不能有空格

再次, 在控制檯執行sha3函式:

web3.sha3("transfer(address,uint256)").substring(0, 10)

得到函式hash “0xa9059cbb”

第一個引數假設 address _to = "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750", 則去”0x”, 補零到64位.
第二個引數假設 uint256 _value = 43776, 則化為十六進位制”0xab00″後, 去”0x”, 補零到64位.

連線起來 “0xa9059cbb00000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab00”

構建json資料:

{
    "method": "eth_call",
    "params": [{"from": "0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750", "to": "0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3", "data": "0xa9059cbb00000000000000000000000038aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ab00"}, "latest"],
    "id": 1
}
  • from 轉出者地址
  • to 合約地址
  • data 上述操作得到的十六進位制數

把以上的步驟轉化為程式碼.

構建一個以太坊RPC client

<?php 

require `./jsonRPCClient.php`;

//php自帶的dechex無法把大整型轉換為十六進位制
function bc_dechex($decimal)
{
    $result = [];

    while ($decimal != 0) {
        $mod = $decimal % 16;
        $decimal = floor($decimal / 16);
        array_push($result, dechex($mod));        
    }

    return join(array_reverse($result));
}

class EthereumRPCClient
{
    public static $client = null;
    
    //佈署合約的賬戶地址
    const COINBASE = `0x38aabef4cd283ccd5091298dedc88d27c5ec5750`;
    
    //合約地址
    const CONTRACT = `0xaeab4084194B2a425096fb583Fbcd67385210ac3`;

    public static function __callStatic($method, $params)
    {
        $params = count($params) < 1 ? [] : $params[0];

        try {
            if (is_null(self::$client)) {
                self::$client = new jsonRPCClient(`http://127.0.0.1:8545`, true);    
            }
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            echo $e->getMessage();
        }

        return call_user_func([self::$client, $method], $params);

    }

    public static function getBalance($address)
    {
        $method_hash = `0x70a08231`;
        $method_param1_hex = str_pad(substr($address, 2), 64, `0`, STR_PAD_LEFT);
        $data = $method_hash . $method_param1_hex;

        $params = [`from` => $address, `to` => self::CONTRACT, `data` => $data];

        $total_balance = self::eth_call([$params, "latest"]);

        return hexdec($total_balance) / (pow(10, 18));
    }

    public static function transfer($to, $value)
    {
        self::personal_unlockAccount([self::COINBASE, "123456", 3600]);

        $value = bcpow(10, 18) * $value;

        $method_hash = `0xa9059cbb`;
        $method_param1_hex =str_pad(substr($to, 2), 64, `0`, STR_PAD_LEFT);    
        $method_param2_hex = str_pad(strval(bc_dechex($value)), 64, `0`, STR_PAD_LEFT);

        $data = $method_hash . $method_param1_hex . $method_param2_hex;
        $params = [`from` => self::COINBASE, `to` => self::CONTRACT, `data` => $data];

        return self::eth_sendTransaction([$params]);

    }

}

程式碼比較簡單, 要注意幾點:

  • transfer函式的value單位很小, 是 10 ^ -18, 所以如果你想轉1000個,其實是要乘於 10的18次方, 這裡的18是decimals.
  • 由於第1點, 應該使用bcpow代替pow函式.
  • 不能使用php自帶的dechex函式. 因為dechex要求整型不能大於 PHP_INT_MAX, 而這個數在32位機上為4294967295。由於第1 點, 所有的數都要乘於10的18次方, 所以得到的數要遠遠大於PHP_INT_MAX. 建議自己實現10進位制轉16進位制,如果你不知道如何實現,參考上述程式碼。
  • 在執行某些合約方法, 比如transfer時, 要先unlock使用者.
  • 傳送交易之後, 一定要在伺服器端啟動挖礦, 這樣交易才會真的寫入到區塊, 比如你呼叫transfer之後,卻發現對方沒有到賬,先別吃驚,啟動挖礦試試。如果想啟用自動挖碼, 在geth --rpc ...最後加上 --mine.

測試:

<?php 

var_dump(EthereumRPCClient::personal_newAccount([`password`]));
var_dump(EthereumRPCClient::personal_unlockAccount([EthereumRPCClient::COINBASE, "password", 3600]);
var_dump(EthereumRPCClient::getBalance("0x...."));

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