基於nginx和uWSGI在Ubuntu上部署Django

Gevin發表於2015-11-18

本文內容基於 uWSGI文件整理,有問題歡迎與我討論或者直接檢視原文件

1. nginx

安裝

sudo apt-get install nginx

啟動、停止和重啟

sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx stop
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart

或者

sudo service nginx start
sudo service nginx stop
sudo service nginx restart

2. uWSGI安裝

用python的pip安裝最簡單:

sudo apt-get install python-dev #不安裝這個,下面的安裝可能會失敗
sudo pip install uwsgi

3. 基於uWSGI和nginx部署Django

1.原理

基於nginx和uwsgi部署django後,從客戶端發起請求到伺服器響應請求,會經過一下幾個環節:

the web client <-> the web server(nginx) <-> the socket <-> uwsgi <-> Django

2.基本測試

測試uWSGI是否正常

在django專案的根目錄下建立test.py檔案,新增原始碼如下:

# test.py
def application(env, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')])
    return ["Hello World"] # python2
    #return [b"Hello World"] # python3

然後,Run uWSGI:

uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py

引數含義:

  • http :8000: 使用http協議,8000埠
  • wsgi-file test.py: 載入指定檔案 test.py

開啟下面url,瀏覽器上應該顯示hello world

http://example.com:8000

如果顯示正確,說明下面3個環節是通暢的:

the web client <-> uWSGI <-> Python

測試Django專案是否正常

首先確保project本身是正常的:

python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

如果沒問題,使用uWSGI把project拉起來:

uwsgi --http :8000 --module mysite.wsgi
  • module mysite.wsgi: 載入wsgi module

如果project能夠正常被拉起,說明以下環節是通的:

the web client <-> uWSGI <-> Django

3.配置nginx

安裝nginx完成後,如果能正常開啟http://hostname,說明下面環節是通暢的:

the web client <-> the web server

增加nginx配置

  • uwsgi_params檔案拷貝到專案資料夾下。uwsgi_params檔案在/etc/nginx/目錄下,也可以從這個頁面下載
  • 在專案資料夾下建立檔案mysite_nginx.conf,填入並修改下面內容:
# mysite_nginx.conf

# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
    # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
    server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)
}
# configuration of the server
server {
    # the port your site will be served on
    listen      8000;
    # the domain name it will serve for
    server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN
    charset     utf-8;

    # max upload size
    client_max_body_size 75M;   # adjust to taste

    # Django media
    location /media  {
        alias /path/to/your/mysite/media;  # your Django project's media files - amend as required
    }

    location /static {
        alias /path/to/your/mysite/static; # your Django project's static files - amend as required
    }

    # Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server.
    location / {
        uwsgi_pass  django;
        include     /path/to/your/mysite/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed
    }
}

這個configuration檔案告訴nginx從檔案系統中拉起media和static檔案作為服務,同時相應django的request

/etc/nginx/sites-enabled目錄下建立本檔案的連線,使nginx能夠使用它:

sudo ln -s ~/path/to/your/mysite/mysite_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

部署static檔案

在django的setting檔案中,新增下面一行內容:

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static/")

然後執行:

python manage.py collectstatic

測試nginx

首先重啟nginx服務:

sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart

然後檢查media檔案是否已經正常拉起: 在目錄/path/to/your/project/project/media directory下新增檔案meida.png,然後訪問http://example.com:8000/media/media.png ,成功後進行下一步測試。

4.nginx and uWSGI and test.py

執行下面程式碼測試能否讓nginx在頁面上顯示hello, world

uwsgi --socket :8001 --wsgi-file test.py

訪問http://example.com:8000 ,如果顯示hello world,則下面環節是否通暢:

the web client <-> the web server <-> the socket <-> uWSGI <-> Python

用UNIX socket取代TCP port

mysite_nginx.conf做如下修改:

server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
# server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)

重啟nginx,並在此執行uWSGI

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py

開啟 http://example.com:8000/ ,看看是否成功

如果沒有成功:

檢查 nginx error log(/var/log/nginx/error.log)。如果錯誤如下:

connect() to unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock failed (13: Permission
denied)

新增socket許可權再次執行:

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py --chmod-socket=666 # (very permissive)

or

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --wsgi-file test.py --chmod-socket=664 # (more sensible)

5.Running the Django application with uswgi and nginx

如果上面一切都顯示正常,則下面命令可以拉起django application

uwsgi --socket mysite.sock --module mysite.wsgi --chmod-socket=664

Configuring uWSGI to run with a .ini file

每次都執行上面命令拉起django application實在麻煩,使用.ini檔案能簡化工作,方法如下:

在application目錄下建立檔案mysite_uwsgi.ini,填入並修改下面內容:

# mysite_uwsgi.ini file
[uwsgi]

# Django-related settings
# the base directory (full path)
chdir           = /path/to/your/project
# Django's wsgi file
module          = project.wsgi
# the virtualenv (full path)
home            = /path/to/virtualenv

# process-related settings
# master
master          = true
# maximum number of worker processes
processes       = 10
# the socket (use the full path to be safe
socket          = /path/to/your/project/mysite.sock
# ... with appropriate permissions - may be needed
# chmod-socket    = 664
# clear environment on exit
vacuum          = true

現在,只要執行以下命令,就能夠拉起django application:

uwsgi --ini mysite_uwsgi.ini # the --ini option is used to specify a file

Make uWSGI startup when the system boots

編輯檔案/etc/rc.local, 新增下面內容到這行程式碼之前exit 0:

/usr/local/bin/uwsgi --socket /path/to/mysite.sock --module /path/to/mysite.wsgi --chmod-socket=666

uWSGI的更多配置

env = DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=mysite.settings # set an environment variable
pidfile = /tmp/project-master.pid # create a pidfile
harakiri = 20 # respawn processes taking more than 20 seconds
limit-as = 128 # limit the project to 128 MB
max-requests = 5000 # respawn processes after serving 5000 requests
daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi/yourproject.log # background the process & log

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基於nginx和uWSGI在Ubuntu上部署Django

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